颈椎前路静力性动力性钉板系统在单椎间减压植骨融合中的生物力学研究

[目的]比较颈椎前路静力性、动力性钉板系统在颈椎前路单椎间减压植骨融合中的生物力学,为临床应用提供生物力学依据.[方法]采用6具小牛颈椎标本,测定其正常颈椎C4、5节段的活动范围(ROM) ,而后在C4、5节段制作单椎间减压植骨融合模型后随机分为3组,分别采用Orion、Codman、Window钢板、螺钉固定,分别测定脊柱在前屈、后伸、旋转、侧屈运动时的稳定性并与正常标本比较.[结果]单椎间减压植骨融合后,无论采用哪种钢板固定,其术后ROM值除侧屈时稍大外均比正常颈椎要小,在前屈时最为明显(P< 0.05);后伸时Orion固定最接近正常标本(P> 0.05),而Codman、Window与正常标本相比有较大差异(P< 0.05);旋转侧屈时3 种钢板与正常颈椎均无显著性差异(P> 0.05);3 种钢板之间无显著性差异(P> 0.05) .[结论]在颈椎前路单椎间减压植骨融合中,颈前路静力性、动力性钉板系统均能维持颈椎的稳定性.本试验支持动力性钉板系统在颈椎前路单椎间减压植骨融合中应用.     

颈椎外伤应用ORION钢板早期稳定建立与融合

目的：评价颈椎前路减压、植同、Orion钢板内固定术治疗颈椎外伤的作用。方法：对35例颈椎骨折脱位患者行颈前路骨折椎体依次全切除、植骨及Orion锁定型颈前路钢板内固定术。结果：所有患者随访6-12月，30例脊髓神经功能有不同程度的改善，未发生钢板螺钉松动。结论：颈前路减压、植内、Orion钢板内固定术是治疗颈椎损伤的有效方法。Orion钢板有助于植骨节段融合，稳定和颈椎曲度的重建。     

3种颈椎前路减压重建方式对稳定性影响的生物力学研究

[目的]研究颈椎前路不同减压、植骨固定方式对生物力学稳定性的影响。[方法]18具新鲜人尸体颈椎标本,随机分为三组,分别采用前路3节段椎间盘切除植骨融合固定(ACDF)、分节段混合减压植骨融合固定(ACHDF)及椎体次全切除植骨融合固定(ACCF),采用脊柱三维运动试验机依次测定正常状态、减压后、植骨后、钢板固定后的三维活动度,计算出中性区(NZ)、运动范围(ROM),并进一步计算出其稳定潜能指数(SPI);所得数据进行统计学处理,比较各组间差异。[结果]正常状态下,三组标本所测得的ROM、NZ统计学处理差异无显著性。三种不同方式减压后,SPIROM三组间无差异,但ACCF组三种状态下SPINZ和ACDF组相比,差异具有显著性;骨块植入后,ACCF组屈伸运动时的SPINZ和另外两组相比,差异有显著性(P<0.05),三组间不同状态下SPIROM比较,差异不具有显著性(P>0.05);钢板固定后,ACCF组屈伸运动时的SPIROM和ACDF及ACHDF组相比,差异具有显著性P<0.05)。[结论]3节段病变三种减压、植骨、固定方式术后均可恢复即刻稳定性,ACDF和ACHDF在恢复稳定性方面优于ACCF。     

Orion颈椎接骨板在颈前路减压植骨融合术中的应用

目的 应用Orion颈椎接骨板防止颈前路减压植骨术后植骨块脱落及增强植骨块的稳定性。方法 分析29例脊髓型颈椎病患者行颈前路减压植骨融合Orion颈椎前路接骨板系统内固定术后的临床疗效及X线检查结果。结果 随访3～48个月，平均随访13个月。所有病例在术后3～4个月椎体间植骨融合全部达骨性愈合，未见螺钉松动及钢板断裂等并发症。JOA评分由术前平均6．8分恢复至术后平均15．3分。结论 Orion颈前路钢板系统具有操作简便、安全、并发症少、内固定牢靠等优点，是一种理想的颈前路内固定方法。     

颈前路蝶型钢板系统的生物力学评价

目的对颈前路蝶型钢板（CSBP）进行生物力学评价。方法14具颈椎标本随机分为A、B两组,测量两组正常颈椎在2.0Nm载荷下的运动范围（ROM）;将两组颈椎制作成三柱不稳定模型,分别以CSBP和Orion钢板固定,测量两组颈椎的ROM。将CSBP固定于椎体模型上,施加100N循环压缩载荷（1Hz）,观察CSBP松动、断裂情况。对疲劳测试条件下钢板的受力情况进行有限元分析。结果CSBP和Orion钢板均能显著降低颈椎各方向上的ROM（P＜0.05）,在前屈、后伸方向最大。应用CSBP钢板,前屈、后伸ROM较正常颈椎分别降低66%、60%;应用Orion钢板分别降低72%、71%;两种钢板在重建颈椎稳定程度上无明显差异（P＞0.05）。CSBP抵抗载荷次数达10     

颈前路椎间融合术限制型与半限制型钢板内固定治疗颈椎病的比较研究

目的比较颈前路椎间融合术中限制型与半限制型钢板内固定治疗颈椎病术后维持颈椎前凸和椎间高度的差异。方法回顾性分析自2002-01—2014-12诊治的62例脊髓型颈椎病,其中28例行颈前路减压+钛网植骨融合+限制型钢板内固定术(限制型钢板组),34例行颈前路减压+钛网植骨融合+半限制型钢板内固定术(半限制型钢板组),比较2组术后植骨融合率、颈椎曲度、椎间高度及JOA评分。结果 62例均获得随访8~12个月,平均11个月。2组植骨材料(钛网)均与相邻椎体骨性融合。半限制型钢板组术后1年Cobb角较术后3 d增加幅度更大,差异有统计学意义(t=-9.894,P0.001)。2组术后1年与术后3 d的D值与融合节段椎体高度变化差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组术后3 d(t=0.801,P=0.426)与术后1年(t=0.437,P=0.663)的JOA评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论限制型与半限制型钢板均可提供颈前路椎间融合术后颈椎的稳定性直至植骨材料(钛网)与相邻椎体骨性融合。钛网植骨和半限制型钢板共同使用时,更容易发生融合节段曲度的丢失。     

Orion锁定型颈椎前路钢板系统的临床应用

目的 探讨Orion负定型颈椎前路钢板系统对颈椎骨折和脊髓型颈椎病手术固定的效果。方法 对3例颈椎骨折合并高位截瘫和2例脊髓型颈椎病患者施行颈椎前路减压植骨融合及Orion钢板内固定。结果 术后随访4－12个月,植骨已完全融合,无钢板断裂、螺钉松动等情况发生。结论 Orion锁定型颈椎前路钢板系统方法简单、容易掌握,内固定牢固,尤其适用于颈椎骨折伴高位截瘫患者的内固定治疗。     

前路融合内固定方式对颈椎曲度的影响

目的分析颈椎前路减压融合术中,不同植骨融合内固定方式对恢复颈椎生理曲度的影响。方法2000年1月～2002年12月施行颈椎前路减压内固定手术治疗颈椎伤病患者67例,将26例单节段减压内固定病例分为前路钢板 髂骨植骨融合组(A组,11例)及Cage植骨融合组(B组,15例);将41例多节段(双或三节段)椎体次全切除减压内固定病例分为钢板 髂骨植骨融合组(C组,19例)及钢板 钛网植骨融合组(D组,22例)。以D值法(颈椎侧位X线片上,C4椎体后下缘到齿突后缘与C7椎体后下缘连线的垂直距离)分别比较A、B两组及C、D两组在恢复颈椎生理曲度方面的疗效。结果术后即刻A、B两组及C、D两组之间D值的增值差异无显著性(P >0.05)。全部病例随访10～36个月(平均21.5个月),均获骨性融合。A、B两组及C、D两组之间末次随访时D值增值差异无显著性(P >0.05),各组内术后即刻与末次随访时D值增值的差异无显著性(P >0.05),多节段减压组(C D组)与单节段减压组(A B组)D值增值在术后即刻与随访时差异均有显著性(P< 0.01)。结论在均行单节段或多节段减压融合的病例中,采用不同的前路融合内固定方式对恢复颈椎曲度无明显影响,由此推断正确掌握前路手术适应证是有效恢复颈椎生理曲度的首要因素,恢复颈椎生理曲度的关键步骤在术中而非术后。     

颈脊髓损伤前后路减压内固定术后稳定性研究

目的研究一期前后路联合减压治疗颈脊髓损伤的颈椎稳定性问题,从生物力学角度验证本术式的可行性。方法采集新鲜人体颈椎标本6具,不同术式自身对照,采用实验应力分析方法,测定其颈椎的生物力学特性和颈椎稳定性问题。结果采用前后路联合减压钢板内固定,无论在颈椎的强度、刚度,抗扭转强度、刚度以及在颈椎稳定性、承载能力方面均比其他对照组强,均具有显著性差异(P<0·05),而颈椎前后路联合减压单纯前路Orion钢板+植骨融合术其生物力学的各项指标均比其他对照组差。结论颈椎一期前后路联合减压治疗颈脊髓损伤的颈椎生物力学实验证明,采用前后路联合钢板内固定,颈椎非常稳定、可靠、生物力学性能优越,疗效满意;而单纯行前路Orion钢板+植骨融合术,术后早期应辅以外固定。     

颈前路减压植骨融合Zero-P钢板与传统钢板内固定治疗单节段颈椎病的疗效比较

目的比较颈前路减压植骨融合Zero-P钢板与传统钢板内固定治疗单节段颈椎病的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2010-01—2013-04行颈前路减压植骨融合内固定术治疗的51例单节段颈椎病,24例术中采用Zero-P钢板(观察组),27例术中采用传统钢板与椎间融合器(对照组)。比较2组术后疼痛VAS评分(神经根型颈椎病)、JOA评分(脊髓型颈椎病)、NDI指数、颈椎Cobb角、吞咽困难Bazaz等级、植骨融合Eck等级、邻近节段退变发生率。结果 51例均获得随访,观察组随访(81.0±4.4)个月,对照组随访(79.0±3.4)个月。观察组术后1、6个月吞咽困难Bazaz分级优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);但2组术后12个月吞咽困难Bazaz分级差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组术后邻近节段退变发生率、术后12个月植骨融合Eck分级差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组与对照组术后1个月、12个月及末次随访时JOA评分、疼痛VAS评分、NDI指数、颈椎Cobb角比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论颈前路减压植骨融合内固定治疗单节段颈椎病术中应用Zero-P钢板在减轻患者术后早期吞咽困难症状方面较传统颈前路钢板固定具有优势,但这两种手术方式在维持颈椎生理曲度、缓解临床症状、植骨愈合、邻近节段退变发生率方面并无明显差异。     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.