Effectiveness of combining plasma exchange and continuous hemodiafiltration (combined modality therapy in a parallel circuit) in the treatment of patients with acute hepatic failure.

Plasma exchange has gained widespread acceptance as an effective mode of blood purification in patients suffering from acute hepatic failure. However, it is still undetermined whether a single use of plasma exchange is capable of removing inflammatory cytokines completely or of preventing the development of citrate toxicity inherent with fresh frozen plasma. To clarify these issues we developed combined plasma exchange and continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) modality in which CHDF is performed in an opposite direction to plasma exchange. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of combined modality therapy. Fifteen patients with acute hepatic failure were treated with plasma exchange (plasma exchange group) or plasma exchange and CHDF (plasma exchange + CHDF group), and various biochemical parameters were determined before and after treatment. Although citrate levels increased significantly after treatment compared with pretreatment levels in both the plasma exchange group and the plasma exchange + CHDF group, the percentage of the increase in citrate levels was significantly higher in the plasma exchange group than in the plasma exchange + CHDF group. Bilirubin levels were significantly lower after treatment in both the plasma exchange and plasma exchange + CHDF groups. There were no significant differences in tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels before and after treatment in the plasma exchange group, but they were significantly lower after treatment in the plasma exchange + CHDF group. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels increased significantly after treatment in the plasma exchange group, but there were no significant differences in the IL-6 levels before and after treatment in the plasma exchange + CHDF group. Interleukin-8 levels increased significantly after treatment in the plasma exchange group while decreasing significantly after treatment in the plasma exchange + CHDF group. These results indicate that combining plasma exchange and CHDF in a parallel circuit is an effective modality for suppressing the elevation of blood citrate levels and for removing inflammatory cytokines. This finding may have important implications for the development of an effective treatment for patients with acute hepatic failure.     

On-line continuous hemodiafiltration in sepsis.

On-line products of substitution fluid by bicarbonate buffered dialysate permits virtually unlimited fluid volume exchange during continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) to critical care. In on-line hemodiafiltration (HDF), endotoxin free dialysate obtained using pyrogen cut filters is infused into the blood circuit, and HDF is automatically performed using the close-loop balancing system of the dialysis machine. On-line CHDF is the application of this on-line HDF to continuous renal replacement therapy in the critical care field. We performed on-line CHDF of the totally in 123 septic shock patients during a 5-year period and the mean survival rate was 54%. We concluded that on-line CHDF system is safe and effective at maintaining acute kidney injury with sepsis.     

连续性肾脏替代治疗在感染性休克致急性肾功能衰竭患者中的应用及护理体会

目的:探讨连续性肾脏替代治疗在感染性休克致急性肾功能衰竭的护理方法。方法:对9例感染性休克致急性肾功能衰竭患者采用连续性肾脏替代治疗。结果:9例患者中6例成功转出ICU,3例死亡,死亡原因均为MOF(其中1例家属自动放弃)。结论:精心的护理在连续性肾脏替代治疗过程中相当重要,护士必须熟练掌握各种仪器功能,加强导管护理,按患者个体特征制定有效的护理措施配合治疗,可提高治疗成功率。     

Continuous hemofiltration/hemodiafiltration in critical care.

Continuous hemofiltration and continuous hemodiafiltration (CHF/CHDF) were developed as continuous renal replacement therapy for patients with severe conditons and has come to be widely performed mainly in critical care, taking the place of intermittent hemodialysis. The membrane pore size of a hemofilter used for CHF/CHDF allows passage of substances ranging from 30,000 to 50,000 Da, and the method for solute removal in CHF/CHDF employs the principle of convection, which is advantageous for removing middle- to high-molecular-weight substances. As apheresis therapy to remove pathogenic substances in blood, CHF/CHDF is therefore being investigated for its possible effect on various morbid conditions. It has recently been found that CHF/CHDF removes humoral mediators including cytokines, particularly in severe systemic inflammatory response syndromes such as septic shock and severe acute pancreatitis. CHF/CHDF is thus beginning to be performed for the prevention and treatment of organ dysfunction secondary to septic shock, trauma, or acute pancreatitis. CHF/CHDF is also efficacious as artificial liver support in preventing adverse effects caused by plasma exchange (PE) and for continuous removal of hepatic coma-inducing substances. CHF/CHDF is effective for various morbid conditions not only as renal replacement therapy, but also as apheresis therapy and is expected to be applied more widely in critical care in the future.     

Cytokine removal by plasma exchange with continuous hemodiafiltration in critically ill patients.

The effectiveness of plasma exchange (PE) with continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) in the treatment of critically ill patients was evaluated based on changes in cytokine levels. Twenty-six patients with acute hepatic failure were treated with PE (PE group) or PE and CHDF (PE+CHDF group), and the levels of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 were determined before and after treatment. Bilirubin levels were significantly lower after treatment in both the PE and PE+CHDF groups. There were no significant differences in TNF-alpha levels before and after treatment in the PE group, but the TNF-alpha level was significantly lower after treatment in the PE+CHDF group. There were no significant differences in the IL-6 levels before and after treatment in both the PE and PE+CHDF groups. There were no significant differences in IL-8 levels before and after treatment in the PE group, but the IL-8 level was significantly lower after treatment in the PE+CHDF group. PE with CHDF therapy was given to 5 patients with acutely aggravated autoimmune diseases, 2 patients with hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome, and 3 patients with thrombotic microangiopathy. The results suggested that PE with CHDF therapy are useful in critically ill patients with suspected hypercytokinemia.     

脓毒性休克患者血浆胱抑素C的改变及早期液体复苏对其影响

目的通过检测血浆胱抑素C（CystatinC）,早期评价肾功能损伤程度,并探讨早期液体复苏对脓毒性休克患者肾功能的影响。方法河北医科大学第四医院ICU自2008年3月1日~2008年11月30日收治的脓毒性休克患者48例为实验组,健康志愿者20例为正常对照组。参照2004年国际脓毒症治疗指南的早期目标导向治疗（EGDT）对脓毒性休克患者进行液体复苏。分别于0、6、24、48h4个时间点,用ELISA法测定血浆CystatinC的浓度,同时记录患者体温、心率、呼吸、平均动脉压及小时尿量和24h尿量、CVP、APACHEII评分,根据预后再分为死亡组和存活组。结果液体复苏前脓毒性休克患者血浆CystatinC水平显著高于对照组,P〈0．05;24h血浆CystatinC水平较液体复苏前显著下降,P〈0．05;死亡组血浆Cys．tatlnC水平较存活组显著升高,P〈0．05。结论脓毒性休克患者血浆CystatinC水平明显升高,提示存在急性肾损伤;早期充分的液体复苏可以明显改善脓毒性休克患者的肾功能状态;血浆CystatinC水平与r水平有很好的相关性,能反应患者早期的肾损害,与肾损害程度正相关。     

Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column hemoperfusion removes endotoxin throughout a 24-hour treatment period

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of endotoxin adsorption by polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column hemoperfusion (PMX) performed for a 24-hour treatment period in patients with septic shock.

Materials and methods

Nineteen patients with septic shock were retrospectively studied. The plasma endotoxin concentrations of blood drawn from the radial artery and from the outlet circuit of the PMX column were measured by kinetic turbidimetric limulus assay using an MT-358 Toxinometer (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd, Osaka, Japan) after 24 hours of PMX treatment. The endotoxin removal rate was defined by the following equation: ([radial artery endotoxin concentration − outlet circuit of PMX column endotoxin concentration]/radial artery endotoxin concentration) × 100%.

Results

The patients had a median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score of 29 at intensive care unit admission and a 28-day mortality of 47%. Before the start of the PMX treatment, the median radial arterial plasma endotoxin concentration was 16.48 pg/mL. After 24 hours of PMX treatment, the median radial plasma endotoxin concentration had decreased to 1.857 pg/mL, and the concentration at the outlet circuit of the PMX column was further decreased to 0.779 pg/mL. The median endotoxin removal rate was 74.4%.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that 24-hour PMX treatment was effective in removing endotoxin continuously throughout the entire treatment period.     

连续性血液净化对重症肺炎合并多器官功能衰竭的回顾性分析

目的 评价连续性血液净化(CBP)治疗重症肺炎呼吸衰竭继发休克伴急性肾功能衰竭的效果 及其与预后的关系。方法 25例不同程度多器官功能衰竭(MOF)重症肺炎患者采用CBP治疗,按其转归分 为撤机出院组、死于感染性休克组、远期死于重症肺炎组。评价CBP治疗前1 d,治疗后24、48和72 h各项实 验室指标及危重病评分变化。结果 ①25例患者中A组7例,B组9例,C组9例;治愈率28％,总病死率 72％。②B组患者接受CBP治疗时间平均不到48 h被迫终止。单因素分析提示:B组治疗前血糖显著高于 A组[(13．17±5．84)mmol／L比(8．07±2．28)mmol／L,P<0．05],纤维蛋白原显著高于C组[(5．75± 3．08)g／L比(3．10±1．06)g／L,P<0．05],B组在CBP治疗48 h后纤维蛋白原和所需多巴胺浓度均较A、 C组显著升高[(8．24±3．57)g／L比(5．13±0．94)g／L和(3．01±1．22)g／L,(12．00±6．93)μg·kg-1·min-1 比(1．00±2．45)μg·kg-1·min-1和(2．89±4．37)μg·kg-1·min-1;P均<0．05]。③A组治疗前急性生理学 与慢性健康状况Ⅲ(APACHEⅢ)评分较B、C组低[(89．43±11．28)分比(108．00±15．10)分和(104．67± 13．77)分,P均<0．05];A、C组治疗72 h后与B组比较APACHEⅡ变化率[(-10．43±4．89)分和(-9．11± 3．76)分比(-2．33±4．39)分,P<0．01]、APACHEⅢ变化率[(-21．57±13．53)分和(-14．33±8．32)分比 (2．33±12．18)分,P<0．01]、MODS评分变化率[(-2．14±2．19)分和(-1．00±1．87)分比(0．56±1．88)分, P<0．05]差异均有显著性。结论 ①CBP能有效救治部分重症肺炎呼吸衰竭继发休克伴急性肾功能衰竭患 者。③APACHEⅢ评分在治疗前后均是敏感的评价指标,初步提示APACHEⅢ90-100分的区域是此类患者 应用CBP的指征。③治疗前血糖和纤维蛋白原水平是潜在风险因子,纤维蛋白原的持续升高提示预后较差。     

独肾急性上尿路梗阻并脓毒性休克、急性肾功能衰竭微创外科治疗

目的观察独肾急性上尿路梗阻并脓毒性休克、急性肾功能衰竭微创外科治疗效果。方法对我院收治的采用微创外科治疗的独肾急性上尿路梗阻并脓毒性休克、急性肾功能衰竭28例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组行微创经皮肾穿刺造瘘术17例,输尿管逆行插管11例。28例均及时解除上尿路梗阻,全身情况得到明显改善,肾功能有不同程度恢复,仅3例行血液透析1次,2例予长期留置肾造瘘管引流。28例微创外科治疗后血白细胞计数、血尿素、血肌酐及尿量均较治疗前明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论积极抗感染,纠正休克和水、电解质、酸碱平衡紊乱同时,行微创经皮肾穿刺造瘘术或输尿管插管引流术缓解独肾急性上尿路梗阻效果满意。     

On-line hemodiafiltration in critical care.

On-line products of substitution fluid permits virtually unlimited fluid volume exchange during continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) to critical care. In on-line hemodiafiltration (HDF), endotoxin free dialysate obtained using pyrogen cut filters is infused into the blood circuit, and HDF is automatically performed using the closed-loop balancing system of the dialysis machine. On-line CHDF is the application of this on-line HDF to continuous renal replacement therapy in the critical care field. We performed on-line CHDF on 376 acute renal failure patients during a 5 year period, and the mean survival rate was 62.5%. We concluded that the on-line CHDF system is safe and effective at maintaining acute renal failure patients.     

A pilot-controlled study of a polymyxin B-immobilized hemoperfusion cartridge in patients with severe sepsis secondary to intra-abdominal infection

Endotoxin is an important pathogenic trigger for sepsis. The polymyxin B-immobilized endotoxin removal hemoperfusion cartridge, Toraymyxin (hereafter PMX), has been shown to remove endotoxin in preclinical and open-label clinical studies. In a multicenter, open-label, pilot, randomized, controlled study conducted in the intensive care unit in six academic medical centers in Europe, 36 postsurgical patients with severe sepsis or septic shock secondary to intra-abdominal infection were randomized to PMX treatment of 2 h (n = 17) or standard therapy (n = 19). PMX was well tolerated and showed no significant side effects. There were no statistically significant differences in the change in endotoxin levels from baseline to 6 to 8 h after treatment or to 24 h after treatment between the two groups. There was also no significant difference in the change in interleukin (IL)-6 levels from baseline to 6 to 8 h after treatment or to 24 h after treatment between the two groups. Patients treated with PMX demonstrated significant increases in cardiac index (CI; P = 0.012 and 0.032 at days 1 and 2, respectively), left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI, P = 0.015 at day 2), and oxygen delivery index (DO2I, P = 0.007 at day 2) compared with the controls. The need for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) after study entry was reduced in the PMX group (P = 0.043). There was no significant difference between the groups in organ dysfunction as assessed by the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores from day 0 (baseline) to day 6. Treatment using the PMX cartridge is safe and may improve cardiac and renal dysfunction due to sepsis or septic shock. Further studies are needed to prove this effectiveness.     

Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein in septic shock: effect of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber hemoperfusion

We aimed to determine retrospectively whether urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) levels are altered in patients with septic shock or severe sepsis without shock and whether polymyxin B-immobilized fiber (PMX-F) hemoperfusion affects these levels. Forty patients with septic shock, 20 patients with severe sepsis without shock, 20 acute renal failure (ARF) patients without septic shock (mean serum creatinine, 2.8 mg/dL), and 30 healthy volunteers were included in this study. Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber hemoperfusion was performed twice in 40 patients. In addition, 10 patients with septic shock without PMX-F treatment (conventional treatment) were also enrolled in this study. Their families did not choose PMX-F treatment. Thus, their informed consents to perform PMX-F treatment were not obtained. Septic shock or severe sepsis was defined by the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Consensus Conference Committee. Patients with septic shock were eligible for inclusion in the study if they had a definable source of infection and/or positive blood cultures. Patients with cardiogenic or hemorrhagic shock were excluded from the study. The patients were not randomly allocated to receive PMX-F treatment. Urinary and serum L-FABP levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Plasma endotoxin levels in patients with septic shock were significantly higher than those in patients with severe sepsis (P < 0.05), patients with ARF (P < 0.001), and healthy subjects (P < 0.001). Urinary L-FABP levels in patients with septic shock were significantly higher than those in patients with severe sepsis without shock (P < 0.001), patients with ARF (P < 0.001), and healthy subjects (P < 0.001), whereas serum L-FABP levels showed no significant differences between patients with septic shock, patients with severe sepsis, patients with ARF, and healthy subjects. Urinary L-FABP was not correlated with serum L-FABP. Twenty-eight patients with septic shock survived, and 12 patients died. Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber treatment reduced plasma endotoxin levels (P < 0.01) and urinary L-FABP levels (P < 0.01). In 10 patients with septic shock without PMX-F treatment, L-FABP levels remained high 7 days after initiation of conventional treatment (P = 0.12). These results suggest that urinary L-FABP levels are significantly increased in patients with septic shock and that PMX-F treatment is effective in reducing these levels.     

Cell therapy with a tissue-engineered kidney reduces the multiple-organ consequences of septic shock

OBJECTIVE: Gram-negative septic shock has a clinical mortality rate approaching 50%. The cause of death is secondary to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome with resulting cardiovascular collapse, ischemic damage to vital organs, and multiple-organ systems failure. Renal tubule cell injury occurs early in septic shock but is not clinically appreciated. Since renal tubule cells appear to play a critical role in the immunoregulation of stress states, renal cell therapy during septic shock may alter the detrimental multiple-organ consequences of systemic Gram-negative infection. The development of a tissue-engineered bioartificial kidney consisting of a conventional hemofiltration cartridge in series with a renal tubule assist device (RAD) containing 109 renal proximal tubule cells may be a new therapeutic approach to this clinical disorder. DESIGN: Laboratory study. SETTING: University medical school. SUBJECTS: Pigs weighing 30-35 kg. INTERVENTIONS: To assess the effect of the bioartificial kidney and the RAD in septic shock, pigs were administered 30 x 10(10) bacteria/kg body weight of Escherichia coli into the peritoneal cavity and within 1 hr were immediately placed in a continuous venovenous hemofiltration extracorporeal circuit with either a sham RAD without cells or a RAD with cells. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In this animal model, septic shock resulted within hours in acute tubule necrosis in the kidneys of all animals. Renal cell therapy resulted in significantly higher cardiac outputs and renal blood flow rates in treated animals compared with sham controls. RAD treatment also was associated with significantly lower plasma circulating concentrations of interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma compared with sham-treated animals. IL-6 release rates from peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from RAD-treated animals were significantly higher after endotoxin stimulation than those isolated from control animals. These physiologic and molecular alterations were associated with nearly a doubling of the average survival time in the RAD-treated group compared with the sham control group. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that renal cell therapy ameliorates cardiac and vascular dysfunction, alters systemic cytokine abnormalities, and improves survival time in a large animal model of Gram-negative septic shock. A cell therapeutic approach with a tissue-engineered bioartificial kidney may be a new treatment modality for this current unmet medical need.     

连续肾脏替代疗法在感染性休克致急性肾损伤患者中的应用效果

目的探讨连续肾脏替代疗法在感染性休克致急性肾损伤患者中的应用效果。方法选取我院2017年5月至2019年4月收治的65例感染性休克致急性肾损伤患者,按照随机法将其分为对照组(32例)与研究组(33例)。对照组采用间歇性血液透析治疗,研究组采用连续肾脏替代疗法治疗。比较两组临床疗效。结果研究组尿量恢复时间、器官支持时间、ICU住院时间及总住院时间均短于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组APACHEⅡ、SOFA评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后24、48 h,研究组APACHEⅡ、SOFA评分低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对感染性休克致急性肾损伤患者行以连续肾脏替代疗法可促进尿量恢复,缩短器官支持时间、ICU住院时间及总住院时间,还可以改善患者健康状况及器官衰竭状况。     

Emphysematous pyelonephritis: no longer a surgical disease?

Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a rare, life-threatening infection of the kidney characterized by the presence of gas within the renal parenchyma, the renal collecting system and the perinephric tissue. It usually develops in diabetic patients and often presents abruptly with bacteraemia, septic shock and acute renal failure. Diagnosis can be delayed because the symptoms mimic a classical upper urinary tract infection. Aggressive management, including parenteral antibiotic therapy, treatment of septic shock and control of the glycaemia, is mandatory. Immediate nephrectomy has been considered to be essential to increase the chance of survival. Recently, percutaneous drainage has been reported as a kidney-saving and life-saving alternative to surgery. We present a case of severe emphysematous pyelonephritis in which there was full recovery after antibiotic treatment combined with temporary percutaneous drainage. The therapeutic options in this rare, life-threatening condition are discussed.     

Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column hemoperfusion therapy for septic shock

Endotoxin, an outer membrane component of gram-negative bacteria, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of septic shock. Endotoxin adsorption therapy by polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column hemoperfusion (PMX) has been used for the treatment of septic shock patients in Japan since 1994. The covalent binding of polymyxin B onto the surface of the polystyrene-based carrier fiber in PMX inactivates the endotoxin in the blood without exerting toxicity. This study was performed as a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy and mechanism of PMX treatment in patients with septic shock. The PubMed database and references from identified articles were used to search and review the literature relating to the efficacy and mechanism of PMX treatment in patients with septic shock. Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column hemoperfusion adsorbed monocytes, activated neutrophils, and anandamide, as well as endotoxin through direct covalent bond, hydrophobic and ionic interactions, and hydrodynamics, and reduced the blood concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and adhesion molecules. Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column hemoperfusion increased blood pressure and reduced the dosage requirements for vasopressive/inotropic agents. The meta-analysis showed that PMX treatment had beneficial effects on the hemodynamics, pulmonary oxygenation, and mortality. These beneficial effects may be attributable to the direct adsorption of endotoxin, monocytes, activated neutrophils, and anandamide, as well as indirect decrease in inflammatory cytokines and other mediators. Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column hemoperfusion treatment has additional effects on reducing endothelial damage, proapoptotic activity, and immunosuppression. Further studies will be needed to confirm the efficacy and mechanism of PMX treatment in septic shock.     

双重血浆分子吸附联合血浆置换治疗慢加急性肝衰竭的疗效分析

目的 观察双重血浆分子吸附系统（DPMAS）联合血浆置换（PE）治疗慢加急性肝衰竭（ACLF）的疗效及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年12月我科收治并行人工肝治疗的乙型肝炎ACLF患者69例,其中DPMAS联合PE组32例,单纯PE组37例。观察两组治疗前后血清生化指标、凝血指标和血小板（PLT）的变化,观察疗效及不良反应。结果 两组4周总有效率和12周生存率差异无统计学意义。两组治疗后总胆红素（TBil）、白蛋白（ALB）、总胆汁酸（TBA）差异有统计学意义。两组治疗后与治疗前比较,肝功能及凝血功能均明显好转,差异有统计学意义;联合组PLT治疗前后差异有统计学意义。两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 DPMAS联合PE治疗ACLF疗效确切,能减少血浆用量,安全性较高。     

连续性肾脏替代疗法治疗感染性休克所致的急性肾功能衰竭

目的总结分析连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）感染性休克致急性肾功能衰竭的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析54例感染性休克致急性肾功能衰竭患者的临床资料,统计分析患者治疗前后APACHEII评分、血清电解质、血气分析结果,以及病死率等指标的变化。结果治疗前患者SCr、BUN、K^＋、HCO3^-、SaO2、CO2CP、HR、MAP、CVP和APACHEII评分与正常水平差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,经CRRT治疗后,上述指标明显改善,与治疗前相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。病死率46.3%（25/54）,发病4h后行CRRT的病死率显著低于发病后4h前的病死率（P=0.030）。结论 CRRT能够在短时间内改善患者的血流动力学状态,早期应用CRRT治疗能够降低病死率。     

医院获得性急性肾功能衰竭的病死危险因素分析调查及临床对策

目的调查医院获得性急性肾功能衰竭(肾衰)的病死率及死亡危险因素。方法回顾性调查1991～1996年的1056例危重病患者,利用队列研究方法对医院获得性急性肾衰患者死亡危险因素进行分析。结果1　056例危重病患者中,143例发生急性肾衰,病死率64.34%。患者平均APACHEⅡ评分(24.20±8.53)分,而Liano急性肾衰预后评分(ATNISS)为(72.46±25.58)%。单纯急性肾衰的住院病死率为0,而急性肾衰合并肾外器官衰竭数目越多,患者的病死率越高。合并1个肾外器官衰竭者病死率25.00%,2个肾外器官衰竭者为47.62%,3个肾外器官衰竭者为81.58%,而发生4个肾外器官功能衰竭者病死率达90.20%。22个因素参与急性肾衰死亡危险因素的单因素分析,结果显示年龄(>60岁)、免疫功能低下、APACHEⅡ评分(>20分)、非手术、全身性炎症反应的程度、严重全身性感染、感染性休克、器官衰竭数目、机械通气、昏迷、低血压、黄疸及少尿等因素均与急性肾衰死亡关系显著(P均<0.05)。急性肾衰患者的最常见的直接病死原因是顽固性感染性休克(46.74%)。结论充分认识急性肾衰死亡的危险因素,并积极控制机体炎症反应,防治多器官功能衰竭,可能是降低急性肾衰病死率的关键。     

个性化液体复苏联合去甲肾上腺素、血必净治疗早期感染性休克患者临床疗效

目的 探讨个性化液体复苏联合去甲肾上腺素、血必净治疗早期感染性休克患者临床疗效.方法 选取自2018年1月至2019年6月上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院崇明分院收治的90例感染性休克患者为研究对象.根据患者的治疗方法分为A组(n=42)与B组(n=48).A组患者给予去甲肾上腺素联合血必净治疗,B组患者给予个性化液体复...