骨盆环软骨肉瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨骨盆环软骨肉瘤适当的切除及重建方式。方法1998年7月至2006年7月，56例骨盆环软骨肉瘤患者接受肿瘤切除重建手术。Enneking骨盆肿瘤分区Ⅰ区7例，Ⅰ、Ⅱ区9例，Ⅱ、Ⅲ区21例，Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ区9例，Ⅲ区2例，Ⅳ区3例；骶骨软骨肉瘤5例。高分化软骨肉瘤7例，去分化软骨肉瘤5例，间叶型软骨肉瘤5例，39例为中等分化。髂骨翼局部切除＋钉棒系统重建7例；髂骨翼局部切除＋自体骨移植3例；耻、坐骨局部切除2例；半骨盆截肢8例；髋臼切除重建31例；5例骶骨软骨肉瘤中2例采用广泛切除术，3例采用分块切除术。结果行Ⅰ区肿瘤切除的7例患者，2例局部复发；行Ⅲ区肿瘤切除的2例患者未见局部复发；31例行Ⅱ区肿瘤切除、髋臼重建患者，4例局部复发；8例行半骨盆截肢术患者，2例局部复发；3例采用病灶内手术的骶骨软骨肉瘤患者均局部复发。9例行Ⅰ或Ⅲ区肿瘤切除的患者，术后行走功能基本正常。21例行髋臼周围肿瘤切除、组合式人工半骨盆重建的患者，术后8周开始扶拐行走，半年后可弃拐行走，ISOLS评分平均20分；5例行马鞍式关节重建的患者术后均须扶双拐行走；5例行肿瘤骨灭活再植＋人工髋关节置换的患者，术后3个月可扶双拐下地行走，1例术后伤口出现深部感染，经清创伤口仍不愈合，取出灭活骨、下肢旷置，术后2年复查仍有1例髂骨处接点不愈。结论髋臼周围软骨肉瘤切除后，以马鞍式假体重建的患者术后功能最差，肿瘤骨灭活再植重建患者次之，组合式人工半骨盆重建患者术后功能最佳。     

骨盆肿瘤的手术治疗

[目的]探讨骨盆肿瘤切除、重建方式及并发症。[方法]根据Enneking骨盆肿瘤分区，行Ⅰ区髂骨翼部分切除4例，部分切除＋重建3例；Ⅱ区髋臼周围肿瘤切除后异体半骨盆重建1例；Ⅲ区耻骨局部切除3例；Ⅰ、Ⅱ区转移瘤肿瘤血管介入与化疗1例；Ⅰ、Ⅲ区肿瘤切除＋重建1例。[结果]7例良性肿瘤中1例Ⅰ区巨细胞瘤刮除术后局部复发，二次手术切除治愈，术后全部功能正常。5例原发恶性肿瘤中2例Ⅰ区淋巴瘤术后化疗，局部无复发，功能良好；2例Ⅰ、Ⅲ区和Ⅰ区肿瘤切除后重建，半年后可持拐下地，1a后步态接近正常；1例Ⅱ区肿瘤切除，异体半骨盆置换患者，术后出现伤口感染不愈及局部肿瘤复发。1例Ⅰ、Ⅱ区转移瘤血管介入＋化疗后存活2a。[结论]骨盆肿瘤的手术切除首先应考虑完整切除肿瘤，然后再考虑重建，术者要权衡各种方法的优缺点，尽量减少并发症的发生。     

骨盆骨肉瘤的外科治疗策略探讨

目的 探讨手术治疗骨盆骨肉瘤的切除及重建方式.方法 回顾性分析2000年6月至2009年6月接受肿瘤切除重建手术的21例骨盆骨肉瘤患者的病例资料.其中男性12例,女性9例;平均年龄30岁.肿瘤累及范围:Ⅰ区3例,Ⅰ+Ⅳ区3例,Ⅰ+Ⅱ区4例,Ⅱ+Ⅲ区4例,Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ区1例,Ⅲ区1例,Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅳ区5例.其中经典骨肉瘤19例,高分化骨肉瘤2例.21例均为ⅡB期.所有病例均行整块切除,外科边界为13例广泛切除,8例边缘切除.重建方式包括:可调式人工半骨盆假体重建13例;自体骨移植+钉棒系统重建5例;半骨盆截肢2例;单纯切除1例.患者术后平均随访时间30.3个月(6.0～87.0个月).结果 21例患者中13例存活,总体生存率为61.9%,无瘤生存率23.8%;5年生存率为44.2%.局部复发率为28.6%(6/21),其中累及Ⅱ区肿瘤复发4例(4/13),Ⅰ区肿瘤复发1例(1/3),Ⅰ+Ⅳ区肿瘤复发1例(1/3),Ⅲ区肿瘤单纯切除的1例患者及2例半骨盆截肢患者未发生局部复发.肿瘤广泛切除术后复发率为23.1%(3/13),边缘切除术后复发率为37.5%(3/8).9例患者术后出现肺转移(42.9%),1例患者发生骨及淋巴结转移.13例存活患者MSTS 93功能评分为(20.6±5.4)分.4例自体骨移植+钉棒系统内固定患者功能评分为(22.5±2.1)分;7例町调式人工半骨盆重建患者,于术后8周开始扶拐行走,半年后可去拐行走,功能评分为(17.7±5.5)分.结论 选择合适的切除与重建方式,多数骨盆骨肉瘤患者可以行保肢治疗,可保留部分肢体功能.     

髋臼周围肿瘤的切除与重建

目的 探讨髋臼周围肿瘤切除与重建的方式及合并症。方法 回顾分析1997年7月至2003年7月髋臼部位原发肿瘤患者行肿瘤切除重建手术的临床资料。3l例患者中,男性19例,女性12例,年龄12～78岁,平均年龄37岁。其中,软骨肉瘤12例、尤文瘤1例、骨肉瘤3例、淋巴瘤1例、癌肉瘤1例、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例、骨髓瘤2例、骨巨细胞瘤9例、动脉瘤样骨囊肿1例。2l例患者行髋臼切除、骨盆重建,其中人工半骨盆8例、马鞍式关节7例、灭活再植 人工髋关节置换6例。10例患者行肿瘤刮除 骨水泥填充 人工髋关节置换。结果 21例行Ⅱ区肿瘤切除、髋臼重建的患者中,5例出现局部复发,其中3例为行半骨盆灭活再植的患者。3例骨肉瘤中2例死亡;12例软骨肉瘤患者中,随访9人,6例无瘤生存。术后2个月后,21例患者能够正常坐、扶单拐行走。结论 髋臼区域的肿瘤切除后可行异体或人工半骨盆移植进行修复,或将瘤段骨壳灭活再植进行重建。髋臼周围肿瘤切除重建的过程中应注意：(1)广泛切除肿瘤;(2)熟悉各种髋臼重建方法的优缺点,防止合并症的发生;(3)髋臼重建后的稳定性较差,应注意站立时在健侧拄一手杖,保护再造髋关节;(4)预防皮缘坏死及伤口感染,骨盆肿瘤切除容易发生伤口问题。     

髋臼及其周围肿瘤的分区与重建方法

目的 回顾性分析髋臼及其周围恶性肿瘤行整块切除、不同方法髋臼重建的疗效.方法 72例髋臼及其周围恶性肿瘤患者接受了肿瘤整块切除、髋臼重建手术,男42例,女30例;年龄16～78岁,平均41岁.软骨肉瘤39例、骨肉瘤10例、骨巨细胞瘤9例、Ewing肉瘤5例、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤3例、恶性神经鞘瘤2例、血管外皮瘤l例、单发转移癌3例.肿瘤累及Ⅱ区、Ⅰ+Ⅱ区、Ⅱ+Ⅲ区、Ⅰ～Ⅲ区、Ⅰ～Ⅳ区和Ⅱ+Ⅲ+Ⅴ区者分别为4、16、29、7、10和6例.髋臼重建包括组配式人工半骨盆50例、马鞍式关节置换7例、骨盆灭活再植8例、股骨近端与盆骨融合7例.结果 61例获得随访,平均随访3.5年(1～8年).11例局部复发,8例深部感染,6例脱位.45例行组配式人工半骨盆置换术患者ISOLS评分平均22分.优7例、良24例、可9例、差5例.其中优良病例均为累及Ⅱ区和Ⅱ+Ⅲ区者,评分差的病例均为累及Ⅳ区者.5例行马鞍式关节置换、5例骨盆灭活再植和6例股骨近端与盆骨融合术患者,ISOLS评分平均为10、17和14分.结论 髋臼周围肿瘤切除后重建方法以组配式人工半骨盆置换术后功能最好,骨盆灭活再植次之,马鞍式关节置换术后功能最差.组配式人工半骨盆置换对单纯Ⅱ区肿瘤切除重建功能最好,其次为Ⅱ+Ⅲ区、Ⅰ+Ⅱ区、Ⅰ～Ⅲ区、Ⅱ+Ⅲ+Ⅴ区,术后功能最差为Ⅰ～Ⅳ区.     

半骨盆置换术治疗骨盆恶性肿瘤的初步应用

目的探讨半骨盆置换术在骨盆恶性肿瘤广泛切除和功能性保肢手术中的应用。方法回顾中山大学附属第一医院骨肿瘤科2003年至2006年18例半骨盆切除和重建手术治疗案例，评估骨盆恶性肿瘤广泛切除和假体置换术的疗效和并发症。结果中山大学附属第一医院骨肿瘤科18例骨盆原发性恶性骨肿瘤患者，接受了骨盆Ⅰ区＋Ⅱ区＋（Ⅲ区）切除和人工半骨盆假体置换手术。患者平均年龄为19岁，病理类型包括12例骨肉瘤、3例尤文肉瘤和3例纤维肉瘤，外科分期均为ⅡB。患者经过术前肿瘤评估，MRI显示肿瘤尚未侵犯髂血管和坐骨神经，全身骨扫描未显示肿瘤跳跃或转移，肺部CT显示肿瘤无转移；同时患者接受两个循环规范化术前化疗后，初步化疗评估为良好。术前充分准备，常规切除骨盆Ⅰ区＋Ⅱ区＋（Ⅲ区），安装组合式半骨盆。组合式半骨盆假体设计突出骶骨座、无髂骨、可调髋臼及耻骨支。术中平均出血3000ml（1500～6000m1）。1例术后腓总神经损伤，5例有伤口并发症，其中1例感染和1例残腔愈合不良的患者接受了股外侧肌（皮）瓣转移，伤口均一期愈合。术后3周开始功能锻炼，2至3个月可扶拐行走。平均随访36．73个月（15-58个月），2例局部复发，3例死于远处转移，MSTS功能评分平均65％。结论在骨盆原发性恶性肿瘤的治疗中，广泛切除是治愈肿瘤的关键，应用半骨盆假体置换能有效重建骨骼缺损，联合肌皮瓣移植可以解决困难的伤口并发症，患肢功能可以接受。改进假体设计，改善患肢功能是今后努力的方向。     

累及骶骨的骨盆恶性肿瘤切除及重建

目的 探讨累及骶骨的骨盆恶性肿瘤合理的手术切除及重建方式.方法 1999年7月至2007年7月,共有19例累及骶骨的骨盆恶性肿瘤患者在北京大学人民医院骨肿瘤科接受肿瘤切除重建手术.平均年龄37岁(12～78岁);男性12例,女性7例. 其中,软骨肉瘤5例、尤文肉瘤4例、骨肉瘤4例、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤(MFH)1例、骨巨细胞瘤1例、转移癌4例.切除髂骨翼及部分骶骨、保留髋臼手术10例,采用了钉棒系统内固定,其中5例患者同时进行了自体腓骨或髂骨植骨;切除部分骶骨、髂骨翼及髋臼手术9例,应用组配式人工半骨盆重建骨盆环完整性.结果 肿瘤学结果:7例出现局部复发(7/19,36.9%),其中骨肉瘤2例、软骨肉瘤2例、尤文肉瘤2例及转移癌1例.19例患者随访时间为1至7年,平均4.5年.功能结果:9例保留髋臼、钉棒重建的患者术后正常行走,无步态异常.9例行Ⅱ区肿瘤切除、人工半骨盆重建的患者中,8例术后2个月能够扶拐行走.ISOLS评分平均20分以上,其中,良好3例,一般5例,较差1例.人工半骨盆重建的患者中,术后脱位1例,行切开复位;因深部感染取出假体1例.结论 对于保留髋臼的髂骨肿瘤切除,采用钉棒内固定结合自体骨植骨是一种理想的重建骨盆环稳定性的方法,可使患者早期恢复行走功能.将股骨头颈植于骶骨侧方,将组配式人工半骨盆卡于质骨块的下方,重建累及骶骨及髋臼的骨盆切除,是一种可取的重建方式.     

髂骨翼肿瘤的切除与重建

目的 探讨髂骨翼肿瘤切除及重建方式。方法1998年7月至2004年7月,61例髂骨翼肿瘤患者接受髂骨肿瘤切除重建手术。其中男38例,女23例;年龄12～78岁,平均43岁。根椐Enneking骨盆肿瘤分区：肿瘤累及Ⅰ区36例,Ⅰ、Ⅱ区17例,Ⅰ、Ⅳ区8例。肿瘤切除术后,检查骨缺损的大小,将钉棒系统应用于髂骨肿瘤切除后的缺损重建中。对于肿瘤累及Ⅳ区的患者,行钛网杯重建髋臼顶及全髋置换术。对于儿童患者,采用植骨或斯氏针＋骨水泥固定。结果61例髂骨肿瘤切除的患者中48例患者获得随访,随访时间为16个月至6年,平均43个月。其中33例存活,无肿瘤局部复发迹象;15例死亡。36例行Ⅰ区肿瘤切除的患者中,19．4％（7／36）出现局部复发;17例行Ⅰ、Ⅱ区肿瘤切刮、骨水泥填充、髋臼重建的患者中,35．3％（6／17）出现局部复发;8例行Ⅰ、Ⅳ区肿瘤切除的患者中,1例死于围手术期,50．0％（4／8）局部复发。功能结果：36例行Ⅰ区肿瘤切除的患者,术后有正常行走功能。17例行Ⅰ、Ⅱ区肿瘤刮除、骨水泥填充、髋臼顶重建、人工髋关节置换的患者,术后髋关节功能基本正常。结论可将钉棒系统应用于成人患者髂骨肿瘤切除后的缺损重建中,维持骨盆环的完整。对于儿童的髂骨肿瘤切除后的重建,应尽量采用比较简单的固定。可应用异体骨或自体髂骨（取自残存的部分髂骨）植于髂骨颈与骶骨翼之间,用加压螺丝钉固定。     

股骨近端上移重建骨盆肿瘤切除后的骨缺损

 目的 总结以股骨近端上移重建骨盆肿瘤切除后骨缺损的手术技术要点,探讨其手术适应证。方法 自2006年10月至2011年5月,对5例骨盆恶性肿瘤患者采用同侧股骨近端截骨上移重建骨盆环连续性、肿瘤型人工关节假体重建髋关节,男3例,女2例;年龄19~55岁,平均30.6岁。软骨肉瘤3例、原始神经外胚层瘤2例。3例肿瘤累及骨盆Ⅰ+Ⅱ区,2例累及Ⅱ+Ⅲ区。所有患者均获得随访,统计并发症发生情况,采用国际骨肿瘤协会(Musculoskeletal Tumor Society, MSTS)功能评分评价患肢功能,评价肿瘤学预后。结果 至末次随访时5例患者中1例死亡,1例带瘤生存,其余3例无瘤生存。主要并发症包括肿瘤局部复发、假体松动、植骨不愈合、浅表感染、坐骨神经麻痹。1例患者术后15个月发生植骨不愈合,内固定松动,可扶拐行走。1例患者因假体松动,术后26个月行翻修手术。1例患者术后6个月肿瘤局部复发改行截肢手术;1例术后18个月局部复发,未进一步处理带瘤生存。MSTS评分为11~25分,平均19.2分。结论 同侧股骨近端上移重建骨盆肿瘤切除后的骨缺损是一种有效重建骨盆连续性的方法,既适用于骨盆Ⅱ+Ⅲ区缺损,也适用于骨盆Ⅰ+Ⅱ区缺损。但此术式仍具有较高的并发症发生率,其近期效果与骨盆假体类似,远期疗效有待于进一步观察。     

骨盆恶性肿瘤的外科治疗(附23例报告)

[目的]探讨骨盆恶性肿瘤的外科治疗方法、并发症.[方法]回顾性分析本院2006年1月～ 2010年12月收治的骨盆恶性肿瘤患者23例,男13例,女10例;平均年龄47.5岁(29 ～72岁).原发性肿瘤15例,其中包括骨盆软骨肉瘤13例,成骨肉瘤1例,腺泡状肉瘤1例.Enneking肿瘤分期:ⅠA期1例,ⅠB期11例,ⅡB期2例,Ⅲ期l例.骨盆转移癌8例,其中前列腺癌1例,乳癌1例,肺癌2例,肾癌2例,胃癌1例,甲状腺癌l例.根据Enneking骨盆肿瘤分区:Ⅰ区2例,Ⅱ区7例,Ⅲ区5例,Ⅰ+Ⅱ区3例,Ⅰ+Ⅳ区3例,Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ区3例.其中外院治疗复发后就诊3例,本院手术切除后复发l例,从单纯Ⅲ区扩展为Ⅱ+Ⅲ区.单纯切除术7例,半骨盆截肢术1例.肿瘤切除、TSRH内固定、植骨重建术3例.半骨盆假体重建术2例,同侧股骨近端截骨并普通髋关节假体重建术2例.肿瘤切除股骨坐骨融合术2例.肿瘤切除股骨髂骨融合术2例(其中1例为单纯切除术后复发再手术治疗).内半骨盆切除术3例.肿瘤刮除骨水泥填充人工髋关节假体重建术1例.病灶刮除骨水泥填充1例.[结果]原发性骨肿瘤组织学分级:1级9例,2级4例,4级2例,其中1例复发由原来的2级变为3级.随访时间3～57个月(截止2010年12月),中位随访时间为17个月.死亡3例,1例为胃癌骨盆转移,l例为肺癌转移,l例为腺泡状肉瘤全身多发转移.复发2例.并发症7例:人工半骨盆假体松动l例;术后人工髋关节脱位l例;内半盆切除术后皮瓣坏死1例;切口感染2例,其中1例术中出现髂外静脉损伤;2例切口延迟愈合,其中1例随访时出现固定钢板断裂和2枚螺钉断裂.外科边界:囊内病灶刮除2例,4例为边缘切除,2例广泛切除但肿瘤污染,其余为广泛切除.MSTS功能评分平均为74％.[结论]骨盆恶性肿瘤的治疗主要以手术切除为主,广泛的外科切除边界是患者长期存活、降低局部复发率的主要因素,个体化的切除重建方式是获得相对良好功能的关键,术前正确评估和术中仔细操作是减少并发症的手段.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.