Management and Aesthetic Results of Support Grafts in Saddle Nose Surgery

To define the surgical management and long-term aesthetic results of patients undergoing rhinoplasty with support graft for saddle nose, 147 patients have been included in this retrospective study. One hundred forty-four autogenous grafts (bone or cartilage) and three processed irradiated bovine cartilage grafts have been used during the period 1980–1997. Two approaches have been employed: open rhinoplasty and endonasal approach. Most of cases have been treated with bony grafts (116 bone graft versus 26 cartilage grafts). Global follow-up after surgery for long-term aesthetic study was 8.5 years. Among the different autogenous that have been used in our series, the calvarial bone had the most interesting results in terms of resorption. In patients with important saddle nose deformity, we recommend calvarial bone as a material of choice for dorsonasal reconstruction. It provides excellent and natural long-term feel to the nasal complex.     

Combined use of triple cartilage grafts in secondary rhinoplasty.

Secondary rhinoplasty on a patient with a middle vault deformity is one of the most challenging procedures for a plastic surgeon. In order to achieve proper nasal aesthetics and airway function, a surgeon most commonly chooses to engraft the nose with a spreader, dorsal onlay, or columellar graft. This paper examines the aforementioned techniques in the management of 25 patients who presented with a severe middle nasal vault deformity. METHODS: During the last 5 years, 25 patients received secondary rhinoplasty using triple cartilage grafts to repair severe middle vault deformities. Patients were then questioned at least 3 months postoperatively about both airway problems and cosmetic satisfaction. RESULTS: All the 25 patients indicated cosmetic satisfaction with 23 of the patients also achieving complete nasal airway function. Only two patients persisted to have an insufficient nasal airway. An endonasal examination revealed a slight nasal synechiae in one patient, while no anatomic problem was identified in the second patient. From a cosmetic standpoint, a straight dorsum with improved dorsal aesthetic lines and nasal profile, along with nasal-facial balance were achieved. When indicated, secondary rhinoplasty to repair a middle vault deformity using the combination of spreader, dorsal onlay, and columellar grafts to augment the nose has shown to have both functional and cosmetic benefits.     

Augmentation Rhinoplasty with a Combination of Triple Cartilage Grafts for Secondary Rhinoplasty in a Middle-Aged Population

Because of physiologic changes with advancing age as well as previously traumatized and then healed tissues, secondary rhinoplasty for a middle-aged patient is a challenging procedure. Depending on both factors, changes in the midvault can cause a functional airway disorder, and the nose also may need a complete correction for cosmetic purposes. To achieve aesthetic and functional outcomes, augmentation rhinoplasty using a combination of triple cartilage grafts, namely, spreader, columellar, and dorsal onlays, was performed for 12 patients. Sufficient nasal airways with satisfactory appearance were achieved for 11 of 12 patients. Only one patient had improved but still insufficient nasal function with a good aesthetic result. Augmentation rhinoplasty using a combination of triple cartilage grafts for middle-aged patients could be considered an effective procedure for improving the patient’s nasal airway and appearance.     

Saddle Nose: Our Approach to the Problem

Saddle nose is usually caused by a trauma or by excessive resection of the septal cartilage. Nevertheless, there are other, less frequent causes of injury, such as congenital, syphilis, leishmaniosis, and leprosy. Within this context, it is very likely to see widening of the bony bridge and dropping of the tip of the nose. For this clinical status, we found extremely satisfactory a therapy in which we use a dorsum cartilage graft, followed by narrowing of the nasal bridge and shortening of the nose. To achieve this aim, different kinds of materials were employed. The authors usually prefer rehydrated (0.9% saline solution) human costal cartilage. This material was used in a study of a series of patients with saddle nose in which we used open rhinoplasty and cartilage homografts.     

块状肋软骨移植物在隆鼻术中矫正鼻基底凹陷的临床效果

分析块状肋软骨移植物在隆鼻术中对鼻基底凹陷患者的矫正效果。方法 选择2021年 5月-2023年5月于我院行隆鼻术的100例鼻基底凹陷患者为研究对象，采用随机数字表法分为对照组和 观察组，各50例。对照组行颗粒状肋软骨矫正，观察组行块状肋软骨矫正，比较两组鼻部美学角度测 量值、并发症发生情况及满意度。结果 观察组小柱上唇角、小柱小叶角、鼻面角及鼻额角均高于对照 组，差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）；观察组并发症发生率为4.00%，低于对照组的20.00%，差异有统计 学意义（P ＜0.05）；观察组满意度为100.00%，高于对照组的80.00%，差异有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）。结 论 块状肋软骨移植物在隆鼻术中矫正鼻基底凹陷的临床效果良好，能够改善患者的凹陷症状，提高鼻部 美学效果，且术后并发症发生几率较低，患者满意度较高。     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: A Different Approach to the Reconstruction of the Stubborn Crooked Nose with a Different Spreader Graft: Nasal Bone Grafts Harvested from the Removed Nasal Hump

Background Correction of a crooked or deviated nose is a complex cosmetic and functional problem as well as a big challenge for the rhinoplasty surgeon. Although corrections using a wide range of surgical techniques to straighten the nose and maximize nasal function have been proposed, recurrence is very common because of cartilage memory and scar contracture. Therefore, to prevent recurrence and maintain the correction of the septum, a permanent support that is stable and strong with the ability to maintain its given shape after placement on one or both sides of the septum is needed. Methods The author used a nasal bone graft. In this study, the concept and technique for correction of the crooked nose and the author’s experience using it are presented. Results This graft material was used for 12 patients with crooked noses (8 with C-type and 4 with S-type noses). During a mean follow-up period of 20 months (range, 12–36 months), there were no complications, recurrences, or extrusions. Functional evaluations were performed using a visual analog scale before surgery and 6 months after surgery. Patients were asked to score their nasal breathing on a scale ranging from 0 to 100. The mean preoperative value was 17.67% ± 1.22% (range, 15–25%), and the postoperative value was 89.88% ± 1.24% (range, 85–95%). Conclusion Use of nasal bone grafts as the spreader graft is a safe, effective, reliable, and permanent method for correction of the crooked nose. The author advises using this technique with nasal bone grafts for functional recovery and increased strength against further trauma or forces of scar contracture. This technique may prevent recurrence attributable to cartilage memory.     

Structural grafting in rhinoplasty

Many surgeons consider cosmetic rhinoplasty to be one of the most challenging facial plastic surgical procedures. Open-structure rhinoplasty allows for visualization of bony-cartilaginous deformities, preservation of nasal structural integrity, and precise nasal reshaping. The ultimate, external appearance of the nose is the sum of the interaction of the bony-cartilaginous skeleton and the skin soft-tissue envelope. This article describes the use of autologous, structural cartilage grafts in primary and secondary rhinoplasty. Emphasis is placed on the use of septal, auricular, and costal cartilage grafts to provide for a structurally sound skeletal framework and thereby a predictable postoperative result. Deformities of the middle and lower third of the nose are specifically addressed.     

鼻中隔偏曲畸形矫正同期鼻整形术

目的:探讨鼻中隔偏曲畸形矫正同期鼻畸形娇正的手术方法和效果.方法:采用鼻侧软骨和大翼软骨间切口,显露畸形的中隔软骨及鼻骨结构,松解牵拉力量,矫正鼻中隔畸形,截骨及复位鼻骨,使其解剖复位,重塑鼻支架.结果:本组39例,均获满意效果,无复发和并发症.结论:本手术方法矫正偏曲畸形的鼻中隔的同时,矫正外鼻的畸形,消除了引起畸形的原因,重塑外鼻支架,收到了恢复鼻腔通气功能与外鼻美容的双重效果.     

Use of costal cartilage cantilever grafts in negroid rhinoplasties

Dorsal augmentation and nasal tip refinement are important objectives in Negroid rhinoplasty. Use of a costal cartilage cantilever graft will achieve these objectives. We report on our experience in 19 patients. The technique offers an excellent solution to supplying the large amount of material often required to adequately augment the dorsum in these patients. The graft is also versatile enough to allow nasal tip refinement. There are additional aesthetic benefits as the cantilever causes a lengthening in the nasal columella, a reduction in the flare of the nostrils, and increases the columellar-labial angle. The procedure is relatively simple to perform. The problem of warping is minimized by symmetrical carving and the use of large grafts with a substantial cross-section.     

Use of Autologous Costal Cartilage Combined with Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene in Asian Rhinoplasty

BackgroundThe corresponding author's experience and recent methods employed in autologous costal cartilage grafts combined with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) in Asian rhinoplasty were presented in this study.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess the outcomes of rhinoplasty performed on patients using autogenous costal cartilage grafts combined with an ePTFE implant.MethodsSeventy-five rhinoplasty cases with autologous costal cartilage grafts and an ePTFE implant were retrospectively reviewed. Graft types, complications associated with the graft itself or graft harvesting, surgical outcomes, and patient satisfaction were assessed.ResultsThe mean follow-up time post-operation was 13.5 months. A total of 42/75 patients underwent revision surgeries. Graft-related complications were found in 8% of cases, including two warped graft and four infection cases. Three individuals with infections had mild graft resorption. One patient with an infection removed the implant. Graft exposure, mobility, and substantial resorption were not recorded. A total of two cases underwent revision procedures for infection and perforation, respectively. Chest incision lengths for graft harvesting averaged 2.1 cm. No pneumothorax or significant donor-site pain was found. Donor-site scars were negligible, although two cases had hypertrophic chest scars. In general, functional and esthetic outcomes were mostly satisfactory among the assessed patients.ConclusionsRhinoplasty using autologous rib cartilage provides adequate support and sufficient cartilage amounts for correcting nasal contouring. Meanwhile, ePTFE alone for nasal dorsum augmentation safely achieves satisfactory outcomes. Rib cartilage rhinoplasty performed by an experienced surgeon yields excellent, long-lasting results with minimal risk; however, the potential for infection should be considered following revision surgery.     

Structure rhinoplasty of the long nose

Rhinoplasty modifies the aesthetic appearance and functional properties of the nose with operative manipulation of the skin, underlying cartilage, bone, and linings. A long nose is an aesthetically undesired feature disturbing the harmony of the face. The underlying pathology of the long nose may be due to either a long septum that invades the lip or dislocation of the alar cartilages downward from the aponeurotic attachments to the septal angle. The increase in the nasal height due to a dorsal nasal hump may give an illusion of a long nose. An absent or shallow frontonasal angle also gives the illusion of a long nose. With the introduction of the dynamics of the nasal structures and dynamics in rhinoplasty, recreation of a straight nasal dorsum and a normal frontonasal angle dynamically shortens the long nose. This study presents a multicenter experience (three centers) in rhinoplasty of long noses. The study included 138 patients who complained of having a long nose. The study employed the concept of structure rhinoplasty to address the three-dimensional nasal structures contributing directly or indirectly to the appearance of the long nose rather than the traditional excisional techniques. Based on objective and subjective evaluation, shortening of the nose was achieved in 122 patients (88.4%) with better overall nasal aesthetics. The study concluded that structure rhinoplasty, which addresses the three-dimensional nasal anatomy, maximizes the aesthetic and functional outcomes when treating the long-nose deformity.     

Cranial nasal bone grafts

Reconstitution of the nasal scaffolding with maintainence of soft tissue proportions either following severe facial trauma or as a sequela to aesthetic rhinoplasty misadventures frequently is best achieved using the stability afforded by bone grafts. Split cranial bone grafts offer many advantages and may be the donor site of choice, and may even allow such surgery to be performed on an outpatient basis in some cases. The use of miniplate or screw osteosynthesis, now commonly accepted as a superior technique in craniomaxillofacial procedures, may simplify fixation of these calvarial nasal bone grafts with an apparent decrease in the risk of resorption.     

Nasal bone grafting using split skull grafts

The nose has been reconstructed with bone grafts, cartilage, and silicone. Each of these methods has disadvantages, but the bone graft is most trouble free. It is possible to take a split skull graft with a high speed drill and an osteotome. The position of the graft site on the skull determines its shape. This can be tailored to the desired nasal contour. Several grafts may be used to build up the nasal dorsum further. This method has been used in patients suffering from acute trauma and deformities resulting from previous trauma, rhinoplasty, congenital anomalies, and after cancer resection. Apart from 1 scalp wound infection, there have been no complications in 24 cases. The degree of bone graft resorption has been minimal, and the level of patient satisfaction has been high.     

Correction of Major Saddle Nose Deformities with Nasomaxillary Depression Using an Intraoral and External Open Rhinoplasty Approach

Nasomaxillary depression, which may be seen with major saddle nose deformities, especially as a sequel to childhood nasal trauma, generally is overlooked during management of the saddle nose. To handle both the saddle nose deformity and nasomaxillary depression, the authors used a one-stage intraoral and external open rhinoplasty approach for 12 patients. Lateral nasal osteotomies and correction of midface retrusion with crescent-shaped autogenous rib cartilage grafts were performed through two bilateral intraoral gingivobuccal incisions. The external open rhinoplasty approach was used for the correction of the saddle nose deformities. The mean follow-up period after the surgery was 2 years (range, 1–3.5 years). The correction of nasal tip depression resulting from midface retrusion was evaluated by lateral cephalometric radiographs. The mean movement of the nasal tip anteriorly in the sagittal plane 1 year after the operation was 5.5 mm (range, 4–7 mm). The functional and aesthetic results were satisfactory for all the patients. As the findings show, the intraoral part of the approach provides a route for the placement of cartilage grafts to correct the depressed nasal tip, augment the paranasal area, and provide support to the lateral alar bases and the controlled low-to-low lateral osteotomies. The external part of the approach provides correction of the saddle nose deformity.     

Functional support of the nasal tip

Surgery of the nasal tip is among the most challenging aspects of rhinoplasty. Abnormalities of the nasal tip, whether primary or iatrogenic, have both functional and aesthetic consequences. This review focuses on the functional support of the nasal tip, surgical techniques commonly used to improve nasal tip support and function, and the effects of these techniques on the appearance of the nose.     

Umbrella graft of columella tip: 20 years' experience

We present our experience with nasal grafts over 20 years. The nose, located centrally, always plays a key role in facial aesthetics. Public recognition of this makes rhinoplasty the most popular operation. From the traditional aesthetic point of view, propogated by the media, the nose must be narrow and straight and have correct nasolabial and forehead angles. It is the desire of every surgeon to obtain permanent and satisfactory cosmetic results. However, it is not always possible to obtain good cosmetic appearance using conventional methods when the nose is small or large, when the columella is short, or when the skin is thick. Mostly, nasal tip projection cannot be achieved. In the present article, we report our experiences in primary asthetic rhinoplasty using cartilaginous grafts obtained from septum, costa, and ear as umbrella grafts of columella type.     

The decision process in choosing costal cartilage for use in revision rhinoplasty

The aims of rhinoplasty reconstruction include maintaining or augmenting long-term tip projection, restoring rigid dorsal stability, and restoring optimum respiratory function. The methods set forth to obtain these objectives are inherently based on the intrinsic nasal principles at the time of the rhinoplasty. Because of the excellent and consistent results autologous costal cartilage grafts provide when faced with problems such as the traumatic saddle deformity, defects after neoplastic resection, congenital nasal deformities, severe tip weakness or underprojection, rhinoplasty in the ethnic patient, and revision rhinoplasty, they are an invaluable resource to the rhinoplasty surgeon. Once the surgeon becomes comfortable and proficient at harvesting this graft, it inevitably will become the graft of choice when substantial amounts of cartilage are required.     

眶距增宽症鼻成形术

目的 总结59例眶距增宽症鼻成形术的临床经验,以期探讨眶距增宽症鼻畸形整复的方法。方法 鼻部整复术大多采用眶间鼻背部正中V形切口,部分采用矢状切口,面裂鼻尖缺失者,鼻背皮肤行V-Y成形术向下推进延长鼻梁,严重者全鼻下部向下推进,鼻背部骨膜下移修复,鼻腔衬里缺损,眶间鼻部鞭骨缩窄鼻宽度,鼻支架发育不全可植入自体骨填高鼻梁,鼻小柱短小者植入物修成L形,移植骨用螺钉或钢丝结扎固定。结果 本组病例鼻梁宽度平均缩窄2cm,鼻深增高0.6cm,鼻长度延长0.8cm,16例雨季期行鼻部瘢痕修整术,4例由于鼻梁低平二期再行植骨术,无植骨感染坏死、外露排出并发症,结论 眶距增宽症都有外鼻畸形,矫正眶距时可同期行鼻成形术,V-Y成形术可有效地延长鼻梁,鼻背部骨膜向下推移可修复鼻腔衬里缺损,采用肋骨填高鼻梁较为理想,部分病例需行二期手术。     

Controlling Nasal Length with Extended Spreader Grafts: A Reliable Technique in Primary Rhinoplasty

Background The short nose characterized by a reduced distance from the nasal radix to the tip represents a challenging deformity in facial plastic surgery. Several techniques have been described in the literature for augmentation of the short nose, but none emphasizes the surgical maneuvers necessary to preserve nasal length in primary rhinoplasty and to avoid the development of a short nose deformity. Methods The authors present a surgical technique for avoiding postoperative nasal shortness and for controlling nasal length in primary rhinoplasty. The procedure uses caudally extended bilateral spreader grafts, which prevent postoperative cephalic tip rotation and allow control of tip rotation. The grafts should be placed electively in noses that have the potential to become overshortened postoperatively. By doing so, surgeons can perform any of the common surgical maneuvers in rhinoplasty without risking short nose deformity. The study included 41 patients with a mean age of 27 years who were considered to be at high risk for the development of postoperative short nose deformity. All the patients were treated with bilateral extended spreader grafts via the open nasal approach. The follow-up period was up to 12 months, with regular evaluation of the surgical outcome comprising measurement of the nasal length and photographic analysis. Results All the patients showed preserved nasal length after surgery with well-proportioned facial features. There was no evidence of postoperative nasal shortening after 12 months of follow-up evaluation. No operative or postoperative complications were detected. All the patients were pleased with the surgical results achieved. Conclusion The use of extended spreader grafts during primary rhinoplasty for selected patients represents a valuable tool for preventing short nose deformity after primary rhinoplasty.     

The versatile autogenous costal cartilage graft in septorhinoplasty

Secondary septorhinoplasty often requires a large amount of tissue, and autogenous costal cartilage is one type of grafting material that can be used in these cases. In this study, 20 patients with severe nasal deformity received autogenous costal cartilage grafts. Nineteen of the 20 cases were revisions. Costal cartilage grafts were used for structural and nonstructural purposes in these patients. Follow-up ranged from 8 to 32 months. The complications included 1 patient with early wound infection and 3 with minor warping. There were no problems with graft resorption or extrusion. Other than temporary pain, there were also no complications at the donor sites. We conclude that the autogenous costal cartilage graft is an outstanding material for volume filling and structural support when large amounts of tissue are needed in septorhinoplasty.