腹腔镜电针Vater壶腹戳孔导管扩张术和Oddi括约肌切开术的初步探讨

目的 :探讨腹腔镜电针Vater壶腹戳孔导管扩张术和腹腔镜电针Oddi括约肌切开术治疗Oddi括约肌狭窄的手术方法。方法 :采用腹腔镜胆总管探查结合电针 ,套装胆道扩张导管和斑马导丝 ,为 13例胆管结石 ,胆管扩张合并Oddi括约肌狭窄患者行腹腔镜电针Vater壶腹戳孔导管扩张术。结果 :13例手术均获成功 ,无胆漏、出血、穿孔及胰腺炎。结论 :选择合适病例 ,腹腔镜胆总管探查术中采用腹腔镜电针Vater壶腹戳孔导管扩张术和腹腔镜电针Oddi括约肌切开术治疗Oddi括约肌狭窄有效、可行。     

Oddi括约肌病变的临床与组织学研究

目的研究Oddi括约肌病变的临床特征与组织学类型的相互关系。方法对1995年10月至2003年5月行经十二指肠Oddi括约肌切开成形术并术中切取括约肌组织活检32例,对标本行VanGieson染色切片。结果组织学检查仅1例正常,纤维化27例,占87%,腺体病变2例,炎症浸润2例。术中发现胆总管下端结石嵌顿、良性乳头狭窄、胰腺炎病变明显时括约肌为重度纤维化。胆总管泥沙状结石者的括约肌均有不同程度纤维化。结论胆管结石、炎症及急性胰腺炎之后均伴有Oddi括约肌纤维化,伴良性乳头狭窄时应考虑作括约肌切开术。     

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??Protection of Oddi sphincter function and its significance in endoscopic sphincterotomy LU Xin-liang*??LIANG Ting-bo. *Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China.
Corresponding author: LIANG Ting-bo, E-mail:liangtingbo@
zju.edu.cn
Abstract The sphincter of Oddi is a neuromuscular structure located at the junction of the bile and pancreatic ducts with the duodenum. The primary functions of the sphincter of Oddi are to regulate the delivery of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum and to prevent the reflux of duodenal contents restrograde infection. EST damage the integrity of the Oddi sphincter, leading to sphincter relaxation or stenosis, causing partial or complete loss of the original physiological function of the Oddi sphincter. Therefore, surgeons should strictly control the indications of EST, retain the sphincter function as far as possible, so as to provide patients with more reasonable and standardized treatment strategy.     

腹腔镜、胆管镜、十二指肠镜同期治疗肝外胆管结石合并Oddi括约肌狭窄

目的总结运用腹腔镜、胆管镜、十二指肠镜（三镜）同期治疗肝外胆管结石合并Oddi括约肌狭窄的临床经验。方法腹腔镜下行胆囊切除、胆总管切开,胆管镜下行探查取石术,经胆总管切口插入输尿管导管或斑马导丝至十二指肠腔,经口插入十二指肠镜至十二指肠乳头,针式刀在输尿管导管或斑马导丝指引下施行Oddi括约肌切开术。结果施行三镜同期联合手术103例,切除胆囊103例,取净胆总管结石101例,2例胆总管残留结石置T管引流,术后经胆管镜和液电碎石取净。98例Oddi括约肌狭窄切开成功,5例Oddi括约肌狭窄中转为其他术式。术后轻症胰腺炎2例。术后胆漏2例,经术中常规放置的腹腔引流管引流治愈。无肠穿孔、胆管穿孔、大出血、重症胰腺炎等并发症,无死亡。结论只要选择合适的病例,三镜同期治疗肝外胆管结石合并Oddi括约肌狭窄是可行、有效和安全的。     

Sphincter of Oddi motility

Recent developments of manometric and endoscopic instrumentation have rekindled interest in sphincter of Oddi function. As a result of human and animal studies, our understanding of normal sphincter of Oddi physiology has increased and possible motility abnormalities are being identified. Manometric studies have shown that the sphincter of Oddi is characterized by prominent phasic contractions which are super-imposed on a low tonic pressure. The phasic contractions are orientated mainly in an antegrade direction; however, both simultaneous and retrograde contractions are registered. Cineradiography has demonstrated that the phasic contractions have a propulsive function, expelling small volumes of fluid from the common bile duct into the duodenum. Intravenously administered cholecystokinin-octapeptide normally inhibits the phasic contractions and reduces the sphincter tone. Motility abnormalities may occur if the sphincter of Oddi exhibits abnormally high tone, alteration in the direction of the phasic contractions, abnormal changes in the contraction frequency, or abnormal responses to hormonal stimulation. Preliminary human studies demonstrate disorders in sphincter of Oddi motility patterns, suggesting that motility abnormalities may be associated with choledocholithiasis, dyskinesia and idiopathic relapsing pancreatitis.     

一氧化氮在胆囊收缩素调节犬Oddi括约肌舒张通路中的作用

目的 探讨一氧化氮(NO)在胆囊收缩素(CCK)调节犬Oddi括约肌(SO)舒张的通路中发挥的作用.方法 打开犬十二指肠后逆行插入测压管至胆总管及SO,测定SO压力及CCK与NO对其产生的影响.结果 NO与生理剂量(20ng/kg)CCK合用后舒张SO的效应,相比单独注射CCK增强,却与单独使用NO无异;而与药理剂量(100 ng/kg)CCK合用后,相对降低了SO的运动性,但不能改变其快速兴奋SO的趋势.结论 CCK存在着兴奋和抑制SO的两种作用途径,而NO作为一种非肾上素腺能非胆碱能神经(NANC)的递质,可能在CCK的舒张通路中起到了重要作用.     

胆道再手术原因分析：附828例报告

目的:分析导致再次胆道手术的原因，以期减少胆道再手术率。方法:总结1990—1999年间收治的再次胆道手术患者828例的临床资料，对胆道疾病再次手术的原因进行归类分析。结果:再手术的主要原因是结石复发或残留，占65.10%;结石合并Oddi括约肌狭窄占33.82%;单纯Oddi括约肌狭窄占9.54%;胆管损伤性狭窄和胆肠吻合口狭窄占10.39%;胆道系统肿瘤占6.52%。结论:胆道再手术的主要原因仍以结石复发或残留为主，其次为Oddi括约肌狭窄;损伤性胆管狭窄等与手术有关的因素不容忽视。减少胆道再次手术的关键在于初次手术的彻底性和手术方法的合理性。     

Mucosal bile duct carcinoma with superficial spread

We describe a case of mucosal bile duct carcinoma with superficial spread in a 69-year-old man with gallstone pancreatitis. The patient was seen at the hospital because of abdominal pain, fever, and jaundice. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) demonstrated a protruding lesion in the lower third of the common bile duct (CBD) showing wall irregularity suggestive of malignancy. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) disclosed a papillary tumor with granular mucosa extending continuously to the middle third of the CBD. Cholangioscopic biopsy specimens taken from both the papillary tumor and surrounding granular mucosa revealed papillary adenocarcinoma. After this assessment of extent of cancer by PTCS, we performed pancreatoduodenectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection and regional lymph node dissection. Pathology examination revealed papillary adenocarcinoma limited to the mucosal layer. The resected margin of the bile duct was free of tumor. We also reviewed 25 cases of early mucosal bile duct carcinoma described in detail in the Japanese literature, and we discuss the diagnostic advantages of PTCS. Received for publication on Nov. 25, 1997; accepted on Jan. 27, 1998     

A technic of Oddi sphincterotomy (author's transl)]

The authors present an original technic of Oddi sphincterotomy. A nylon catheter introduced into the bile duct through the cystic duct is pushed through the papilla, screwed to the lower branch of a pair of scissors and withdrawn. The sphincter is thus divided simply and surely without using choledocotomy.     

Endoscopic sphincterotomy for stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi

BACKGROUND: Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) is one of the causes of postcholecytectomy syndrome and biliary pain. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) is recommended in some cases for patients refractory to conservative treatment. By the Milwaukee classification, patients with biliary pain can be divided into three groups. Group I patients show all the objective signs suggestive of a disturbed bile outflow-i.e., elevated liver function tests, dilated common bile duct (CBD), and delayed contrast drainage during endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP). Group II patients have biliary-type pain along with one or two of the criteria from group I. Group III patients have only biliary pain, with no other abnormalities. This study confirms the effectiveness of EST for the relief of symptoms in group I patients (papillary stenosis). METHODS: Between 1989 and 1999, we treated eight patients clinically diagnosed as having group I papillary stenosis by EST. Their ages ranged from 52 to 73 years. In addition to biliary pain, all patients were found to have dilated CBD, elevated enzyme levels, and delayed contrast drainage at ERCP. None of the patients had CBD stones or other causes of obstruction. Sphincter of Oddi manometry was not performed. RESULTS: EST was successfully performed in eight patients. Each patient had a very large papilla. A false orifice was found in one patient. In five patients, endoscopic cannulation of the bile duct was very difficult. The use of a long, tapered catheter and guidewire papillotomy was necessary in four patients. A precut papillotomy was performed in one patient. All patients achieved resolution of their symptoms after EST. There were no complications. The average length of the follow-up period was 26 months. CONCLUSIONS: SOD is a real entity that continues to pose a diagnostic dilemma. EST is an effective and safe modality for the treatment of papillary stenosis (group I patients). SOD manometry is not necessary before EST in group I patients.     

Objective evaluation of ampullary stenosis with ultrasonography and pancreatic stimulation

Ultrasonography can detect changes in pancreatic and bile duct sizes after pancreatic stimulation by secretin or morphine and prostigmine. The effects of the two pharmacologic regimens on pancreatic duct dilatation were comparable and correlated with papillary stenosis determined at surgery, but the morphine and prostigmine combination produced more false-positive responses than did secretin. After administration of intravenous secretin (1 unit/kg), the pancreatic duct dilated in 83 percent of 12 symptomatic patients found at surgery to have a stenotic sphincter of Oddi and in 72 percent of 17 symptomatic patients found to have a stenotic accessory papilla associated with the pancreas divisum anomaly. Comparable dilatation occurred in 14 percent of 14 control subjects without suspected ampullary disease and in none of 10 patients with surgically disproved stenosis (p less than 0.001). The morphine and prostigmine combination produced more false-positive results in both the pancreatic duct and bile duct. Concomitant elevation of the serum amylase level and reproduction of pain were found to be of no discriminatory value. In patients whose pancreatic duct dilated preoperatively during secretin stimulation, dilatation did not occur after surgical sphincteroplasty. A positive test result was associated with a 90 percent success rate in preventing recurrent pancreatitis and ameliorating pain. A negative test result was associated with a 29 percent success rate. Ultrasonography of the pancreatic duct with secretin stimulation may provide objective criteria to supplement clinical judgment in selecting patients for sphincteroplasty to treat stenosis of either the sphincter of Oddi or the accessory papilla in pancreas divisum.     

Reoperation after cholecystectomy. The role of the cystic duct stump

The so-called "Postcholecystectomy Syndrome" may be due to various pathological biliary causes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of the cystic duct stump syndrome and if so, how often a long (greater than 1.5 cm) cystic duct stump was an indication for reoperation on the bile ducts after cholecystectomy in our patients. Three hundred and twenty two patients underwent a second operation on the bile ducts after cholecystectomy in the last ten years. In 35 patients (10.8%) a striking findings was a long cystic duct stump (greater than 1.5 cm). In 24 of these patients, a pathological finding, in addition to the long cystic duct stump, was found on exploration. Out of these 24 patients there were 14 with common bile duct stones; 6 with stenosis of the sphincter of Oddi; 3 with chronic pancreatitis and in one patient hepatitis was the cause of the symptoms. From the remaining 11 patients 8 had a stone in a partial gall bladder or cystic duct stump. One patient had a fistula between the cystic duct stump and duodenum and one a suture granuloma. There was only one patient where a 1.5 cm long cystic duct stump remnant was the only pathological finding. Four years after reoperation this patient is still suffering from the same intermittent gastrointestinal symptoms. We conclude that the cystic duct stump is hardly ever a cause for recurrent symptoms in itself. Total excision of the cystic duct does not eliminate the existence of postcholecystectomy symptoms.     

Evaluation of sphincter of Oddi function

Disorders of sphincter of Oddi motility are being recognized as a cause for post-cholecystectomy pain. Objective diagnosis of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is difficult because of the relative inaccessibility of the sphincter. In recent years, a number of investigations have been used in order to diagnose motility disorders of the sphincter of Oddi. The most useful of these investigations is endoscopic manometry. However, in addition, the morphine neostigmine provocation test, radioscintigraphy to assess bile flow, and assessment of pancreatic duct diameter following secretin infusion have been used. Specificity and sensitivity for all of these investigations of sphincter of Oddi function have been difficult to obtain due to the small number of patients and the heterogeneity of sphincter of Oddi abnormalities. Based on the manometry measurements, two major subgroups of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction have been defined. One group of patients exhibits a high basal pressure consistent with stenosis and the second demonstrates a number of dyskinetic patterns. Prospective studies currently underway will best define the most appropriate therapy for these disorders.     

完整保留Oddi括约肌微创治疗胆总管结石病的研究

目的探讨完整保留Oddi括约肌微创治疗胆总管结石病的临床价值。方法回顾性分析因胆总管结石病分别行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）联合经内镜Oddi括约肌切开取石术（endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST）、腹腔镜胆总管探查术（laparoscopic commonbileduct exploration,LCBDE）（T管引流）和腹腔镜胆总管探查术（术前放置鼻胆管引流、胆总管一期缝合）60例的临床资料,比较术前置鼻胆管、胆总管一期缝合20例（鼻胆管组）与T管引流20例（T管组）和腹腔镜胆囊切除术联合经内镜下乳头括约肌切开20例（EST组）三种治疗方法的临床效果。结果三组均成功完成手术,鼻胆管组拔管时问（8．25±1．21）d,术后住院时间（8．50±4．05）d,均较T管组的（31．60±5．38）d、（13．6±3．97）d明显缩短,远期胆总管结石复发率与反流性胆管炎较EST组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;术后近期并发症三组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论术前置鼻胆管、胆总管一期缝合术既能避免一期缝合后胆管压力增高引起的胆漏,避免了患者术后带管时间长的痛苦,并缩短了住院天数,同时又保留了Oddi括约肌结构的完整性,维持了Oddi括约肌正常生理功能,避免了因Oddi括约肌结构破坏所导致术后反流性胆管炎和结石复发率高等并发症。     

ERCP诊治成人原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的临床研究

目的 :回顾性分析和评价内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在成人原位肝移植胆道并发症诊疗中的作用。方法:38例成人原位肝移植术后胆道并发症患者实施61次ERCP,根据ERCP结果实施内镜治疗。结果:60次ERCP成功,成功率为98.36%(60/61)。ERCP明确胆道并发症原因后实施内镜治疗。并发症发生的部位为:供体肝胆管、受体胆管、胆管吻合口及十二指肠乳头。其中单纯胆管炎性狭窄7例,胆管炎性狭窄伴肝内外胆管铸型、胆泥或胆石形成10例;单纯胆管吻合口狭窄3例,狭窄伴肝内外胆管铸型、胆泥或胆石形成2例;胆管吻合口瘘2例,供体胆管与受体胆管直径差异过大1例;受体胆管过长、扭曲3例,受体胆管轻度扩张1例;十二指肠乳头狭窄2例,Oddi括约肌功能失调3例;T管脱落1例;胆道出血1例;ERCP插管失败1例。该组供体肝胆管并发症发生率最高,为44.74%(17/38);其次为胆管吻合口并发症,为21.05%(8/38)。治疗方式:乳头括约肌切开(EST)24.59%(15/61),乳头柱状球囊扩张(EPBD)16.39%(10/61),EST+EPBD 13.12%(8/61),扩张器扩张胆管36.07%(22/61),鼻胆管引流(ENBD)52.46%(32/61),胆管支架引流(ERBD)32.79%(20/61),取胆管铸型、胆泥或结石19.67%(12/61),胆道冲洗24.59%(15/61)。结论:ERCP具有诊疗一体化优点,已成为成人原位肝移植术后胆道并发症微创治疗的主要方法和重要治疗手段。     

Distribution and effect of galanin on gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi motility in the pig.

This study was designed to determine the occurrence and topographical distribution of galanin-like immunoreactivity (GAL-LI) in the porcine gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi and to investigate the pharmacologic effect of GAL on gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi motility. By radioimmunoassay the concentration of GAL-LI in the gallbladder was 2.75 +/- 0.23, 9.73 +/- 1.33 in the common bile duct and 5.10 +/- 0.37 in the sphincter of Oddi (pmol/g +/- SE). By immunohistochemistry GAL-LI was found exclusively in ganglionic cells and in nerve fibers among the smooth muscle bundles. Gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi pressures were recorded before and during 5-minute local intraarterial infusion of 4, 8, 19, 39, 78 and 194 ng GAL - Kg-1 - min-1 in 12 anaesthetized pigs. GAL in doses greater than or equal to 39 ng.kg-1.min-1 significantly reduced sphincter of Oddi phasic wave frequency (4.8 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.1 +/- 0.5; p = 0.004) and sphincter of Oddi motility index (70.2 +/- 6.02 vs. 27.7 +/- 8.3; p = 0.002) but did not affect gallbladder pressure. We conclude that the distribution of GAL-LI in the sphincter of Oddi and the effect that a pharmacologic dose of GAL has on sphincter of Oddi motor activity, suggests that GAL may be involved in the physiologic control of bile flow in the pig.     

经胆道镜Oddi括约肌气囊扩张治疗胆石症临床分析

目的探讨经胆道镜行Oddi括约肌气囊扩张术临床应用价值。方法对2005年7月—2007年5月经胆道镜行Oddi括约肌气囊扩张术的67例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并与同期行十二指肠镜Oddi括约肌切开(EST)患者进行对比。结果气囊组与EST组近期并发症的发生率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。其总疗效虽无显著差异(P>0.05),但胆道反流性感染及残余结石的发生率气囊组低于EST组(P<0.05)。结论胆道镜Oddi括约肌气囊扩张术在治疗胆囊结石合并胆管结石安全、可行、效果更好,值得推广应用。     

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??Significance and measures of the sphincter of oddi preservation in the operation of hepatic bile duct stones LI Gui-chen. Department of General Surgery??the First Hospital of China Medical University??Shenyang110001??China
Abstract Sphincter of Oddi (SO) is a complex neuromuscular structure by neural and humoral control. SO plays a major role in the occurrence and development of hepatic bile duct stones. The damage of sphincter of Oddi can lead to serious reflux cholangitis??recurrence of bile duct stones and bile duct cancer sometimes. Indications of EST for the treatment of extrahepatic bile duct stones must be strictly controlled for the protection of the normal structure and function of the sphincter of Oddi. Surgeons must be careful in the treatment of bile duct stones with biliary enteric anastomosis.     

放射性核素动态扫描计量分析对胆囊切除术后胆汁排泄的评价

目的　探讨胆囊切除术对胆汁排泄的影响,寻找评价奥狄（ Ｏｄｄｉ） 括约肌功能的无创方法。 方法　将４５ 名自愿者病人随机分成３ 组,即术前组、术后组及排泄延迟组。经禁食８ ～１２ 小时后,分别静脉给予９ ９ ｍ Ｔｃ Ｅ Ｈ Ｉ Ｄ Ａ１８５ Ｍ Ｂｑ ,同时进行动态采集。取肝总管、胆总管、胆囊及十二指肠等部位的兴趣区（ｒｅｇｉｏｎ ｏｆｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ, Ｒ Ｏ Ｉ） ,通过实时的核素比值,分析单位时间的核素分布,同时比较胆总管兴趣区核素排泄的 Ｔｍａｘ 值。 结果　术前组与术后组比较,十二指肠与胆总管兴趣区的核素比值（ Ｒ２） 及胆总管 Ｒ Ｏ Ｉ的 Ｔｍａｘ 值差异无显著意义（ Ｐ＞ ００５） 。而排泄延迟组虽经 Ｂ 型超声检查证实无胆总管扩张,但其 Ｒ２ 值和胆总管 Ｒ Ｏ Ｉ的 Ｔｍａｘ 值与术前组对比差异有显著意义（ｔ１ ＝ ２１６ ,ｔ２ ＝ ２２９ ,ｔ３ ＝ ２０７ , Ｐ＜ ００５） 。 结论　在没有肝外梗阻,无 Ｏｄｄｉ 括约肌功能失调的病人,其胆汁排泄于术前、术后无明显变化,胆囊切除术后胆总管无代偿性扩张。肝胆放射性核素动态扫描计量分析可作为 Ｏｄｄｉ 括约肌功能失调的诊断和分型的敏感、无创方法。