Vancomycin use in a university medical center: effect of a vancomycin continuation form.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of a new policy to ensure appropriate use of vancomycin in a 461-bed tertiary-care hospital. DESIGN: We instituted a policy that allowed physicians to prescribe vancomycin but that required them to complete a vancomycin continuation form and document that use conformed to Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) guidelines if they wished to continue the drug beyond 72 hours. Vancomycin was stopped automatically at 72 hours if use was not consistent with guidelines, if an infectious diseases consultant did not approve the drug, or if the form was not completed. A pharmacist and infectious diseases specialist monitored use of vancomycin prospectively and interacted with prescribers when indicated. Educational efforts were limited to printing the HICPAC guidelines on the form and providing information about the policy in a newsletter. Patterns of prescribing and the economic impact of the form were evaluated over a 6-month period. RESULTS: Only 29% to 48% of vancomycin orders initially met HICPAC guidelines, but 77% to 96% of use was appropriate after 72 hours when the form was used. Inappropriate surgical prophylaxis, empirical therapy of intensive-care unit and transplant patients, and therapy for inadequately documented coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections remained problems. Vancomycin use fell from a mean of 136 (+/-52) g/1,000 patient days in the 12 months before the form to 78 (+/-22) g/1,000 patient days in the 9 months after institution of the form (P<.05). Net vancomycin acquisition costs and costs of ordering vancomycin serum levels fell by $357 and $19 per 1,000 patient days, respectively (P<.05). This represented annualized saving of approximately $47,000 in drug and monitoring costs. No adverse patient outcomes were seen as a result of the program. CONCLUSIONS: A vancomycin continuation form can decrease inappropriate vancomycin use and may save money. Additional educational efforts may be required to increase compliance with HICPAC guidelines during initial prescribing.     

Failure to develop vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus with oral vancomycin treatment of Clostridium difficile.

OBJECTIVE: Oral vancomycin therapy has been a risk factor for turning culture positive for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). VRE colonization status was reviewed for all patients who received oral vancomycin and underwent prospective cultures. METHODS: Data were extracted from the medical records of all patients receiving oral vancomycin between August 1995 and February 2001 regarding history, hospital course, and perirectal VRE cultures. Hospital policy required contact isolation for patients receiving oral vancomycin until colonization with VRE was excluded. RESULTS: Twenty-six courses of oral vancomycin were given to 22 patients. VRE colonization status after completion of therapy was evaluated for 23 courses in 20 (91%) of these patients. None of these patients became VRE culture positive during a median follow-up of 18 days (range, 9 to 39 days), with a median duration of treatment of 10 days (range, 3 to 58 days), and with a median total dose of 6,500 mg (range, 1,250 to 29,000 mg). All patients received other antibiotics within 30 days prior to therapy with oral vancomycin, during therapy with oral vancomycin, or both; 95% had received anti-anaerobic therapy and 35% had received parenteral vancomycin. CONCLUSIONS: Even when other risk factors were present, no patient receiving oral vancomycin at our facility subsequently became culture positive for VRE. This suggests that oral vancomycin therapy or other antibiotic use, including anti-anaerobic therapy, may not be a significant independent risk factor for turning culture positive for VRE among patients not previously exposed to the microbe.     

Evaluating vancomycin use at a pediatric hospital: new approaches and insights.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize vancomycin use at a pediatric tertiary-care hospital, to discriminate between initial (< or = 72 hours) and prolonged (> 72 hours) inappropriate use, and to define patient characteristics associated with inappropriate use. DESIGN: Vancomycin courses were retrospectively reviewed using an algorithm modeled on HICPAC guidelines. Data were collected regarding patient demographics, comorbidities, other medication use, and nosocomial infections. The association between each variable and the outcome of inappropriate use was determined by longitudinal regression analysis. A multivariable model was constructed to assess risk factors for inappropriate initial and prolonged vancomycin use. SETTING: A pediatric tertiary-care medical center. PATIENTS: Children older than 1 year who received intravenous vancomycin from November 2000 to June 2001. RESULTS: Three hundred twenty-seven vancomycin courses administered to 260 patients were evaluated for appropriateness. Of initial courses, 114 (35%) were considered inappropriate. Of 143 prolonged courses, 103 (72%) were considered inappropriate. Multivariable risk factor analysis identified the following variables as significantly associated with inappropriate initial use: admission to the surgery service, having a malignancy, receipt of a stem cell transplant, and having received a prior inappropriate course of vancomycin. No variables were identified as significant risk factors for inappropriate prolonged use. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial inappropriate use of vancomycin was identified. Prolonged inappropriate use was a particular problem. This risk factor analysis suggests that interventions targeting patients admitted to certain services or receiving multiple courses of vancomycin could reduce inappropriate use.     

Low-dose vancomycin prophylaxis reduces coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteraemia in very low birthweight infants

Very low birthweight (VLBW) infants undergoing neonatal intensive care are at risk of infection with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS). This study investigates the efficacy of twice daily, 1 h infusions of vancomycin (5 mg kg) in reducing CONS infection in VLBW infants receiving parenteral nutrition. Of 72 infants in the study, 37 were randomized to vancomycin and 35 to the control group. Clinical variables and mortality were similar in both groups. In the vancomycin group, 11 infants had one or more episodes of CONS bacteraemia compared with 17 in the control group. Two babies in the treatment group had more than one episode of CONS bacteraemia, compared with nine in the control group (P = 0·02). There were 13 episodes of CONS bacteraemia in the vancomycin group compared with 29 in the control group. When only positive blood-cultures associated with a rise in C-reactive protein were considered, there were six episodes of CONS bacteraemia in the vancomycin group compared with 18 in the control group. Similarly there were five infants with one or more CONS infections compared with 11 in controls and one with more than one episode compared with six in the control group (P = 0·05). Prophylaxis with intermittent low-dose vancomycin infusions may help reduce recurrent CONS bacteraemia in VLBW infants receiving parenteral nutrition.     

万古霉素群体药动学模型在特重度烧伤患者中的临床验证

目的 评价万古霉素在特重度烧伤患者早期治疗中的临床有效性,为特重度烧伤患者抗感染治疗提供参考。方法 回顾性分析某院重症医学科收治的15例特重度烧伤患者的临床资料,统计分析使用万古霉素治疗的烧伤患者烧伤等级评估、感染指标及血药谷浓度监测结果。采用谷浓度预测和贝叶斯反馈的方法比较目前公开发表的重症患者群体药动学模型,筛选出特重度烧伤患者万古霉素治疗的最适模型,并通过蒙特卡洛模拟,对特重度烧伤患者万古霉素的给药方案进行优化。结果 15例使用万古霉素治疗的患者均采用持续静脉滴注或泵入方式给药,万古霉素平均用药时间为(11.07±1.71)d, 79.31%的稳态血药谷浓度达标(10～20μg/mL),治疗期间有1例患者出现肾毒性。经筛选,选取文献报道的重症患者二房室模型作为特重度烧伤患者万古霉素治疗的最适模型。蒙特卡罗模拟结果显示,24 h持续静脉滴注或泵入给药是万古霉素治疗特重度烧伤患者的最佳给药方式,首剂1.5倍负荷剂量给药可使患者体内万古霉素快速达到有效浓度范围。结论 特重度烧伤患者早期应用万古霉素可有效控制脓毒症。万古霉素持续静脉滴注或泵入,以及足够的负荷剂量,对获得万古霉素最佳治疗效...     

Isolation in Brazil of nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possible presence of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) in a Brazilian hospital. DESIGN: Epidemiological and laboratory investigation of nosocomial VRSA. METHODS: 140 methicillin-resistant S aureus strains isolated between November 1998 and October 1999 were screened for susceptibility to vancomycin. The screening was carried out by using brain-heart infusion agar (BHIA) supplemented with 4, 6, and 8 microg/mL of vancomycin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination was carried out as standardized by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards using the broth macrodilution, agar-plate dilution, and E-test methods. PATIENTS: Hospitalized patients exposed to vancomycin. RESULTS: 5 of the 140 isolates had a vancomycin MIC of 8 microg/mL by broth macrodilution, agar plate dilution, and E-test methods. Four VRSA strains were isolated from patients in a burn unit who had been treated with vancomycin for more than 30 days, and one from an orthopedic unit patient who had received vancomycin treatment for 7 days. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis characterized four of the VRSA strains as belonging to the Brazilian endemic clone. All five strains were negative for vanA, vanB, and vanC genes by polymerase chain reaction. Transmission electron microscopy of the five strains revealed significantly thickened cell walls. One patient died due to infection caused by the VRSA strain. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of isolation of VRSA in Brazil and the first report of isolation of multiple VRSA strains from one facility over a relatively short period of time. This alerts us to the possibility that VRSA may be capable of nosocomial transfer if adequate hospital infection control measures are not taken.     

Effect of vancomycin therapy for osteomyelitis on colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: lack of emergence of glycopeptide resistance.

BACKGROUND: In treating orthopedic infections, the long-term impact of vancomycin therapy on colonization by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the emergence of vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus is unknown. DESIGN: Prospective surveillance of the effect of long-term vancomycin therapy on colonization by MRSA and the emergence of vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with MRSA osteomyelitis that was microbiologically documented were longitudinally observed for the emergence of vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus at 3 body sites (wound, anterior nares, and groin) during the initial period of vancomycin therapy and at the 2-month follow-up. Twenty patients received the standard dose (20 mg/kg/d) for 34 +/- 6 days and 14 patients received a high dose (40 mg/kg/d) of vancomycin for 37 +/- 9 days. RESULTS: During vancomycin treatment, global MRSA carriage (all body sites) fell from 100% to 25% in the group of patients receiving the standard dose of vancomycin, and from 100% to 40% in the group receiving the high dose. During the 2-month follow-up period after vancomycin therapy, global MRSA carriage increased from 25% to 55% in the group receiving the standard dose and decreased from 43% to 36% in the group receiving the high dose. CONCLUSION: Therapy with a high dose of vancomycin contributes to the sustained eradication of MRSA carriage without promoting the emergence of glycopeptide resistance.     

The emergence of decreased susceptibility to vancomycin in Staphylococcus epidermidis.

BACKGROUND: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the major cause of nosocomial bloodstream infection. Emergence of vancomycin resistance among CNS is a serious public health concern, because CNS usually are multidrug-resistant, and glycopeptide antibiotics, among which only vancomycin is available in the United States, are the only remaining effective therapy. In this report, we describe the first bloodstream infection in the United States associated with a Staphylococcus epidermidis strain with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin. METHODS: We reviewed the hospital's microbiology records for all CNS strains, reviewed the patient's medical and laboratory records, and obtained all available CNS isolates with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin. Blood cultures were processed and CNS isolates identified by using standard methods; antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disk-diffusion methods. Nares cultures were obtained from exposed healthcare workers (HCWs) to identify possible colonization by CNS with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin. RESULTS: The bloodstream infection by an S. epidermidis strain with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin occurred in a 49-year-old woman with carcinoma. She had two blood cultures positive for CNS; both isolates were S. epidermidis. Although susceptible to vancomycin by the disk-diffusion method (16-17 mm), the isolates were intermediate by MIC (8-6 microg/mL). The patient had received an extended course of vancomycin therapy; she died of her underlying disease. No HCW was colonized by CNS with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report in the United States of bloodstream infection due to S. epidermidis with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin. Contact precautions likely played a role in preventing nosocomial transmission of this strain, and disk-diffusion methods may be inadequate to detect CNS with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin.     

Comparison of routine prophylaxis with vancomycin or cefazolin for femoral neck fracture surgery: microbiological and clinical outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of antibiotic prophylaxis on the emergence of vancomycin-resistant strains of Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus and the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) after vancomycin or cefazolin prophylaxis for femoral neck fracture surgery. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: A hospital with a high prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carriage. PATIENTS: All patients admitted with a femoral neck fracture from March 1, 2004 through February 28, 2005 were prospectively identified and screened for MRSA and vancomycin-resistant (VRE) carriage at admission and at day 7. Deep incisional and organ/space SSIs were also recorded. RESULTS: Of 263 patients included in the study, 152 (58%) received cefazolin and 106 (40%) received vancomycin. At admission, the prevalence of MRSA carriage was 6.8%; it was 12% among patients with risk factors and 2.2% among patients with no risk factors (P=.002). At day 7 after surgery, there were 6 patients (2%) who had hospital-acquired MRSA, corresponding to 0.7% in the cefazolin group and 5% in the vancomycin group (P=.04); none of the MRSA isolates were resistant to glycopeptides. The rate of VRE carriage at admission was 0.4%. Three patients (1%) had acquired carriage of VRE (1 had E. faecium and 2 had E. faecalis); all 3 were in the cefazolin group (2% of patients) and none in the vancomycin group (P=.27). Eight SSIs (3%) occurred, 4% in the cefazolin group and 2% in the vancomycin group (P=.47). CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study demonstrates that cefazolin and vancomycin prophylaxis have similar impacts on the emergence of glycopeptide-resistant pathogens. Neither MRSA infection nor increased rates of SSI with other bacteria were observed in the vancomycin group, suggesting that a larger multicenter study should be initiated.     

Effectiveness of pharmacy policies designed to limit inappropriate vancomycin use: a population-based assessment.

OBJECTIVE: In Oregon in 1994, a population-based study of 66 nonpsychiatric hospitals indicated that 40% of vancomycin orders were inappropriate according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. We repeated the study to determine whether vancomycin use had been affected by pharmacy policies implemented following the 1994 study. METHODS: We surveyed pharmacists in nonpsychiatric hospitals in Oregon regarding vancomycin use policies in their hospitals. Using pharmacy records, we identified and abstracted the charts of all patients in Oregon hospitals receiving vancomycin during a 3-week period to determine appropriate use of vancomycin. RESULTS: Thirteen (20%) of 64 hospitals had implemented a vancomycin restriction policy since 1994; none ofthe remaining hospitals in the study had a policy. In 1999, hospitals with vancomycin restriction policies had substantially decreased rates of inappropriate vancomycin use compared with hospitals without such policies (1.0 vs 1.8 orders per 1,000 patient-days; P = .01). Compared with 1994 baseline rates of inappropriate use, hospitals that adopted policies experienced a decrease (from 1.5 orders per 1,000 patient-days in 1994 to 1.0 in 1999; P= .13), whereas hospitals without policies experienced a statistically significant increase (from 0.9 orders per 1,000 patient-days in 1994 to 1.8 in 1999; P= .001). Restriction policies were most effective at reducing rates of inappropriate use for treatment of confirmed gram-positive infections and prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: Vancomycin restriction policies were associated with a decrease in inappropriate therapeutic and prophylactic vancomycin use, but had no effect on inappropriate empiric use. Hospitals considering limits regarding inappropriate use should consider implementation of institution-based vancomycin restriction policies as part of an overall strategy.     

Enterococcal bacteremia: risk factors for vancomycin resistance and predictors of mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for vancomycin resistance and mortality in enterococcal bacteremia. DESIGN: Historical cohort study. SETTING: A large academic medical center with a high prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). PATIENTS: Two hundred sixty patients with enterococcal bacteremia, of whom 72 (28%) had VRE. RESULTS: Independent risk factors for infection with VRE were the mean number of antibiotic days (P<.001), renal insufficiency (P<.001), mean days of vancomycin use (P = .005), and neutropenia (P = .013). A trend toward a significant association between metronidazole use and VRE also was noted (P = .068). Mortality was attributable to the bacteremia in 96 patients (37%). Severity of illness (P<.001) and age (P = .020) were independent risk factors for mortality. Vancomycin resistance was not, however, an independent predictor of mortality. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that restrictions on antibiotic use, particularly in patients with renal insufficiency and neutropenia, may help to combat the rising incidence of VRE. Although patients with VRE bacteremia demonstrated higher mortality rates than patients with infection due to susceptible isolates, vancomycin resistance was not an independent predictor of mortality in these patients and likely serves more as a marker of underlying severity of illness.     

The ZEPHyR study: A randomized comparison of linezolid and vancomycin for MRSA pneumonia

BackgroundMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounts for 10–40% of hospital-acquired pneumonia, and even more in intensive care units. The current guidelines for the treatment of MRSA nosocomial pneumonia include vancomycin and linezolid. The authors of 2 prospective randomized trials comparing vancomycin and linezolid in nosocomial pneumonia had concluded to the non-inferiority of linezolid. A slight superiority of linezolid was observed in the MRSA pneumonia subgroup, in terms of clinical success and survival, but no definite conclusion could be drawn.MethodsA prospective randomized study was made to compare a fixed linezolid dose to dose-optimized vancomycin for the treatment of bacteriologically proven MRSA nosocomial pneumonia (ZEPHyR Study).ResultsAmong the 165 patients treated by linezolid (57.6%) in the PP population, 95 were clinically cured at the end of the study, compared to 81 of the 174 patients treated by vancomycin (46.6%) (IC 95% of the difference 0.5%–21.6%, P = 0.042). Nephrotoxicity in the mITT population reached 8.4% in the linezolid group compared to 18.2% in the vancomycin group.ConclusionLNZ was superior to vancomycin for the treatment of MRSA nosocomial pneumonia.     

利奈唑胺和万古霉素治疗化脓性脊柱炎的疗效、安全与经济性比较

目的 比较万古霉素与利奈唑胺治疗化脓性脊柱炎的有效性、安全性和经济性。 方法 回顾性分析某三级医院2019年1月—2022年12月骨科收治的使用万古霉素或利奈唑胺治疗的化脓性脊柱炎患者120例病历资料。其中使用万古霉素者71例(万古霉素组), 使用利奈唑胺者49例(利奈唑胺组), 收集两组患者的炎性指标、不良反应、抗菌药物治疗时间及抗菌药物总费用的资料, 比较两组患者治疗的有效性、安全性及经济性。 结果 万古霉素组和利奈唑胺组两组患者治疗后白细胞计数(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)均低于治疗前, 差异均具有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);两组患者治疗后的上述指标比较, 差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05);抗菌药物治疗时间和不良反应发生率比较, 差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05);而利奈唑胺组患者抗菌药物总费用低于万古霉素组, 差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。 结论 利奈唑胺治疗化脓性脊柱炎的有效性、安全性与万古霉素相当, 经济性优于万古霉素。     

氨溴索协同万古霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的研究

目的探讨氨溴索(AMB)协同万古霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)生物被膜(BF)的破坏作用。方法构建SAU生物被膜体外模型;两倍稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度;扫描电镜(SEM)观察载体表面BF形态;MTT法行活菌计数。结果 3d或7d的BF,经AMB作用24h后用SEM观察,可见BF均明显少于对照组;BF内活菌计数显示,3d万古霉素(VAN)组、AMB+VAN组的SAU活菌计数分别为(19.14±5.64)、(6.44±1.53)、(3.13±0.95)×107 CFU/ml,7d分别为(43.28±3.74)、(27.39±4.97)、(17.61±2.14)×107 CFU/ml,均明显少于对照组(P<0.01),且AMB+VAN组更少于VAN组(P<0.01)。结论 AMB能破坏SAU已经形成的BF,与VAN联合应用后,可使BF内SAU显著减少,显示出了协同杀菌作用。     

Monitoring vancomycin in an intensive care unit: A retrospective survey on 66 patients

Objectives

The study objectives were to check whether recommended vancomycin doses were related to pharmacological objectives for intensive care patients: steady-state plasma concentration (SSc) and ratio SSc/MIC (Minimal Inhibiting Concentration). The authors tried to identify variability factors for vancomycin plasmatic concentrations at peak.

Patients and methods

This monocentric, observational, and retrospective survey was performed on 66 intensive care patients treated by antibiotics including vancomycin, alone or in combination, as a curative treatment for a severe infection with Gram-positive bacteria. Vancomycin was dosed at 15 mg/kg during the first hour, then 40 to 60 mg/kg per 24 hour. Vancomycin SSc and bacteria MIC were recorded. The SSc/MIC ratio was determined and was considered efficient when superior to 8.

Results

Forty-two percent of vancomycin SSc were within the effectiveness rate. Twenty-three percent of SSc/MIC ratios were superior to 8. The rate of clinical recovery was 71 %. The length of antibiotherapy was identified as positively interacting with biological effectiveness, unlike severe sepsis, a factor of negative interaction on vancomycin SSc in this study.

Conclusion

Less than half of the SSc and less than a quarter of the SSc/MIC ratios were at effective rates in our study. Therefore, adequacy between dosage, administration, and monitoring should be reviewed.     

Increasing resistance to vancomycin and other glycopeptides in Staphylococcus aureus

Strains of Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides have been reported from Japan, the United States, Europe, and the Far East. Although isolates with homogeneous resistance to vancomycin (MICs = 8 microg/mL) continue to be rare, there are increasing reports of strains showing heteroresistance, often with vancomycin MICs in the 1-4 microg/mL range. Most isolates with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin appear to have developed from preexisting methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections. Many of the isolates with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides have been associated with therapeutic failures with vancomycin. Although nosocomial spread of the vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strains has not been observed in U.S. hospitals, spread of VISA strains has apparently occurred in Japan. Broth microdilution tests held a full 24 hours are optimal for detecting resistance in the laboratory; however, methods for detecting heteroresistant strains are still in flux. Disk-diffusion tests, including the Stokes method, do not detect VISA strains. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other groups have issued recommendations regarding appropriate infection control procedures for patients infected with these strains.     

Clinical consequences and cost of limiting use of vancomycin for perioperative prophylaxis: example of coronary artery bypass surgery.

Routine us of vancomycin for perioperative prophylaxis is discouraged, principally to minimize microbial resistance to it. However, outcomes and costs of this recommendation have not been assessed. We used decision-analytic models to compare clinical results and cost-effectiveness of no prophylaxis, cefazolin, and vancomycin, in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. In the base case, vancomycin resulted in 7% fewer surgical site infections and 1% lower all-cause mortality and saved $117 per procedure, compared with cefazolin. Cefazolin, in turn, resulted in substantially fewer infections and deaths and lower costs than no prophylaxis. We conclude that perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis with vancomycin is usually more effective and less expensive than cefazolin. Data on vancomycin's impact on resistance are needed to quantify the trade-off between individual patients' improved clinical outcomes and lower costs and the future long-term consequences to society.     

三联雾化吸入治疗COPD急性加重期的临床疗效

目的:观察普米克令舒与万托林及爱全乐联合雾化吸入治疗慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)急性加重期的临床疗效.方法:90例COPD急性加重期住院患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组给予普米克令舒1mg、万托林0.5ml及爱全乐500ug雾化吸入,2次/日;对照组常规治疗不使用任何糖皮质激素.观察两组患者治疗后呼吸困难评分,肺功能(FEV1%)变化及不良反应情况.结果:治疗3天后,治疗组呼吸困难改善及肺功能提高均明显优于对照组,两组间有显著性的差异.治疗组不良反应很少发生.结论:普米克令舒与万托林及爱全乐联合雾化吸入能明显改善慢性阻塞性肺病患者的呼吸困难症状及肺功能,可作为急性加重期的常规治疗.     

Vancomycin stability in heparin and total parenteral nutrition solutions: novel approach to therapy of central venous catheter-related infections.

To facilitate therapy of central venous catheter-related Gram-positive bacterial infection in patients who require total parenteral nutrition (TPN) therapy, we studied the stability of vancomycin in a commonly used TPN solution (V-TPN) at final concentrations of 0.5 mg/mL and 1.0 mg/mL and in heparin (100 U/mL in 0.9% NaCl) at 25 micrograms/mL (V-H). Vancomycin concentrations in V-TPN and V-H after storage at 4 degrees C over 35 and 14 days, respectively, were stable (within 10% of the prestorage vancomycin concentration). After 14 days at 4 degrees C heparin activity in V-H solution was 100 +/- 4% of that noted initially. Vancomycin remained stable (100 +/- 6% of the original vancomycin concentration) when the previously refrigerated V-TPN was held for an additional 24 hours at 22 degrees C. When the previously refrigerated V-H was held for an additional 24 hours at 37 degrees C, vancomycin concentrations decreased to 78 +/- 9% of the baseline concentrations (p less than .001). The stability of vancomycin in this TPN solution allows the daily dose of vancomycin to be mixed with the solution and then infused over 10 hours. As shown with pharmacokinetic modeling, this form of therapy will achieve serum vancomycin concentrations within the therapeutic range throughout a 24-hour period. The relative stability of vancomycin in a heparin line-flush solution allows vancomycin concentration in the lumen of the catheter to be maintained at greater than or equal to 15 micrograms/mL during the interval between catheter flushing and the subsequent TPN infusion. A simplified method of administering vancomycin to patients receiving concurrent TPN is possible.