缺血预处理快速效应对兔急性缺血脊髓的保护作用

目的:探讨缺血预处理快速相对兔腹主动脉短暂阻断致缺血脊髓的保护作用。方法:36只雄性新西兰兔随机分成3组(n=12):即缺血再灌注损伤组(IR组)、缺血预处理组(IPC+IR组)及假手术组(Sham组)。IR组阻闭兔腹主动脉肾下段20min,复制兔脊髓缺血损伤模型;IPC+IR组预先阻闭腹主动脉肾下段6min,再灌注30min后再次阻闭腹主动脉肾下段20min;Sham组除不夹闭腹主动脉外,其余处理同IR组。再灌注后8h、12h、24h和48h分别对动物神经功能评分,然后,处死动物取脊髓(L_5-7),分别行组织病理学观察及测定脊髓组织中Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶的活性。结果:Sham组及IPC+IR组神经功能评分各时点均明显高于IR组(P＜0.01);Sham组及IPC+IR组脊髓前角正常神经细胞数明显多于IR组(P＜0.01);Sham组及IPC+IR组脊髓组织中Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶的活性明显高于IR组(P＜0.01)。结论:缺血预处理快速相对兔急性缺血脊髓有显著的保护作用,这种保护作用可能与稳定Na⁺,K⁺-ATP酶的活性有关。     

Ischemic preconditioning suppresses apoptosis of rabbit spinal neurocytes by inhibiting ASK1-14-3-3 dissociation

The mechanism by which a brief episode of sublethal ischemia followed by reperfusion (ischemic preconditioning, IPC) prevents the lethal effects of subsequent periods of prolonged ischemia, are poorly understood. A completely randomized, controlled study was designed to study the effect of IPC using a rabbit model of ischemic spinal cord injury. Twenty-four white adult New England rabbits were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups (n=8 per group); the groups were assigned as follows: Group I: sham-operation group, Group II: ischemic reperfusion (I/R) group, and Group III: ischemic preconditioning group. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by introducing an infra renal aortic cross-clamp for 30min. Following injury, rabbits were subjected to 30min, 2h, or 8h of reperfusion in Group II. In Group III, subjects underwent three cycles, 5min each, of ischemia followed by 5min of reperfusion, before receiving 30min of ischemia. We previously reported that the association between ASK1 (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1) and 14-3-3 played an important role in regulating ischemia/reperfusion spinal cord injuries. To evaluate the effect of ischemic preconditioning in injured spinal cords, we examined alterations in spinal tissue morphology, activation of key members of the ASK1-mediated signaling pathway, and the association between ASK1 and 14-3-3. Changes in spinal cord morphology were observed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and electron microscopy. The phosphorylation levels of ASK1, JNK, and p38 were assessed by immunoblot analysis. The association between ASK1 and 14-3-3 was analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. We observed that swelling of the neurocyte bodies and hemorrhage of the spinal cord were dramatically decreased in Group III compared to Group II. In addition, the degree of apoptosis among neurocytes was reduced in Group III compared to Group II. Finally, the phosphorylation of ASK1, JNK, p38 and the dissociation of ASK1 from 14-3-3 were dramatically decreased in Group III compared with Group II. These results indicate that ischemic preconditioning may have a protective affect against ASK1/14-3-3 dissociation-induced spinal cord injuries.     

TREK1 activation mediates spinal cord ischemic tolerance induced by isoflurane preconditioning in rats

The aim of this study is to examine the role of one of the two-pore (2P) domain K⁺ channels, TREK (TWIK-related K⁺ channels, TREK)-1, mediated neuroprotection on spinal cord afforded by isoflurane preconditioning. In Experiment 1, male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control (Con) group, an iso?urane preconditioning (Iso) group, and sham group. Twenty-four hours after the last pretreatment, spinal cord ischemia was induced in Con and Iso groups. Neurobehavioral testing and histopathologic examination were performed after reperfusion. In Experiment 2, the expression of the TREK1 in the spinal cord was assessed by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction. In Experiment 3, Amiloride, a blocker of stretch-sensitive channels, was administered intraperitoneally immediately prior to each isoflurane preconditioning. Iso group showed a significant reductions in motor deficit index as well as increases in the number of normal neurons compared with the Con group. The expression of TREK1 protein and the level of mRNA after ischemia were higher in the rats of the Iso group than those in the Con group. Amiloride pretreatment abolished the protective effects of Iso preconditioning. These finding indicate that isoflurane preconditioning had a neuroprotective effect against spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury. These effects may be mediated through the TREK1 pathway.     

Delayed preconditioning effect of isoflurane on spinal cord ischemia in rats

Paraplegia is one of the most common complications following aortic aneurysmal surgery. This study was designed to determine if isoflurane-induced delayed preconditioning is mediated by nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the rat spinal cord. The animals were divided into four groups: the control group, the pyrrolidinedithio carbamate (PDTC, an NF-kappaB inhibitor)-treated group, the isoflurane-treated group, and the PDTC/isoflurane-treated group. In the PDTC-treated groups, 2% 100mg/kg PDTC was administered intraperitoneally at 1h before operation and at 24h and 48 h after reperfusion. The rats in the isoflurane-treated groups received 30 min inhalation of 2.8% isoflurane at 24h before spinal cord ischemia. Pretreatment with NF-kappaB inhibitor significantly reduced NF-kappaB expression and the number of intact motor neurons when compared to the control group. Preconditioning with isoflurane increased the number of normal motor neurons, whereas pretreatment with both PDTC and isoflurane significantly decreased them, compared to the isoflurane-treated group. Isoflurane-induced delayed preconditioning on spinal cord ischemia improved histopathological outcomes. This neuroprotective effect of isoflurane preconditioning on spinal cord ischemia is associated with NF-kappaB expression.     

大鼠脊髓损伤后NGF及其受体TrkA在运动神经元及神经胶质细胞表达的变化

为探讨脊髓损伤后运动神经元及神经胶质细胞内神经生长因子(NGF)及其高亲和力受体(TrkA)表达的变化,用改良Allen重击法损伤SCI组动物T12脊髓,按伤后存活时间再将动物分为脊髓损1 d组、2 d组和5 d组。各组动物的脊髓切片经ABC法免疫组织化学染色,用光镜观察TrkA及NGF在脊髓前角运动神经元表达的变化和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及NGF免疫反应阳性胶质细胞的反应性增生程度,并进行图像分析。结果显示:脊髓损伤后前角运动神经元TrkA及NGF的表达随脊髓损伤后动物存活时间的延长逐渐上调;脊髓白质和灰质内尤其是皮质脊髓束内GFAP及NGF阳性胶质细胞明显增生;与此同时,室管膜细胞内亦可见明显的NGF免疫反应产物。上述结果表明,脊髓损伤可刺激脊髓前角运动神经元表达TrkA及NGF,通过自分泌维持受损神经元的存活;损伤部位反应性增生的胶质细胞亦可产生NGF,通过旁分泌作用于脊髓前角运动神经元或皮质脊髓束的轴突末梢,以维持运动神经元的存活及促进皮质脊髓束的再生;适时补充外源性神经营养素或改变损伤局部的微环境将有利于受损脊髓的修复和再生。     

高压氧前处理脊髓损伤大鼠前角运动神经元的凋亡*☆

背景：脊髓损伤后难以修复,损伤后保护残存的神经元是促进神经再生的关键。 目的：验证高压氧预处理可以通过抑制早期的细胞凋亡来保护脊髓前角运动神经元。 方法：随机将26只雄性Wistar大鼠等分成模型组和实验组。实验组在给予高压氧5 d后与模型组同时制作脊髓T9~10全横断模型。 结果与结论：尼氏染色显示脊髓T9~T10全横断后8 h及1 d,脊髓前角的浓染的细胞多见,与模型组相比,实验组脊髓前角浓染的细胞较少。TUNEL染色也显示脊髓T9~T10全横断后脊髓损伤后8 h~1 d,2组大鼠脊髓前角内均可见大量的凋亡神经元,3 d时凋亡神经元数量减少。相比于模型组,高压氧预处理8 h,1 d后大鼠脊髓前角凋亡神经元较少(P < 0.05,        P < 0.01)。说明高压氧预处理能对脊髓损伤后前角运动神经元起保护作用。       

神经再生复合剂对大鼠急性脊髓损伤后其内MDA、SOD和MPO表达的影响

目的:观察促神经再生因子复合剂N6对大鼠急性脊髓损伤后脊髓及血清丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及脊髓内髓过氧化物酶(MPO)表达的影响,探讨其减轻继发性损伤的作用机制及保护受损脊髓作用的最佳介入时间。方法:用改良Allen’s打击法制备大鼠急性脊髓损伤模型,假手术组打开椎板不损伤脊髓,模型组造模后不予治疗,对照组分别于脊髓损伤后10、30和60 min向腹腔注射甲级强的松龙(30 mg/kg),实验组分别于脊髓损伤后10、30和60 min向蛛网膜下腔注射促神经再生因子复合剂N6(166μg/kg)。造模后24 h取材,于各时间点测得假手术组、模型组、实验组和对照组大鼠脊髓损伤组织及血清中MDA、SOD及损伤脊髓组织的MPO活性。结果:实验组损伤脊髓组织MDA含量随着药物介入时间的延迟而增高,各时间点间MDA含量无显著性差异(P>0.05);血清MDA含量随着药物介入时间的延迟而增高,60 min与10、30 min相比有显著性差异(P<0.05);实验组损伤脊髓组织SOD含量随着药物介入时间的延迟而降低,各时间点间SOD含量无显著性差异(P>0.05);血清SOD含量随着药物介入时间的延迟而降低,60 min与10 min相比有显著性差异(P<0.05);实验组损伤脊髓组织MPO含量随着药物介入时间的延迟而增高,60 min与10 min相比有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:促神经再生因子复合剂N6治疗可以提高急性脊髓损伤大鼠损伤脊髓及血清SOD含量,降低损伤脊髓及血清MDA、损伤脊髓MPO的含量,从而降低急性脊髓损伤后的继发性损伤,达到保护脊髓组织的目的,且介入治疗时间越早,疗效越好。     

大鼠脊髓全横断损伤后Wnt信号基因的表达

目的探讨大鼠脊髓全横断损伤后,Wnt信号基因在不同时相脊髓表达的变化及意义。方法成年健康Wistar大鼠30只,随机分为假手术组(sham组)和脊髓损伤组(SCI组),SCI组分为术后1d、3d、7d、14d、21d组,每组5只。SCI组大鼠T11脊髓段做全横断损伤,sham组仅行椎板切除术,术后大鼠进行BBB运动功能评分。采用半定量RT-PCR方法检测脊髓损伤组织中Wnt信号基因的表达。结果SCI组所有动物在术后均表现为双后肢瘫痪,BBB运动功能评分明显低于sham组。SCI组在脊髓横断术后1d、3d、7d Wnt3a表达均较sham组明显增加;尾侧端Wnt3a较同时相头侧端的表达多,且在21d又出现明显的升高。在sham组和SCI组均未检测到神经基因蛋白1(Ngn1)的表达。发状分裂相关增强子1(Hes1)的表达在SCI后第1d较sham组有明显的下降,第3d出现升高,之后逐渐下降。结论Wnt信号可能参与了脊髓损伤后修复再生的过程。     

缺血预处理对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤HIF-1α表达的影响

目的探讨缺血预处理对大鼠脊髓缺血再灌注损伤后低氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)表达的影响。方法 Sprague-Dawley大鼠120只,随机分为4组:Sham组置入球囊导管但不阻断胸主动脉;I/R组球囊导管阻断胸主动脉12min造成脊髓缺血再灌注损伤;缺血预处理(Ischemic preconditioning,IPC)先短暂阻断胸主动脉3min,恢复灌注10 min实施缺血预处理,之后阻断胸主动脉造成脊髓缺血再灌注损伤;IPC+2ME2组缺血预处理前30min腹腔注射HIF-1α抑制剂2ME2(15 mg/kg),缺血预处理后阻断胸主动脉造成脊髓缺血再灌注损伤。分别于再灌注损伤后为4 h、12 h、24 h、3 d和7 d进行神经功能评分,并取脊髓L4-6缺血节段,脊髓组织病理学观察脊髓前角内健存运动神经元,Real time-PCR法检测HIF-1αmRNA表达。结果与Sham组比较,I/R组神经运动功能评分降低,脊髓灰质前角内健存运动神经元数量减少,HIF-1α表达增加(P<0.05)。与I/R组比较,IPC组神经运动功能评分增高,脊髓灰质前角内健存运动神经元数量增多,HIF-1α表达更多(P<0.05)。IPC+2ME2组HIF-1α表达上调受到抑制,神经运动功能评分降低,脊髓灰质前角内健存运动神经元数量减少(P<0.05)。结论缺血预处理可能通过上调HIF-1α表达减轻脊髓缺血再灌注损伤。     

钙预处理对离体大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞的保护作用

目的 :研究钙预处理是否对缺血再灌注心肌有保护作用 ,其作用是否通过蛋白激酶C(ProteinKinaseC ,PKC)及线粒体ATP依赖性钾通道 (KATP)起作用。方法 :3 2只SD大鼠 ,随机分为 4组 :缺血再灌注组 (I/R组 )、钙预处理组 (CPC组 )、钙预处理加PKC阻滞剂Chelerythine组 (CLT组 )、钙预处理加线粒体KATP通道阻滞剂 5 hy droxydecanoate组 (5 HD组 ) ,分别检测LDH及CK的漏出量、心肌ATP含量、心功能指标 (LVSP及±dp/dtmax)。 结果 :与I/R组比较 ,CPC组CK、LDH漏出量明显减少 (P <0 .0 1) ,心肌ATP含量增加 (P <0 .0 1) ,心功能改善 ;CLT组及 5 HD组上述各指标 (LDH、CK、ATP、LVSP及±dp/dtmax)分别与I/R组相同指标之间无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :钙预处理对I/R心肌有保护作用 ,其保护作用可被PKC阻滞剂及KATP阻滞剂所取消 ,提示其保护作用可能通过PKC途径及线粒体KATP通道起作用     

成年大鼠脊髓完全性横断后星形胶质细胞的时空分布及其变化

本研究以成年大鼠脊髓完全性横断模型研究反应性胶质细胞的时空分布和变化。将30只成年Wistar大鼠随机分为5组:正常对照组,T9横断伤1周、2周、4周和8周组,每组6只。利用免疫组织化学方法及图像分析系统对各组动物脊髓内星形胶质细胞的时空分布和变化进行观察和分析。结果显示:脊髓横断组胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)阳性的星形胶质细胞数目较正常对照组明显增加(P<0.05);距损伤近侧端较距损伤远侧端的GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞数目增加显著(P<0.05);脊髓横断组髓磷脂碱性蛋白(MBP)阳性的少突胶质细胞数目的时间及空间分布与正常对照组相比无统计学差异(P>0.05)。实验结果提示,星形胶质细胞是胶质瘢痕的主要成分,而少突胶质细胞在瘢痕形成过程中并非是反应活跃的成分。     

线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道参与超极化停搏的心肌保护作用

目的：探讨线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道（mitoKATP）开放在超极化停搏心肌保护中的作用机制。方法:将SD大鼠随机分为对照组（Control）、去极化停搏组（D）、超极化停搏组（H）、5-羟葵酸(5-HD) +去极化停搏组（5HD+D）、5-HD+超极化停搏组（5HD+H），每组8例。建立Langendorff灌注模型，平衡20 min，以不同方式停搏40 min，再灌注30 min，对比观察：(1)不同时间血流动力学变化；(2)再灌注末取心肌并分离、制备线粒体，电镜观察超微结构的变化。(3)平衡末、再灌注末线粒体活性氧的产生。结果: (1)各组再灌注末大鼠心脏功能明显低于平衡末, 心肌线粒体超微结构均遭受不同程度损伤，左室发展压（LVDP）、左室舒张末压（LVEDP）、率压双乘积（DP）、冠脉流量（CF）有显著差异（P<0.01）；（2）超极化停博组再灌注末心脏功能指标LVDP、LVEDP、DP、CF明显优于去极化停博组、5-HD+超极化停搏组、5-HD+去极化停搏组、对照组（P<0.01），电镜示：心肌、线粒体超微结构遭受的损伤较轻; (3)超极化停博组再灌注末心肌线粒体活性氧产生率低于对照组与其它3组（P<0.01）。结论:(1)超极化停搏能明显改善再灌注后心功能，保护心肌、线粒体超微结构，减少活性氧生成；(2)mitoKATP的早期开放参与超极化停搏，其作用可能通过保护再灌注后的线粒体呼吸功能，减轻线粒体的氧化损伤，为再灌注心肌提供较好的能量供应，从而使缺血再灌注后的心脏收缩功能得到一定恢复。     

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy provides neuroprotection following spinal cord injury in a rat model

Objective: To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on the iNOS mRNA-iNOS-NO signaling pathway and neurofunction protected in a rat spinal cord injury model. Methods: A total of 36 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (n=12), SCI group (n=12) and SCI + HBOT group (n=12). SCI + HBOT group In the SCI group and SCI + HBOT groups, SCI was performed on rats. In the SCI + HBOT group, rats with SCI underwent HBO treatment 30 min after SCI for 24 sessions. After HBO therapy, measurement of motor evoked potential (MEP), Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scoring and pathological examination were done. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were employed to detect the mRNA and protein expression of iNOS, respectively. Diazo colorimetry was performed to detect the serum NO content. Results: The mRNA and protein expression of iNOS in the spinal cord and the serum NO content were markedly increased in the SCI group as compared to the control group (P<0.05). However, the mRNA and protein expression of iNOS and the serum NO content were dramatically reduced in the SCI + HBOT group as compared to the SCI group (P<0.05). Conclusion: HBO therapy can promote the neuroprotection following SCI, which may be related to the effect of HBO on the iNOS mRNA-iNOS-NO signaling pathway.     

Development of a rat model of graded contusive spinal cord injury using a pneumatic impact device

An animal model of spinal cord trauma is essential for understanding the injury mechanisms, cord regeneration, and to aid the development of new therapeutic modalities. This study focused on the development of a graded experimental contusion model for spinal cord injury (SCI) using a pneumatic impact device made in Korea. A contusive injury was made to the dorsal aspect of the cord. Three trauma groups were defined according to the impact velocity (IV). A control group (n=6), received laminectomy only. Group 1 (n=10), 2 (n=10), and 3 (n=10) had IVs of 1.5 m/sec, 2.0 m/sec, and 3.5 m/sec respectively. Functional assessments were made up to the 14th day after injury. The cord was removed at the 14th postinjury day and prepared for histopathologic examination. Significant behavioral and histopathological abnormalities were found in control and each trauma group. All trauma groups showed severe functional impairment immediately after injury but following different rates of functional recovery (Fig. 5). As the impact velocity and impulse increased, the depth of contusive lesion revealed to be profound the results show that the rat model reproduces spinal cord lesions consistently, has a distinctive value in assessing the effects of impact energy.     

Effects of dantrolene on apoptosis and immunohistochemical expression of NeuN in the spinal cord after traumatic injury in rats

Dantrolene has been shown to be neuroprotective by reducing neuronal apoptosis after brain injury in several animal models of neurological disorders. In this study, we investigated the effects of dantrolene on experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). Forty-six male Wistar rats were laminectomized at T13 and divided in six groups: GI (n = 7) underwent SCI with placebo and was euthanized after 32 h; GII (n = 7) underwent laminectomy alone with placebo and was euthanized after 32 h; GIII (n = 8) underwent SCI with dantrolene and was euthanized after 32 h; GIV (n = 8) underwent SCI with placebo and was euthanized after 8 days; GV (n = 8) underwent laminectomy alone with placebo and was euthanized after 8 days; and GVI (n = 8) underwent SCI with dantrolene and was euthanized after 8 days. A compressive trauma was performed to induce SCI. After euthanasia, the spinal cord was evaluated using light microscopy, TUNEL staining and immunochemistry with anti-Caspase-3 and anti-NeuN. Animals treated with dantrolene showed a smaller number of TUNEL-positive and caspase-3-positive cells and a larger number of NeuN-positive neurons, both at 32 h and 8 days (P ≤ 0.05). These results showed that dantrolene protects spinal cord tissue after traumatic SCI by decreasing apoptotic cell death.     

Rapid tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia in rats is induced by preconditioning with electroacupuncture: window of protection and the role of adenosine

The aim of the present study was to investigate the first protective window of preconditioning with electroacupuncture (EA) against focal cerebral ischemia, and to explore whether adenosine is involved in the rapid tolerance phenomenon. Sixty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to eight groups (n=8 in each). Animals in the control group received no treatment, and animals in EA1-EA4 groups received EA at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 h before induction of focal cerebral ischemia, respectively. Rats in DPCPX group were intraperitoneally injected with 1 mg kg-1 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), 3 h before induction of focal cerebral ischemia. Animals in vehicle group and EA+DPCPX group were pretreated with 1 ml kg-1 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, the solvent of DPCPX) and 1 mg kg-1 DPCPX 30 min before preconditioning with EA, respectively. All rats were anesthetized with 40 mg kg-1 pentobarbital sodium intraperitoneally. Animals that required EA preconditioning, received EA with intensity of 1 mA and frequency of 15 Hz at the Baihui acupoint (GV 20) for 30 min. The focal cerebral ischemia was produced by the right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 120 min. The neurologic deficit scores (NDS) and brain infarct volumes were evaluated at 24 h after reperfusion. All rats survived until 24 h after reperfusion. Preconditioning with EA at 2 h before induction of focal cerebral ischemia improved neurologic outcome (P<0.05 versus control) and reduced the infarct volume (P<0.01 versus control) at 24 h after reperfusion. These beneficial effects were reversed by pretreatment with 1 mg kg-1 DPCPX, whereas this agent itself did not affect the NDS and volume in drug-ischemic controls after ischemia. The results show that preconditioning with single EA session induces rapid tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia. The rapid ischemic tolerance appears at 2 h (but not at 0.5, 1, or 3 h) after preconditioning, and is possibly mediated through an adenosine A1 receptor-related mechanism.     

电场刺激联合聚乙二醇治疗大鼠脊髓损伤的实验研究EI北大核心CSCD

外加直流电场刺激(EFS)可抑制脊髓损伤(SCI)后损伤组织局部Ca2+内流,有效抑制脊髓继发性损伤的发生。但电场刺激结束后,损伤局部Ca2+会重新开始内流并激发后续病理生理学连锁反应,影响了EFS治疗SCI的效果。聚乙二醇(PEG)是一种亲水性的高分子材料,具有促进细胞膜融合及受损细胞膜修复的作用。本文旨在研究EFS联合PEG治疗Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠SCI的效果。脊髓损伤后的SD大鼠被随机分为对照组(无治疗,n=10)、电场组(EFS治疗30 min,n=10)、PEG组(浸润50%PEG的明胶海绵覆盖损伤处5 min,n=10)和联合组(电场刺激和PEG联合治疗,n=10)。术后不同时间进行运动诱发电位(MEP)测量、运动行为学评分以及脊髓切片染色分析。研究结果表明,术后8周联合组大鼠MEP潜伏期差和波幅差以及脊髓空洞面积比均显著低于对照组、电场组和PEG组,而运动功能评分和脊髓神经组织残余面积比均显著高于对照组、电场组和PEG组。以上结果提示,联合治疗方法能减轻大鼠脊髓损伤后的病理损伤程度,促进大鼠电生理及运动功能的恢复,其疗效优于EFS和PEG单独使用时的效果。     

Myocardial ischemia tolerance in the newborn rat involving opioid receptors and mitochondrial K+ channels

Neonatal rat hearts are more tolerant to ischemia compared to adult rat hearts. We hypothesized that opioid receptors and mitochondrial potassium channels are involved in the elevated ischemia tolerance of neonatal rats. Newborn rats were treated by an intraperitoneal injection with sodium chloride (placebo, Pla; n = 7), naloxone (Nal; n = 8), or K+ (ATP) channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate (HD; n = 8), or were left untreated (sham; n = 8). Thirty minutes after injection, the rats were sacrificed and hearts were arrested cardioplegically and fixed with aldehyde fixative 90 min after global ischemia at room temperature. For control, newborn rat hearts were fixed immediately after sacrifice. Ventricular tissue blocks were prepared for electron microscopy. Mitochondrial (volume-weighted mean volume of mitochondria) and cardiomyocyte volume (cellular edema index, CEI) were estimated to quantify the ischemic injury. Compared to control myocardium, CEI was increased by 244% +/- 39% in sham, 173% +/- 28% in Nal, 142% +/- 25% in HD, and 101% +/- 24% in Pla (P < 0.05 between groups). Volume-weighted mean volume of mitochondria was increased by 514% +/- 235% in sham, 341% +/- 110% in Nal, 458% +/- 149% in HD, and 175% +/- 70% in Pla. Differences between Pla and other groups were significant (P < 0.01 for all). No significant difference was observed between the other groups. Thus, ischemic injury was smallest with placebo, indicating a mechanism similar to preconditioning induced by the intraperitoneal injection. This response was attenuated by blockade of opioid receptors and mitochondrial potassium channels, suggesting their involvement in the elevated ischemia tolerance of newborn rat hearts.     

低氧预处理脐带间充质干细胞移植促进大鼠脊髓损伤修复

目的:评估低氧预处理脐带间充质干细胞(human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells,UCMSCs)移植修复大鼠急性脊髓损伤的作用并初步探讨其机制。方法:分别于常氧和低氧条件下培养UCMSCs,细胞免疫荧光鉴定细胞,ELISA测定细胞脑源性生长因子(BDNF)、血管源性生长因子(VEGF)、睫状生长因子(CNTF)和肝细胞生长因子(HGF)的浓度。采用改良的Al1en’s法(2.5 g×10 cm)建立60只大鼠T10脊髓损伤模型,随机分为假手术组、模型组、低氧细胞移植组及常氧细胞移植组,每组20只,损伤后即刻移植1×10~6个细胞至低氧细胞移植组及常氧细胞移植组动物脊髓内。术前及术后每周进行运动功能BBB评分;采用免疫荧光法检测移植细胞的存活、神经细胞凋亡;采用ELISA法检测细胞移植第2、14、28 d脊髓组织肝细胞生长因子的浓度。结果:在低氧组,体外由UCMSCs分泌的BDNF、VEGF、CNTF和HGF浓度显著高于常氧组细胞。与模型组比较,细胞移植组运动功能评分和HGF含量增加,而神经细胞的凋亡率降低,但以低氧细胞移植组改变最明显。结论:低氧预处理的UMCSCs具有提高神经营养因子分泌作用,其机制可能与下调神经细胞凋亡,增加受损脊髓组织HGF有关。     

缺血预处理延缓大鼠心肌缺血引起的细胞间电脱耦联

目的:研究缺血预处理(IPC)延缓心肌细胞间电脱耦联现象及其可能的机制,尤其是线粒体膜ATP敏感性钾通道(mitoK_ATP)在其中的作用。方法:大鼠心脏Langendorff离体灌流,用四电极法测量心肌整体阻抗(R_t),监测R_t在心肌缺血后的变化来判断心肌细胞发生电脱耦联的时间。结果:(1)对照组心肌缺血40 min后复灌30 min,心肌细胞间电脱耦联发生平均时间为(13.29±0.95) min;(2)IPC可以明显延迟电脱耦联的发生时间、促进心肌缺血复灌后收缩功能的恢复;(3)IPC前给予mitoK_ATP特异阻断剂5-hydroxydecanoate(5-HD,100 μmol/L)取消了IPC的心脏作用;(4)MitoK_ATP特异开放剂diazoxide(60 μmol/L)预处理可以模拟IPC延迟电脱耦联、促进心肌收缩功能恢复;(5)Diazoxide的IPC模拟作用能被5-HD取消,也能被L型钙通道特异阻断剂verapamil(2.0 μmol/L)和自由基清除剂N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)glycine(300 μmol/L)取消。结论:IPC可以通过激活mitoK_ATP延缓大鼠心肌缺血造成的细胞间电脱耦联和改善心肌收缩功能。