肥大细胞Toll样受体的研究进展

肥大细胞是重要的效应和调节性免疫细胞,广泛分布于皮肤、淋巴组织、子宫、膀胱以及呼吸道和消化道黏膜和黏膜下毛细血管、淋巴管周围的结缔组织中.     

Toll样受体4在大鼠胰腺组织特异性分布表达

目的探索Toll样受体4(TLR4)在大鼠胰腺组织的特异性分布表达。方法采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和免疫组化SP方法 ,检测Wistar大鼠胰腺组织中TLR4mR NA及TLR4蛋白的分布表达。结果通过RT-PCR方法 (31个循环 ) ,从正常大鼠胰腺组织检测到549bp目的基因片段。免疫组化方法检测到大鼠胰腺内有TLR4表达 ,主要位于胰管上皮、血管、微血管内皮及胰岛组织 ,胰腺外分泌腺泡细胞未见TLR4表达。结论TLR4在大鼠正常胰腺组织内有分布表达 ,主要定位于上皮组织 (胰管上皮 )和内皮组织(动脉静脉及微血管内皮) ,提示大鼠胰腺内、外分泌部均具有天然免疫TLR4参与胰腺病理生理的相关受体基础     

TLR2和TLR4在人慢性根尖周病组织肥大细胞上的表达

 目的: 观察人不同类型慢性根尖周病组织中肥大细胞(mast cells,MCs)上Toll样受体2(Toll-like receptor 2,TLR2)和TLR4的表达情况,探讨TLR2-类胰蛋白酶(tryptase)和TLR4-tryptase双阳性MCs在慢性根尖周疾病发病机制中的作用。方法: 将60例自愿参与本研究的受试者按根尖周病分类标准分为3组:(1)正常对照组;(2)根尖周肉芽肿组;(3)根尖周囊肿组。将根尖周组织标本置于4%甲醛固定液中浸泡48 h以上,制作连续组织切片。HE染色,光学显微镜下观察各组根尖周标本的组织学变化;免疫荧光双染色后于荧光显微镜下观察TLR2-tryptase和TLR4-tryptase双阳性MCs在根尖周组织中的分布情况。结果: 根尖周病变组TLR2-tryptase和TLR4-tryptase双阳性MCs比正常牙周膜组明显增多(P<0.01);与根尖肉芽肿组相比,根尖囊肿组TLR2-tryptase及TLR4-tryptase双阳性MCs数目明显增高(P<0.01)。结论: TLR2及TLR4在慢性根尖周疾病组织中MCs上表达增加,提示TLR2-tryptase及TLR4-tryptase双阳性MCs可能参与慢性根尖周病发病过程的免疫调节。     

Toll样受体基因多态性与牙周炎相关性研究进展

牙周炎是一种多基因复杂疾病,尽管牙菌斑是该病的始动因子,但不同个体对于菌斑微生物的反应程度不同,因而不同个体对牙周炎的易感性也有所差异。Toll样受体（TLR）是一种重要的模式识别受体,在宿主对病原微生物的免疫反应当中起着重要的作用。近年来有很多关于TLR基因多态性与牙周炎的研究,但其结果存在人群和种族差异。     

Toll样受体2和Toll样受体4在免疫应答衣原体感染中的作用

衣原体是重要的人类病原体,其能够导致多种疾病的发生.由衣原体引起的许多人类疾病被认为是免疫病理学介导的.已经证明Toll样受体(TLRs)是多种病原体感染的主要模式识别受体( PRRs),在起始固有免疫应答,建立适应性免疫应答中发挥着重要作用.在TLR家族中,TLR2和TLR4与衣原体感染的相关性研究备受关注,在识别衣原体感染、调节宿主的早期免疫应答、炎症反应和病理形成中执行着关键性的作用.研究TLR2和TLR4在免疫应答衣原体感染中的作用可以更好地理解TLRs介导的分子免疫机制,可能有助于研发免疫治疗的分子靶标,最终有效预防、控制衣原体感染引起的疾病.     

Toll样受体2和Toll样受体4在HBV感染后的免疫作用

Toll样受体（TLR）是启动固有免疫和调节适应性免疫的重要分子,参与肝脏对病毒及细菌的免疫TLR2、TLR4过程。在HBV的慢性化进程中,TLR2、TLR4与Thl和Th2的免疫平衡及调节性T细胞（Treg）的免疫抑制相关,HBV感染后,HBcAg刺激巨噬细胞产生TNF—α的作用需要TLR2参与,HBeAg的表达与否与TLR2的表达状态有关,而TLR4通过诱导iNOS的表达和激发HBV特异性免疫在体内抗HBV过程中起重要作用：     

人脐血血清对巨噬细胞Toll样受体4表达及功能的影响

目的研究人脐血血清(cord blood serum,CBS)对巨噬细胞RAW264.7 Toll样受体4(Toll like receptor4,TLR4)表达及功能的影响。方法取足月孕妇脐带血和外周血血清,与RAW264.7细胞共孵育,电镜下观察形态学变化,MTT法检测血清对RAW264.7细胞活性的影响;RT-PCR和流式细胞术检测RAW264.7细胞TLR4基因和蛋白表达水平;免疫荧光技术检测RAW264.7细胞I_κB_α水平,RR-PCR检测RAW264.7细胞COX-2的表达,以反映TLR4信号途径活化程度。结果人脐血血清可下调RAW264.7细胞TLR4的mRNA和蛋白表达水平;人脐血血清预孵育可抑制由LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞NF-_κB激活和COX-2的表达。结论人脐血血清能抑制巨噬细胞TLR4的表达及其下游信号传递,这为阐明脐血血清对脐血细胞免疫功能调节的机制提供了新的实验线索。     

Toll样受体4信号转导研究进展

Toll样受体4(TLR4)作为LPS信号转导受体,在与LPS反应时可形成一个由TLR4和MD 2构成的复合体,其在细胞内的信号转导依赖于不同的接头蛋白。在早期反应时,TLR4依赖MyD88和Mal可导致NF кB激活;而在后期反应中,通过TRIF和TRAM可引起NF кB和IRF3的迟发激活。由此诱导细胞因子、化学趋化因子和其他转录因子的表达。     

人Toll样受体4重组质粒的构建与鉴定

目的 构建人Toll样受体4(TLa-4)3'非编码区(UTR)野生型/突变型基因重组表达质粒.方法 在293T细胞中提取基因组DNA为模板,扩增并获得TLR4基因的3'UTR片段.根据TLR43'UTR与miR-122的靶点预测,设计TLR4 3'UTR突变型TLR4 3'UTR-m1.将pmiR-RB-REPORTTM质粒和TLR4 3'UTR/TLR4 3'UTR-m1 PCR产物双酶切,将酶切后的载体与PCR产物连接,转化入DHSα细胞,在含Amp抗生素的LB固体培养基上培养,筛选阳性菌株,进行PCR验证及序列测定.结果 成功构建人TLR4 3'UTR野生型/突变型重组质粒.结论 构建的质粒可以用于TLR4与miR-122相互作用的研究,为研究miRNA的作用提供依据.     

Toll样受体2在人胎盘和胎膜组织中的表达

目的 检测正常胎盘和胎膜组织中Toll样受体2(TLR2)的表达.方法 收集5例足月剖宫分娩胎盘和胎膜样本,运用RT-PCR法检测胎盘和胎膜组织中TLR2 mRNA的表达,运用免疫组织化学和Westen blot印迹方法检测TLR2蛋白质在胎盘和胎膜组织中的表达.结果 RT-PCR显示在mRNA水平,胎盘和胎膜组织中均有TLR2表达;Westen blot印迹显示TLR2抗体在胎盘和胎膜组织中相对分子质量为50000左右的位置有一条明显的条带;免疫组化研究显示TLR2在胎盘的合体滋养细胞、胎膜的羊膜上皮细胞及平滑绒毛膜滋养细胞中有表达.结论 TLR2在人胎盘和胎膜组织中的表达,提示其在妊娠期先天性免疫中可能发挥重要作用.     

Bacterial components regulate the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 on human mast cells

Objectives and design: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the exposure of mast cells (MCs) to bacterial components affects the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, and to elucidate the behavior of MCs during the early response to infection. Materials: Two human MC lines, HMC-1 and LAD2, were employed. Messenger RNA expression was observed by RT and real-time PCR. TLR4 expression was determined by Western blotting. TNF-α secretion was analyzed with ELISA. The degranulation ratio was measured with betahexosaminidase assay. Results: Although bacterial components increased TLR4 mRNA, only lipopolysaccharide (LPS) augmented the TLR4 protein expression. LAD2 pre-treated with LPS for 8 h resulted in 2-fold increased TNF-α secretion on LPS restimulation. Conclusion: These results suggest that the exposure of MCs to LPS may reinforce the innate immune system due to up-regulation of MC TLR4, followed by increased TNF-α release. Received 20 April 2006; returned for revision 14 July 2006; accepted by G. Wallace 11 August 2006     

Toll样受体4信号转导研究进展

Toll样受体（Toll-like-receptors,TLRs）是一个主要分布于炎症细胞的识别病源分子的受体超家族,其中TLR4主要识别革兰阴性细菌细胞壁成分脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）。LPS与TLR4结合后活化髓样分化因子88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88, MyD88)依赖性和非依赖性两条信号途径;前者活化丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK）和核因子-κB（nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB）信号通路,后者活化NF-κB和干扰素调节因子-3(IFN-regulated factor-3,IRF3)信号通路。通过这些信号途径TLR4诱导炎症细胞释放炎症因子介导炎症反应;同时TLR4通过活化树突状细胞促进抗原递呈,介导先天性免疫向获得性免疫的转化。此外,TLR4能诱导磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶-蛋白激酶B（PI3K-AKT）的信号转导,LPS介导的细胞存活和增殖与TLR4活化 PI3K-AKT途径有关。     

紫癜性肾炎患者外周血单个核细胞Toll样受体3和4的信号转导途径

背景：目前关于Toll样受体3和Toll样受体4介导的信号转导通路在紫癜性肾炎的发病机制中的作用尚不清楚。目的：分析Toll样受体3和Toll样受体4在过敏性紫癜和紫癜性肾炎发病机制中的作用。方法：选取过敏性紫癜患儿64例,分为过敏性紫癜无肾损害组36例及过敏性紫癜性肾炎组28例,另选健康儿童30例作为正常对照组。实时荧光定量PCR检测外周血单核细胞Toll样受体3、Toll样受体4、髓样分化蛋白2、髓样细胞分化因子88、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素12 mRNA的基因相对表达量;应用流式细胞术检测外周血单核细胞Toll样受体3、Toll样受体4蛋白表达率。结果与结论：①过敏性紫癜患儿Toll样受体4 mRNA及蛋白表达显著高于正常对照组(P < 0.05)。紫癜性肾炎组Toll样受体4 mRNA及蛋白表达均显著高于紫癜无肾损害组(P < 0.05)。②过敏性紫癜组髓样分化蛋白2、髓样细胞分化因子88、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6 mRNA的表达均显著高于正常对照组(P < 0.05),白细胞介素12 mRNA的表达显著低于正常对照组(P < 0.05);紫癜性肾炎组髓样分化蛋白2、髓样细胞分化因子88、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6 mRNA的表达显著高于紫癜无肾损害组(P < 0.05),紫癜性肾炎组白细胞介素12 mRNA的表达显著低于紫癜无肾损害组(P < 0.05)。③过敏性紫癜组患儿外周血单核细胞Toll样受体4 mRNA与蛋白表达呈正相关(r=0.60,P < 0.01);过敏性紫癜患儿Toll样受体4 mRNA与髓样分化蛋白2、髓样细胞分化因子88、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6表达均呈正相关(P < 0.01),与白细胞介素12 mRNA表达呈负相关(r=-0.66,P < 0.01)。提示Toll样受体4可能通过髓样细胞分化因子88依赖信号转导途径介导过敏性紫癜的免疫发病机制,Toll样受体4的过度活化可能与过敏性紫癜的肾损伤有关。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 differentially activate human mast cells

In the present report we have analyzed whether human normal cord blood-derived mast cells (CBMC) could interact with bacterial products, especially lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli and peptidoglycan (PGN) from Staphylococcus aureus, known as Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2 agonists, respectively. We found that both LPS and PGN induced significant release of not only tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), but also IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 by human mast cells (MC). We also established that the stimulation of CBMC with LPS or with PGN is mediated through interactions with TLR4 or with TLR2, respectively. Thus, our data indicate that activation of either TLR2 or TLR4 pathway may lead to a pro-Th2 immune response. However, the release of TNF-alpha induced by LPS, conversely to PGN, required the priming of CBMC by IL-4 and the presence of serum components, in particular soluble CD14. Of interest, stimulation by PGN, but not by LPS, induced release of histamine by human MC. Altogether, these findings provide the first evidence that human MC differentially respond towards bacterial components, and that their responses depend on TLR pathways and reveal human specificities in the pattern of cytokine production.     

Toll-like receptor 2 induces mucosal homing receptor expression and IgA production by human B cells

There is a need for developing vaccines that elicit mucosal immunity. Although oral or nasal vaccination methods would be ideal, current strategies have yielded mixed success. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligands are effective adjuvants and are currently used in the Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine. Induction of humoral immunity in the mucosa is critical for effective vaccination; thus, we sought to determine the effects of TLR2 ligands on human mucosal B cell differentiation. We demonstrate that TLR2 ligands induce CCR9 and CCR10 expression by circulating B cells and increased chemotaxis to cognate chemokines CCL25 and CCL28 suggesting that TLR2 induces B cell homing to the gastrointestinal tract. TLR2 stimulation of B cells also induced J chain and IgA production demonstrating the induction of mucosal-like antibody secreting cells. These observations suggest that vaccines containing TLR2-ligands as adjuvants could induce mucosal B cell immunity even when delivered in a non-mucosal manner.     

High-affinity IgE receptor-beta chain expression in human mast cells

The high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI)-beta gene is one of the atopy-associated genes, but its biological significance is largely unknown. In this study, we generated the anti-FcepsilonRI-beta chain antibody to clarify beta-chain protein expression in human mast cells. The FcepsilonRI-beta antibody showed specific binding to a 27 kDa protein with Western blotting and membrane bound immunostaining using cultured mast cells. Monomeric IgE sensitization increased beta-chain expression as well as mature alpha-chain expression in mast cells. Upregulation of beta-chain expression with monomeric IgE treatment suggests possible roles of FcepsilonRI-beta protein as an atopy-related molecule.     

Toll样受体4对牙周膜干细胞免疫学特性的影响

背景：Toll样受体4及其配体脂多糖与牙周疾病的发生、发展密切相关,牙周膜干细胞的免疫学特性在牙周组织修复重建、牙周病的治疗中发挥重要作用,而Toll样受体4及其配体对牙周膜干细胞免疫学特性的影响还不清楚。 目的：探讨Toll样受体4对牙周膜干细胞免疫学特性的影响。 方法：分离、培养牙周膜干细胞,与10 mg/L的Toll样受体4配体脂多糖共同培养3 d。以未经脂多糖处理的牙周膜干细胞作为对照,观察脂多糖处理的牙周膜干细胞能否引起同种异体淋巴细胞的增殖,以及对混合淋巴细胞反应和植物血凝素引起的淋巴细胞增殖的影响。通过建立Transwell培养系统建立牙周膜干细胞+植物血凝素+异体外周血单个核细胞的反应体系,测定细胞上清液中的前列腺素E2浓度。在上述反应体系进行中和实验,观察被牙周膜干细胞抑制了的淋巴细胞重新发生增殖的情况。 结果与结论：无论是否与脂多糖共培养,牙周膜干细胞都没有引起等量异体外周血单个核细胞增殖,都能够抑制植物血凝素引起的淋巴细胞增殖和混合淋巴细胞反应,但是脂多糖预处理牙周膜干细胞的免疫抑制作用显著低于无脂多糖组。在牙周膜干细胞+植物血凝素+异体外周血单个核细胞的反应体系中,前列腺素E2浓度显著升高。中和实验发现,前列腺素E2的拮抗剂吲哚美辛基本恢复了被牙周膜干细胞抑制的淋巴细胞增殖。提示,脂多糖减弱了牙周膜干细胞的免疫抑制特性,该效应由前列腺素E2减少引起。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

Caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis of mast cells induced by withdrawal of IL-3 is prevented by Toll-like receptor 4-mediated lipopolysaccharide stimulation

IL-3-dependent mucosal-like mast cells undergo apoptosis upon withdrawal of IL-3. Generally, the apoptosis is mediated by the activation of caspases and inhibited by addition of the pan-caspase inhibitors z-VAD-FMK or BOC-D-FMK. However, DNA fragmentation, a typical characteristic of apoptosis, is not inhibited by z-VAD-FMK or BOC-D-FMK in mast cell apoptosis. In this study, we demonstrate that the apoptosis of mast cells is mediated by both caspase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The caspase-independent apoptosis is mediated by the translocation of endonuclease G from mitochondria into nuclei. Withdrawal of IL-3 caused down-regulation of Bcl-xL, resulting in a drop in mitochondrial membrane transition potential followed by the release of cytochrome c and endonuclease G from mitochondria. However, stimulation of mast cells through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by lipopolysaccharide prevented mast cell apoptosis by inducing expression of Bcl-xL. Moreover, the activation of mast cells by LPS is enhanced in the presence of IFN-gamma, which up-regulates the expression of cell surface TLR4. Taken together, these observations provide evidence that mast cells play important roles not only in allergic reactions but also in innate immunity recognizing enterobacteria through TLR4, and are regulated differently from allergic inflammation by Th1 cytokines.     

Salmonella fimbrial protein StcD induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression via Toll-like receptor 4

IntroductionThe genome of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium contains 13 operons with homology to fimbrial genes.MethodsTo investigate the involvement of these fimbrial gene clusters in the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is an inducible enzyme involved in the synthesis of prostanoids, in J774 macrophages infected with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, we constructed strains carrying a mutation in genes encoding the putative subunit proteins in 12 fimbrial operons.ResultsThe level of COX-2 expression was lower in macrophages infected with fimA or stcA mutant Salmonella than in those infected with wild-type Salmonella. Therefore, we focused on putative subunit protein StcA and adhesive like protein StcD encoded in the stc operon. Treatment of macrophages with purified recombinant StcD protein, but not StcA, resulted in the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways, leading to the expression of not only COX-2 but also of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. The expression of StcD-induced COX-2 was inhibited by treatment with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor TAK-242, but not by treatment with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antagonist polymyxin B. Furthermore, StcD treatment stimulated HEK293 cells expressing TLR4 in the presence of CD14 and MD-2.ConclusionStcD is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium that is recognized by TLR4 and plays a significant role in the induction of COX-2 expression in macrophages.