Calcaneal fractures.

Proper treatment of calcaneal fractures requires complete knowledge of pathoanatomy, surgical experience, and an understanding of all possible complications; otherwise, a devastating disability will occur. Lowery and Calhoun stated, "Indeed, poor reduction may be worse than no reduction."     

Calcaneal stress fractures

The majority of plantar heel pain is diagnosed as plantar fasciitis or heel spur syndrome. When historic or physical findings are unusual or when routine treatment proves ineffective, one should consider an atypical cause of heel pain. Stress fractures of the calcaneus are a frequently unrecognized source of heel pain. In some cases they can continue to go unrecognized because the symptoms of calcaneal stress fractures sometimes improves with treatments aimed at plantar fasciitis. Calcaneal stress fractures can occur in any population of adults and even children and are common among active people, such as athletes, sports enthusiasts, and military personnel. It is likely that the number of diagnosed calcaneal stress fractures will rise among practitioners with an increased recognition of their possibility.     

Calcaneal fractures in children

Eight patients with 9 calcaneal fractures were reviewed. Of the fractures 6 were intra-articular and 3 extra-articular, but in children this distinction appears to have little relevance to treatment or prognosis. While these fractures are relatively uncommon in children, clinical suspicion is important in making the diagnosis, since the presentation may be subtle. The overall prognosis in children is excellent.     

Calcaneal fractures in the industrial patient

A retrospective review was performed on industrial patients who sustained calcaneal fractures within the State of Idaho during the years 1992 to 1994, and these patients were insured by the Idaho State Insurance Fund. Of 48 calcaneal fractures that occurred during this period, 18 were non-displaced extra-articular fractures and 30 were displaced intra-articular fractures. An independent evaluator contacted each patient and performed chart reviews regarding the work history, period of time off work, and cost incurred with the injury. A total of 24 primary surgical procedures were performed on patients who sustained a displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture and 31 secondary procedures were performed including wound debridement, hardware removal, skin grafting, and secondary subtalar fusion. For patients whose calcaneal fractures could be treated with non-operative care, the average time from injury until return to work was 18 weeks, and the average total cost of injury was $14,230. For patients whose calcaneal fractures required open reduction and internal fixation, the average time loss from work was 35 weeks, and the average total cost of injury was $31,004. Seven patients whose calcaneal fractures were initially treated with an open reduction, internal fixation later underwent a hindfoot arthrodesis. The average time off work for these patients was 69 weeks and the average total cost of injury was $65,384. Fractures were rated on postoperative radiographs according to the quality of their operative reduction. Fractures that were non-anatomically reduced had an increased tendency to require a subtalar fusion. Nine patients sustained other injuries associated with their calcaneal fracture and three patients sustained an open fracture. Both concurrent injuries and open fractures were associated with increased total cost and increased time off work. The total cost of injury was doubled as was time off work when an open reduction and internal fixation was followed later by a secondary subtalar arthrodesis.     

Calcaneal compartment syndrome after tibial fractures

Compartment syndrome of the newly discovered calcaneal compartment of the foot is a theoretical possibility following tibial fracture due to the communication with the deep posterior compartment of the calf. Forty-nine patients were reviewed at least 18 months after open or closed tibial shaft fractures treated with tibial nailing in order to determine the prevalence of foot deformities secondary to previously undetected calcaneal or leg compartment syndromes. Ankle movements, foot height, length of feet and degree of clawing of the toes were all measured and compared with the unaffected opposite side. None of the patients complained of any symptoms from their feet and none had any significant foot deformities. Calcaneal compartment syndrome is rare after tibial fracture and routine measurement of calcaneal compartment pressures after such injuries is not indicated.     

Calcaneal fractures: update on current treatments

Calcaneal fractures represent 2% of all fractures and account for approximately 60% of all tarsal injuries. Motor vehicle collisions and falls are the major causes of these large force compression injuries, causing widening of the heel, loss of heel height, and articular surface displacement. A correlation has been shown between restoration of normal anatomy and satisfactory functional outcome. Once the basic principles of calcaneal fractures are understood, including the anatomy, the radiographic findings, and the challenges that these complicated fractures present, the physician can then be ready with the armamentarium that allows for a patient-specific and injury-specific plan.     

伴有跟骨前部粉碎的跟骨骨折的治疗

跟骨骨折常伴有跟骨前部粉碎性骨折,治疗不当常导致骨折畸形愈合、创伤性关节炎,致足部功能受限[1-2].2002年6月至2006年12月,我院对43例(51足)跟骨前部粉碎的跟骨骨折患者采用解剖钛板内固定治疗,术中酌情取自体髂骨植骨,观察其临床效果,探讨跟骨骨折前部固定点的选择及固定方法.     

Calcaneal stress fractures in amateur football players

Stress fractures resulting from physical exercise have been recognized since 1855, when Breithaupt reported foot pain and swelling in a group of Prussian soldiers feet (1,8). They typically occur in normal bones which are subjected to repeated cyclic force but the strength of the force applied on the bone should not be strong enough to result in an acute fracture. For this reason stress fractures are generally seen in military recruits, ballets, dancing students, athletic trainers who participate in repetitive travmatic sporting activites (1,5). In our country, football games among amateur players has become popular especially on small football areas covered by carpets, but the floor is concrete. In this paper a case of calcaneus stress fracture following a football game which was performed on small football area, is presented. Although repetitive physical exercise is the cause in most of the reported stress fractures cases our report demonstrate it is not essential and it seems that the hard concrete floor of the football area is the cause.      

Calcaneal plate fixation of distal femoral fractures

Open reduction and internal fixation constitute the standard of care for management of displaced distal femoral condylar fractures. The techniques most commonly used include conventional and locked plating with the primary goal of articular surface congruency. However, a specific implant for the isolated medial femoral condyle fracture is lacking. We report the use of a calcaneal plate as a novel technique for managing medial and lateral femoral condylar fractures.     

Calcaneal fractures: indirect reduction and external fixation

BACKGROUND: The current treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures has been surgical fixation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of indirect reduction with Ilizarov external fixation as a viable alternative in the surgical treatment of certain calcaneal fractures. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with 33 fractures of the calcaneus (Sanders types II, III, and IV) were treated using small wire circular external fixation. A limited percutaneous plantar skin incision was used to improve reduction of the posterior facet. Fractures were evaluated by preoperative CT scans and classified by an independent observer. Patients were evaluated by physical examination as well as by the AOFAS hindfoot score questionnaire. Followup ranged from 6 months to 4 years. RESULTS: The average AOFAS score for 18 patients available for examination was 66 (42 to 92). The average score increased to 74 for patients with more than 10 months followup and to 77 for patients with isolated calcaneal fractures. Open fractures also had early debridement and soft-tissue coverage; no deep infections were seen in this subgroup. There were 11 complications, including nine superficial pin track infections, one superficial skin necrosis under an area of fracture blister, and one deep infection in a diabetic smoker with severe hemorrhagic fracture blisters. All superficial infections responded to local pin or wound care and oral antibiotics. No secondary reconstructive procedures, including osteotomies, subtalar fusions, or amputations, have been done. All open fractures healed and maintained soft-tissue coverage. CONCLUSIONS: Indirect reduction and external fixation is a viable surgical alternative for intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Particularly favorable results were obtained in open fractures when soft-tissue reconstruction also was done. Advantages include shorter time to surgery, immediate weightbearing, minimal invasiveness, few serious wound problems, and no residual hardware. Disadvantages include technical difficulty, incomplete reduction of fracture fragments, and the need for secondary surgery (fixator removal).     

跟骨钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨跟骨钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法对45例跟骨关节内骨折患者(51足)采用跟骨外侧延长L形切口,跟骨钢板内固定治疗。测量术前、术后Bhler角和Gissane角,根据Maryland足功能评分标准进行疗效评定。结果 45例均获随访,时间6～16(10.3±2.1)个月。Bhler角术前为-9°～17°(5.6°±11.4°),术后恢复至15°～40°(27.5°±11.3°);Gissane角术前为75°～97°(85.6°±11.4°),术后恢复至110°～140°(127°±13.0°)。术后发生切口延迟愈合2例,皮瓣边缘坏死1例。结论选择好恰当的手术时机,掌握骨折复位技巧,采用跟骨外侧延长L形切口,跟骨钢板治疗跟骨关节内骨折可以获得满意的疗效。     

Calcaneal insufficiency fractures following ipsilateral total knee arthroplasty

IntroductionOnly a few reports have described calcaneal insufficiency fractures (IFs) following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Herein, we describe nine cases of calcaneal IFs following ipsilateral TKA. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of calcaneal fractures following TKA and determine the characteristics of patients with IFs.Patients and methodsWe retrospectively investigated cases of calcaneal IF that occurred following TKA. We collected and analyzed radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings as well as patient demographic data. We compared the demographic data, bone mineral density (BMD), and preoperative hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) between cases with a calcaneal fracture following TKA and 100 cases without a fracture following TKA.ResultsWe performed a total of 1548 knee arthroplasties at our clinic from 2011 to 2020. Nine calcaneal IFs in eight patients were diagnosed following ipsilateral TKA. All patients were women with varus knee osteoarthritis (mean age, 71.8 years). The average change in the alignment angle was 14.7° ± 5.4°. In eight cases, dysfunction was observed in the opposite lower limb. The postoperative onset of hindfoot pain started at an average of 5.6 months. In seven patients, calcaneal fractures occurred idiopathically, but in one patient, two fractures occurred after long-distance walking. No abnormal findings on a calcaneus radiograph were seen for six fractures. MRI demonstrated a definite fracture line and bone marrow edema in all patients. All patients, except one with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), had osteoporosis. Fractures healed without complications in eight patients; however, the calcaneal anterior facet fracture became displaced and caused a flat foot in one case. The calcaneal IF rate was 0.58% among all cases. Besides one case with T2DM, significant differences were observed in preoperative HKA and BMD between cases with a calcaneal fracture following TKA and those without a fracture.ConclusionsA change in the load on the calcaneus due to changes in the alignment of the lower extremities after TKA may cause calcaneal IFs. Orthopedic surgeons should be aware of the possible occurrence of calcaneal IFs following TKA, especially in women with osteoporosis and severe varus knee.     

Calcaneal fractures in children. Long-term results of treatment

The late results of treatment of calcaneal fractures in 17 children (19 fractures) were reviewed at a mean of 16.8 years after injury. With the exception of one patient, all fractures had been treated conservatively. At follow-up there were few complaints. All but two patients had full or slightly reduced mobility of the subtalar joint and unrestricted foot function, including the ability to walk comfortably on uneven surfaces. Minor radiological abnormalities of the hindfoot were common; there were two cases of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Clinical scoring of the ankle and hindfoot using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society rating system averaged 96.2 points. The results suggest that up to 16.8 years after injury almost all children achieve excellent long-term functional results with conservative treatment of fractures of the os calcis. Open management may only be appropriate for adolescents with severe displacements.     

Calcaneal apophyseal fractures in young athletes: two case reports

Calcaneal apophyseal fracture is especially rare in young children. Furthermore, this type of fracture is sometimes overlooked in children because of subtle radiographic findings. The studies reported on this fracture are rare. We report two calcaneal apophyseal fractures that were present in the proximal half of calcaneal apophysis and were treated with fixation of the avulsed bony fragment using nonabsorbable suture.     

跟骨钛钢板内固定加植骨治疗跟骨骨折

2006年2月～2010年2月,我科对26例跟骨骨折患者采用切开复位植骨跟骨钛钢板螺钉内固定治疗,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组26例(29足),男23例,女3例,年龄21～52岁。均为闭     

跟骨重建接骨板联合克氏针内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

跟骨骨折是临床常见的复杂骨折之一,伤者以青壮年最为多见[1],约占全身骨折的2%,占跗骨骨折的60%,其中70%～75%的骨折涉及距下关节面,骨折常移位明显,极易造成跟距关节的创伤性关节炎或者骨折畸形愈合后导致腓骨肌腱炎等并发症,预后较差,致残率高达30%[2-3].     

Treatment of rare talus dislocation fractures. An analysis of 23 injuries

Methods. Between 1980 and 1996 we treated 23 patients for dislocated fractures of the talus. The injury was caused by a car accident in 61% and a high fall in 22%. Five patients had open wounds (22%), two developed compartment syndrome of the foot (9%) at an early stage, and 11 patients had multiple injuries. We used the classifications of Hawkins and Marti/Weber. All fractures were surgically treated by fixation with screw osteosynthesis, percutaneous wire transfixation, and/or external fixation. Fifteen patients with dislocated fractures of the talus underwent clinical and radiological follow-up examinations using the Kiel score. Results. Four patients had excellent and three good results. In five patients with moderate, two with adequate, and one with poor results, we found additional injuries to the ipsilateral foot or leg in 50%. Of those patients, 73% developed peritalar arthrosis and 39% talar necrosis. Due to bony defects, anatomical reconstruction was unsatisfactory in 48%. Conclusions. Even immediate anatomical reduction and sufficient stabilization cannot always decrease the rate of talar necrosis and peritalar arthrosis.     

Calcaneal fractures in adolescents. CT classification and results of operative treatment

The morphology of calcaneal fractures in 9 adolescents (mean age 13.4 years) with 10 fractures were classified using plain films and computed tomography scans. The patterns were found to be similar to those in adults.All except one of the fractures (which was not significantly displaced) were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. In all cases it was possible to achieve anatomic reduction and rigid internal fixation. Seven patients had 'excellent' long-term clinical results. One patient with pending litigation scored 'good', and one patient with an ipsilateral fracture of the talar neck scored 'fair'. This patient had mild limitation of ankle movement, all others had full ankle movement. Five had unrestricted subtalar movement, in two it was mildly limited and in three it was moderately limited (50-80%). There was no evidence of abnormality of the physes on follow up X-rays. We conclude that operative treatment of this fracture yields good results.     

经皮多针撬拨复位配合跟距反弹器治疗跟骨骨折

跟骨骨折是足部常见损伤，根据骨折类型不同其治疗方法各异。我们自2004～2006年应用经皮多针撬拨复位配合跟距反弹器（由河南省洛阳正骨医院附属白马寺医疗器械厂生产）治疗跟骨舌状骨折和部分关节压缩型骨折23例，取得较为满意的疗效。[第一段]