3．0T磁共振背景抑制弥散加权成像对直肠癌淋巴结转移的诊断价值

目的评估3．0T磁共振背景抑制弥散加权成像（DWIBS）对直肠癌转移性淋巴结的诊断价值。方法35例直肠癌患者术前行常规MRI加弥散加权成像（DWI）检查．手术行直肠癌切除加淋巴结清扫术。对照术后病理结果,确定转移性和非转移性淋巴结,测量淋巴结的表观弥散系数（ADC）值以及长、短径,并绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线来评估淋巴结ADC值及长、短径对转移性淋巴结的鉴别诊断价值。结果35例直肠癌患者共获取部位明确的淋巴结151枚．其中转移性淋巴结65枚,非转移性淋巴结86枚。其ADC值分别为[（0．86±0．14）×10^-3]和[（0．94±0．16）×10^-3]mm^2／s,长径分别为（9．78±3．13）和（7．90±1．77）mm,短径分别为（7．65±2．00）和（6．45±1．19）mm,两者比较差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．01）。ADC值、淋巴结长径、短径判断淋巴结是否转移的ROC曲线下面积分别为0．648、0．706、0．692,取最佳分界值[分别为（1．05×10^-3]mm^2／s、7．95mm、5．90mm]．三者的敏感性和特异性分别为93．8％和30．2％、75．4％和61．6％、90．8％和38．4％。结论3．0T磁共振DWIBS的ADC值的定量测量能够反映病灶的弥散受限程度．直肠癌转移性淋巴结的诊断需要ADC值、淋巴结径线测量的综合评价。     

直肠癌3．0T磁共振弥散加权成像及其与病理的相关性研究

目的 探讨3.0T 磁共振背景抑制弥散加权成像（diffusion-weighted imaging withbackground suppression,DWIBS）对直肠癌的诊断价值,并分析其肿瘤表观弥散系数（apparent diffusioncoefficient,ADC）值与病理的相关关系.方法 收集42 例直肠癌患者术前盆腔常规MRI 及DWI 的扫描资料,所有患者均接受直肠癌切除并病理组织学检查.测量肿瘤及正常直肠肠壁的ADC 值并进行统计学分析.结果 （1）直肠癌组与对照组的ADC 值分别为（0.76 ± 0.11） × 10-3mm2/s 和（1.22± 0.16） × 10-3 mm2/s,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P 〈 0.001）.鉴别直肠癌与正常直肠肠壁的ADC值的最佳分界值为0.96 × 10-3 mm2/s,敏感性为95.2%,特异性为97.6%.（2）1 例高分化,33 例中分化及5 例低分化直肠腺癌的ADC 值分别为0.78 × 10-3 mm2/s,（0.75 ± 0.12） × 10-3 mm2/s 及（0.77 ± 0.11）×10-3 mm2/s.中分化与低分化直肠腺癌的ADC 值比较差异无统计学意义（P 〉 0.05）.结论 3.0T 磁共振DWI 能提高直肠癌的检出率,直肠癌原发灶的ADC 值明显低于正常直肠肠壁的ADC 值,不同分化程度的直肠腺癌的ADC 值间无统计学差异.     

扩散加权成像诊断乳腺浸润性导管癌腋窝淋巴结转移

目的评价DWI对乳腺浸润性导管癌(IDC)腋窝转移性淋巴结的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析115例病理证实的IDC患者的MRI,选取154枚淋巴结,根据手术及病理确定其性质,测量并比较转移与非转移淋巴结的ADC值,确定诊断转移淋巴结的ADC值界值,计算其敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率。结果 154枚淋巴结中,87枚存在转移,其ADC值[(0.921±0.161)×10-3 mm2/s]明显低于非转移淋巴结[(1.167±0.199)×10-3 mm2/s),P0.001]。以ADC值为1.005×10-3 mm2/s作为转移淋巴结的诊断界值,其敏感度为80.46%,特异度为88.06%,阳性预测值为89.74%,阴性预测值为77.63%,准确率为83.77%。结论 DWI结合ADC值对鉴别乳腺IDC转移与非转移性腋窝淋巴结是有价值的功能影像学方法。     

背景抑制磁共振弥散成像在胃肠道肿瘤及转移淋巴结诊断中的应用

目的 探讨背景抑制磁共振弥散成像(DWIBS)在胃肠道肿瘤及转移淋巴结诊断中的价值.方法 对11例胃肠道肿瘤患者(6例胃癌、3例直肠癌、1例结肠癌和1例肛管癌)术前DWIBS结果进行分析.评价DWIBS对胃肠道原发肿瘤的诊断能力及转移淋巴结的显示效果.测量并比较胃癌患者转移淋巴结与非转移淋巴结表观弥散系数(ADC值).结果 11例患者中,DWIBS诊断正确7例,包括3例(3/6)胃癌,3例(3/3)直肠癌和1例肛管癌.DWIBS均能清楚的显示转移淋巴结.胃癌患者转移淋巴结平均ADC值为(0.83±0.25)×10-3 mm~2/s,非转移淋巴结平均ADC值为(1.61±0.29)×10~(-3)mm~2/s,两组间差异有统计学意义(t=-6.98,P<0.05).结论 DWIBS对胃癌原发灶的诊断能力有限,但对直肠癌、肛管癌原发灶和胃肠道肿瘤转移淋巴结的诊断有较高的临床应用价值.     

表观弥散系数在前列腺良恶性病变中的应用

目的探讨表观弥散系数在前列腺良恶性病变中的鉴别诊断价值。方法收集笔者所在医院27例前列腺癌、16例前列腺炎以及32例良性前列腺增生患者的MR资料。测量病灶ADC值,对所得数值进行统计学分析。结果 b值为800s/mm2时,前列腺癌灶ADC值为（0.82±0.16）×10-3mm2/s,与炎症及前列腺增生结节比较,均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。以0.84s/mm2作为诊断前列腺癌阈值,其敏感度为84.21%、特异度为86.54%、准确性为85.92%、阳性预测值为70.37%、阴性预测值为93.75%（Kappa=0.67,P〈0.01）。结论 ADC值测量在前列腺疾病鉴别诊断中具有重要作用。     

磁共振弥散加权成像在胆囊良、恶性病变鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)在胆囊良、恶性病变鉴别诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析82例手术后病理确诊胆囊病变病例,其中胆囊恶性肿瘤58例,良性病变24例;采用独立t检验分析比较胆囊良恶性病变ADC值之间的差异,并运用ROC曲线评价ADC值的诊断效能。结果胆囊癌的ADC值为1.13±0.32×10~(-3)mm~2/s,胆囊良性病变的ADC值为1.58±0.33×10~(-3)mm~2/s,胆囊癌的ADC值明显低于良性病变。ADC值诊断胆囊良恶性病变的ROC曲线下面积为0.834,以ADC值≤1.38×10~(-3)mm~2/s为阈值时,诊断胆囊癌的敏感度为81.8%,特异度为74.1%,准确度为91.3%。结论 DWI在胆囊良、恶性病变鉴别诊断中具有良好的应用价值。     

磁共振弥散加权成像对胃癌淋巴结转移的诊断价值

目的探讨术前磁共振弥散加权成像（DWI）对胃癌淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法对2011年12月至2012年12月间南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院收治的52例胃癌患者进行磁共振DWI检查．对应术中标记的淋巴结,分别测量淋巴结的表观扩散系数（ADC）值及短径,并与术后病理结果相对照。采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）评价ADC值及短径对胃癌淋巴结转移的诊断价值。结果DWI检测到转移性淋巴结180枚,非转移性淋巴结57枚,均为高信号。DWI上转移性淋巴结ADC值明显低于非转移性淋巴结[（1．059±0．196）×10^-3mm2／s比（1．402±0．285）×10^-3mm2／s,P=0．000];以1．189×10^-3mm2／s作为ADC值评估转移性淋巴结的最佳阈值,其敏感度、特异度和曲线下面积（AUC）分别为78．9％、72．8％和0．840,其对术前N分期诊断的总体准确率为75．0％（39／52）。DWI上转移性淋巴结短径明显长于非转移性淋巴结[（8．08±3．99）mm比（6．75±2．70）mm,P=0．005];以5．05mm作为淋巴结短径评估转移性淋巴结的最佳阈值时,其敏感度、特异度和AUC分别为88．3％、29．8％和0．602,其对术前N分期诊断的总体准确率为67．3％（35／52）。结论磁共振DWI对胃癌淋巴结转移具有较高的诊断价值,以ADC值及淋巴结短径作为诊断标准可用于术前N分期的诊断。     

MRI动态增强联合DWI对乳腺良恶性病变的鉴别

目的:探讨MRI动态增强时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)联合扩散加权成像(DWI)对乳腺良恶性病变的鉴别诊断价值。方法:收集经手术病理证实的43例(51个病灶)乳腺病变患者的MRT1WI、T2WI、DWI(b值=800s/mm2)和MRI动态增强扫描资料,对病灶信号强度、ADC值和增强幅度、TIC进行回顾性分析。结果:43例51个病灶中,TICI型曲线,良性19个,恶性1个;II型曲线,良性4个,恶性7个;III型曲线,良性2个,恶性12个;IV型曲线,6个病灶均为良性病变。病灶的ADC值>1.22×10-3mm2/s的30个(其中良性27个,恶性3个);ADC值≤1.22×10-3mm2/s的21个(其中恶性17个,良性4个)。结论:MRI动态增强TIC联合DWI对乳腺病变的诊断有较高的敏感性和特异性,TIC类型和ADC值对乳腺病变的良恶性鉴别具有重要价值。     

不同致密度乳腺腺体的表观弥散系数与月经周期的关系

目的探讨不同致密度正常乳腺腺体的ADC值与月经周期的关系。方法将50名(100侧乳腺)女性志愿者按腺体致密度分为致密型(40侧)、中间型(36侧)、脂肪型(24侧),分别在月经期、增殖期及分泌期行T2WI-TIRM、DWI检查,并对各期乳腺腺体的ADC值进行测量,采用单因素方差分析、配对t检验比较各月经周期中不同腺体类型的ADC值及同一腺体类型在不同月经周期ADC值的差异。结果月经期时致密型、中间型及脂肪型腺体的ADC值分别为(2.08±0.07)×10-3 mm2/s、(2.09±0.09)×10-3 mm2/s、(1.90±0.35)×10-3 mm2/s;增殖期时各类腺体的ADC值分别为(1.97±0.16)×10-3 mm2/s、(2.00±0.17)×10-3 mm2/s、(1.81±0.54)×10-3 mm2/s;分泌期时各类腺体的ADC值分别为(2.01±0.08)×10-3 mm2/s、(2.02±0.05)×10-3 mm2/s、(1.82±0.21)×10-3 mm2/s;各腺体类型在月经期ADC值与增殖期及分泌期差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),各月经周期脂肪型腺体的ADC值与致密型及中间型腺体ADC值差异均有统计学意义(P均0.01)。结论进行乳腺DWI检查时应考虑腺体致密度及月经周期对乳腺的影响,尽量选择月经结束后1周内完成。     

肝脏常见病变磁共振显像的量化研究

目的：量化分析肝脏常见病变磁共振显像（MRI）T1值、T2值和磁共振弥散显像(DWI)表面扩散系数（ADC）的变化规律，以提高MRI诊断肝脏病变的准确性。方法：对100例肝脏常见病变行MRI及DWI，计算病变的T1、T2、ADC，以及肝细胞癌和肝转移瘤的瘤/肝ADC的比值。结果：病变的T1，T2、ADC的均值±标准差分别为：肝细胞癌为（843.92±167.75）ms，（73.90±14.21）ms和（0.99±0.26）×10-3mm2/s；肝转移瘤为（946.89±186.13）ms，（76.39±19.76）ms和（1.17±0.32）×10-3mm2/s；肝血管瘤为（1102.33±213.12）ms， （142.32±28.51）ms和(1.81±0.42)×10-3mm2/s；肝囊肿为（1516.32±617.84）ms，（247.33±112.52）ms和(3.11±0.38)×10-3mm2/s。瘤/肝ADC之比值：肝细胞癌为0.89±0.17，肝转移瘤为1.27±0.21，差异有显著性。结论：综合量化分析病变T2和ADC及瘤/肝ADC比值的变化规律，能准确地判断病变的性质，能使MRI对肝脏病变做出准确的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

BCL-2 is consistently expressed in hyperplastic marginal zones of the spleen,abdominal lymph nodes,and ileal lymphoid tissue

BCL-2 is an antiapoptotic protein overexpressed in follicular lymphomas, principally as a result of the t(14;18)(q32;q21), and useful in distinguishing follicular lymphoma (usually BCL-2 positive) from follicular hyperplasia (BCL-2 negative). BCL-2 is also overexpressed in other lymphoma types without the t(14;18), including marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, because of other, poorly understood mechanisms. It has been suggested that BCL-2 immunoreactivity can distinguish between malignant (BCL-2 positive) and reactive (BCL-2 negative) marginal zone B cells. In this study, we evaluated 26 spleen, 10 abdominal lymph node, and 3 ileum specimens with marginal zone B-cell hyperplasia for BCL-2 expression immunohistochemically. We also analyzed these cases using polymerase chain reaction methods to evaluate for the presence of clonal rearrangements of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IgH) using consensus V FRIII and J region primers, and the t(14;18) involving both the major breakpoint and the minor cluster regions of the bcl-2 gene. All (100%) cases of splenic, abdominal lymph node, and ileal marginal zone hyperplasia displayed strong BCL-2 reactivity in the marginal zone B cells. In all cases analyzed, IgH polymerase chain reaction demonstrated a polyclonal pattern, and bcl-2/JH DNA fusion sequences were not detected. Our results indicate that BCL-2 is consistently expressed by reactive marginal zone B cells of the spleen, abdominal lymph nodes, and ileal lymphoid tissue and should not be used as a criterion for discriminating between benign and malignant marginal zone B-cell proliferations involving these sites.     

Surveillance of testicular microlithiasis?: Results of an UK based national questionnaire survey

Background

Renal cell carcinoma is the most common kidney tumor in adults and accounts for approximately 3% of adult malignancies. An increased incidence of second malignancies has been well documented in a number of different disorders, such as head and neck tumors, and hairy cell leukemia. In addition, treatment associated second malignancies (usually leukemias and lymphomas but also solid tumors) have been described in long term survivors of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), Non Hodgkin's lymphoma and in various pediatric tumors.

Case presentation

We present the case of a 66 year-old woman with abdominal pain and dyspnea. We performed a thorax CT scan that showed lymph nodes enlargement and subsequently by presence of abdominal pain was performed an abdominal and pelvis CT scan that showed a right kidney tumor of 4 × 5 cms besides of abdominal lymph nodes enlargement. A radical right nephrectomy was designed and Hodgkin's lymphoma was diagnosed in the abdominal lymph nodes while renal cell tumor exhibited a renal cell cancer. Patient received EVA protocol achieving complete response.

Conclusion

We described the first case reported in the medical literature of the coexistence between Hodgkin's lymphoma and renal cell cancer. Previous reports have shown the relationship of lymphoid neoplasms with solid tumors, but they have usually described secondary forms of cancer related to chemotherapy.     

彩色多普勒超声对浅表淋巴结病变的诊断价值

目的探讨良、恶性浅表淋巴结的超声鉴别诊断价值。方法回顾分析72例浅表淋巴结肿大患者的超声表现,并与其手术病理结果相对照。结果反应性增生20例,炎性肿大15例,结核6例,淋巴瘤6例,转移癌25例。良、恶性淋巴结在形态、包膜、淋巴门、皮质回声、纵横比及血供方面存在明显差异。结论彩色多普勒超声对浅表淋巴结良恶性鉴别诊断有重要价值,可为临床检查首选。     

Multiple benign metastasizing leiomyomas in the pelvic lymph nodes and biceps muscle: Report of a case

A 47-year-old woman with an earlier history of uterine leiomyoma suffered from multiple recurrent tumors in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and biceps muscle of the right upper arm. The woman with a right lower abdominal tumor was referred to our hospital. An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed two round nodules with well-defined margins in the retroperitoneum in the pelvis, and echography revealed a similar nodule in the biceps of the right upper arm. A biopsy of the abdominal retroperitoneal tumor demonstrated benign metastasizing leiomyoma (BML). An extirpation of the abdominal tumors was therefore performed. After the operation, false climacteric medical treatment was performed for 3 years and no recurrence has since been observed. This is the first reported case of multiple BML in the lymph nodes and muscle occurring simultaneously.     

常规超声及弹性成像在浅表淋巴结定性诊断中的研究进展

超声是评估浅表淋巴结的一种有效手段。通过灰阶超声检查可依据淋巴结的大小、形态、内部结构对浅表淋巴结进行评估;应用超声弹性成像技术可定性和定量评估淋巴结的硬度。本文主要对近年来灰阶超声、多普勒超声及超声弹性成像在浅表淋巴结良恶性鉴别诊断中的研究进展进行综述。     

子宫内膜癌背景抑制弥散加权成像特征与血管内皮生长因子表达及肿瘤微血管面积的相关性

目的分析子宫内膜癌背景抑制弥散加权成像（DWIBS）表现特征,探讨肿瘤组织ADC值与血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）表达及肿瘤微血管面积的相关性。方法收集33例子宫内膜癌患者资料,分析其DWIBS图像特征,分别测量肿瘤中心实性部分、肿瘤边缘部分和瘤周正常肌层的信号强度、ADC值。以免疫组化法检测肿瘤组织VEGF表达及微血管面积,并分析二者与ADC值的关系。结果 DWIBS原始图像、3D MIP重建及相应黑白翻转图像可立体、直观显示肿瘤病灶部位、大小及范围,肿瘤组织于原始图像上呈明显高信号,黑白翻转图像呈低信号;肿瘤组织中心实性部分、肿瘤边缘部分信号强度、ADC值间差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）,但与瘤周正常肌层信号强度、ADC值间差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）;肿瘤组织ADC值与VEGF表达和肿瘤微血管面积均呈负相关（P均〈0.05）。结论 DWIBS可直观显示子宫内膜癌病灶;ADC值定量测量可明确肿瘤边界,并提示肿瘤的组织病理学信息。     

Lymph node metastases in cancer of the thoracic esophagus

Curettage of lymph nodes in 36 patients with cancer of the thoracic esophagus was performed in the bilateral supraclavicular, right intrathoracic and abdominal regions. The overall metastatic ratio in lymph nodes was 52.8 percent (19 of 36). It was particularly high in the right supraclavicular nodes (26.7 percent), the paracardial (27.8 percent) nodes, and nodes of the arch of the left gastric artery (19.4 percent) and the celiac axis (16.7 percent). Metastatic lesions were limited to the intrathoracic lymph nodes in 1 of 19 patients with positive nodal metastasis and were accompanied by metastases of the supraclavicular or abdominal nodes in the other 18 patients. In eight (88.9 percent) of nine patients in whom intrathoracic nodal metastases were confirmed, the supraclavicular or abdominal lymph nodes were involved by metastatic lesions. On the other hand, jumping metastasis to the neck or the abdominal lymph nodes without intrathoracic involvement was observed in 27.8 percent.     

Imaging of the haematological system: lymphadenopathy

The visualization and assessment of lymph nodes forms an essential part of clinical practice. This review discusses the anatomy of normal lymph nodes, the imaging modalities used in nodal assessment, the characteristics of benign and malignant nodes, and techniques for their sampling.