盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊人体生物利用度及药物动力学研究

目的：对盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊的人体内生物利用度进行研究。方法：单剂量口服盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊和片剂２ｍｇ。血药浓度采用ＨＰＬＣ测定，数据用３Ｐ８７计算药动学参数。结果：盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊剂的药动学参数：Ｋａ为８．２±４．０ｈ－１，Ｔ１／２为８．２±２．５ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ为０．６１±０．１１ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ为４３．５±８．５ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１，ＡＵＣ为３６７．４±３４．６ｎｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１；盐酸特拉唑嗪片剂的药动学参数：Ｋａ为６．４±７．４ｈ－１，Ｔ１／２为７．４±２．１ｈ，Ｔｍａｘ为０．９±０．４ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ为４３．１±４．８ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１，ＡＵＣ为３７１．３±４４．４ｎｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１。结论：两种剂型的药物动力学参数之间差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５），胶囊剂的相对生物利用度为９９．８８％。     

口服甲苯咪唑微丸的药物动力学及生物利用度

目的：比较５ 只家兔单剂量口服甲苯咪唑微丸及片剂后的药动学与生物利用度。方法：采用ＲＰＨＰＬＣ 法测定血药浓度,３Ｐ８７ 程序计算药动学参数。结果：微丸的Ｃｍａｘ、Ｔ１／２ 、ＡＵＣ分别为６４３．４９ ｎｇ·ｍｌ－ １ 、１ ．０５ ｈ、８ １７０ ．９４ ｈ·ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１ 。结论：微丸与片剂的ＡＵＣ有统计学显著性差异（ Ｐ＜０ ．０５）,相对生物利用度为５２８ ．６０ ％ 。     

甲状腺功能状态对普萘洛尔药物动力学的影响

本文通过建立具有亚临床病例特点的实验性甲亢和甲低模型，以及通过参照文献的方法建立应用荧光分光光度计测定血浆中普萘洛尔（ｐｒｏｐｒａｎｏｌｏｌ）的方法，研究了甲状腺功能状态对普萘洛尔药物动力学的影响。结果如下：对照组，甲亢组和甲低组大鼠ｉｐ普萘洛尔４ｍｇ／ｋｇ，求得其主要药物动力学参数：Ｔ１／２β（ｈ）分别为４．５４±０．６５，３．５８±０．３５（Ｐ＜０．０５）和６．４±０．８（Ｐ＜０．０５）；Ｋ１０（ｈ－１）分别为０．９９±０．０２，１．２３±０．０９（Ｐ＜０．０１）和０．６６±０．０８（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＡＵＣ〔ｎｇ／（ｍｌ·ｈ）〕分别为６５４．２±９０．４，４４８．２±６６．８（Ｐ＜０．０１）和１０３４．６±１３２．３（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＣＬ〔ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｈ）／（ｎｇ·ｍｌ）〕分别为０．００６２２±０．０００９６，０．００９１±０．００１６（Ｐ＜０．０１）和０．００３９２±０．０００５８（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｃｍａｘ（ｎｇ／ｍｌ）分别为５０１．４６±４０．１３，４０８．３３±５７．６５（Ｐ＜０．０１）和６０７．８±２７．２（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

多剂量口服5-单硝酸异山梨酯缓释片及普通片的药代动力学和生物利用度研究

对１０名健康男性受试者连续６ｄ多剂量交叉ｐｏＩＳ５ＭＮ缓释片和普通片的药代动力学性质和相对生物利用度进行了研究。结果表明：ＩＳ５ＭＮ缓释片和普通片的Ｔｍａｘ分别为５０ｈ和１４ｈ（Ｐ＜００５），前者的缓释效果十分明显；ＡＵＣ经对数转换后的多种统计分析表明，ＩＳ５ＭＮ缓释片（４０ｍｇ）与ＩＳ５ＭＮ普通片（２０ｍｇ×２）生物等效；ＩＳ５ＭＮ缓释片的相对生物利用度为１０８９５％；ＩＳ５ＭＮ缓释片和普通片的Ｃｍｉｎ分别为７４２０ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１和１３４４２ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１（Ｐ＜００５），而两种制剂的其他药代动力学参数如Ｃｍａｘ，ＡＵＣ２４０，ＡＵＣ∞０，Ｋｅ，Ｔ１／２以及波动系数（ＦＩ）等均无显著性差异（Ｐ＜００５）。多次给药后两种制剂都无明显的蓄积。     

盐酸特拉唑嗪在健康人体内的药物动力学

目的：在８名健康志愿者体内研究了国产盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊和进口片剂的药物动力学和生物利用度。方法：受试者交叉口服单剂量（２ｍｇ）盐酸特拉唑嗪胶囊和片剂后,采用高效液相色谱法和荧光检测器测定血药浓度。结果：胶囊和片剂的药时曲线均符合二室模型,其Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．３±０．６ｈ和１．３±０．４ｈ,Ｃｍａｘ分别为４９．５±８．６ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１和５０．３±５．２ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１,ＡＵＣ０→∞分别为５３６．５±３９．８ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１和５８６．６±５２．８ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１·ｈ,测试药品的相对生物利用度为９２．３０％±１２．９１％。结论：经方差分析两药药物动力学参数间差异均无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）;结果表明两药具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口地高辛片人体生物利用度的研究

目的：国产地高辛片长期以来存在着生物利用度差的问题,为此杭州民生药厂进行了工艺改进。方法：以英国Ｌａｎｏｘｉｎ片为对照,采用荧光偏振免疫分析法测定了８名健康男性受试者口服单剂量０．５ｍｇ地高辛片的药时数值,经ＰＫＢＰＮ１程序拟合,计算其药动学参数。结果：国产和进口的Ｃｍａｘ分别为３．０±０．６ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１和２．５±０．５ｎｇ·ｍｌ－１;Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．１±０．６ｈ和１．１±０．４ｈ;ＡＵＣ分别为３７．９±４．２ｎｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１和３７．２±６．１ｎｇ·ｈ·ｍｌ－１;杭州民生药厂工艺改进后的片剂相对生物利用度为１０３．８％±１７．０％。结论：国产片与进口片地高辛完全等效。这为临床应用提供参考,也为药品的国际接轨提供依据     

替硝唑胶囊剂的相对生物利用度

目的：研究替硝唑胶囊剂的相对生物利用度。方法：８名健康男性志愿者交叉口服２ｇ替硝唑胶囊和片剂，用高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度经时过程。结果：替硝唑胶囊与片剂的药时曲线符合一房室模型，胶囊与片剂的Ｔ１／２（Ｋｅ）分别为１３．７±１．５ｈ、１４．２±２．０ｈ、Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．４±０．４ｈ、１．９±０．８ｈ；Ｃｍａｘ分别为５２．１±９．１μｇ·ｍｌ－１、５１．１±１０．３μｇ·ｍｌ－１；ＡＵＣ分别为１０９３．０±１１１．８、１１２３．０±１２８．２（μｇ·ｍｌ－１）·ｈ，胶囊剂的相对生物利用度为９７．６％，经统计学分析处理，差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：替硝唑胶囊与片剂具有生物等效性     

三氮唑核苷胶囊剂药代动力学研究

用ＨＰＬＣ法，以三氮唑核苷口服为参照品，测定了８名健康男性志愿者口服单剂量９００ｍｇ三氮唑核苷胶囊后的经时血药浓度值，按非室模型计算得到胶囊剂和溶液剂的药代动力学参数：ＡＵＣ为１２５３４．６８±２５４５．２７ｎｇ／ｍｌ·ｈ和１２４９１．１６±２８０８．５９ｎｇ／ｍｌ·ｈ，ＭＲＴ为２９．３３±６．９６ｈ和２８．９１±３．８０ｈ，Ｃ（ＡＶＥ）ｈ１７４．０９±３５．３５ｎｇ／ｍｌ和１７３．４９±３９．０１ｎｇ／ｍｌ，Ｔ为２０．６９±４．６３ｈ和２０．８４±２．５８ｈ，ＣＬ（Ｔ）为０．０７５±０．０１７Ｌ／ｈ和０．０７５±０．０１５Ｌ／ｈ。以溶液剂ＡＵＣ为参照，得到三氮唑核苷胶襄剂的相对生物利用度为１００．３４％。     

诺氟沙星滴入兔眼与注入球结膜下其组织分布及药动学比较

用高效液相色谱法对诺氟沙星点眼与球结膜下注射后眼各组织药物浓度进行测定，比较两种给药途径的眼各组织浓度及其药物动力学参数。结果表明，诺氟沙星点眼与球结膜下注射后４ｈ，泪液诺氟沙星浓度分别为２．０８±０．１９与１６．０７±３．１４μｇ／ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；角膜分别为０．７１±０．０７与１．６５±０．２４μｇ／ｇ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。泪液ＡＵＣ分别为９８．３３±７．３１与２７９．８２±３１．７ｈ·μｇ／ｍｌ；角膜ＡＵＣ、Ｃｍａｘ、Ｔｍａｘ、Ｔ１／２Ｋｃ分别为１７．４２±１．２１ｈ·μｇ／ｇ、８．９４±０．８μｇ／ｇ、０．５７±０．０６ｈ、０．９１７±０．１６ｈ与２０．０１±１．０１ｈ·μｇ／ｇ、１０．０５±０．０７μｇ／ｇ、０．４５±０．０５ｈ、１．１５±０．２０ｈ；房水ＡＵＣ、Ｃｍａｘ、Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．１３±０．２１ｈ·μｇ／ｍｌ、０．３９±０．０５μｇ／ｍｌ、０．６２±０．０９ｈ与１．７９±０．０７ｈ·μｇ／ｍｌ、１．００±０．１５μｇ／ｍｌ、０．４７±０．１０ｈ。诺氟沙星点眼与球结膜下注射两种给药途径的上述药动学参数有明显差异（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。     

人体卡托普利的药代动力学及其生物利用度

目的：比较Ａ、Ｂ两厂复方卡托普利片的生物利用度和药代动力学。方法：９名健康志愿者随机交叉口服单剂量３０ｍｇ复方卡托普利片,以对溴苯乙酰基溴（ＰＢＰＢ）为衍生化试剂,采用反相高效液相色谱法。结果：测得Ａ、Ｂ药厂生产的复方卡托普利片剂在血浆中Ｃａｐ浓度达峰时间分别为（０．９４±０．１３）ｈ和（１．００±０．１５）ｈ;达峰浓度Ｃｍａｘ分别为（９２．０３±２７．３６）ｎｇ／ｍｌ、（７４．６７±１９．２９）ｎｇ／ｍｌ;药时曲线下面积（ＡＵＣ）分别为（２５２．７８±６８．１４）ｎｇ／（ｈ·Ｌ）、（２５１．１９±５０．１３）ｎｇ／（ｈ·Ｌ）。血药浓度—时间曲线符合二房室模型。结论：以Ａ厂复方卡托普利片为标准算得Ｂ厂复方卡托普利片中卡托普利的相对生物利用度（Ｆ）为９９．３７％。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.