肺癌术中血癌胚抗原mRNA的检测及意义

目的探讨肺癌术中有无肿瘤细胞的血行播散及其规律。方法对52例肺癌、5例肺部良性病变手术患者,于开胸时、结扎肺静脉时及结扎后1h取外周静脉血,结扎肺静脉时取肺静脉血,采用巢式逆转录聚合酶链反应(RTPCR)技术检测血中癌胚抗原(CEA)mRNA的表达量(以经内参照校正的紫外灯光下灰度值表示)。取人腺癌细胞系A549作阳性对照并检测该方法的灵敏度。结果CEAmRNA检测阳性率开胸时为31%(16/52),结扎肺静脉时外周血与肺静脉血、结扎肺静脉后1h外周静脉血均为54%(28/52),且病例一致。开胸时的CEAmRNA表达水平最低95±20,结扎肺静脉时肺静脉血最高126±22,结扎肺静脉时外周静脉血与结扎肺静脉后1h的外周静脉间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CEAmRNA的术中阳性率,鳞癌患者为64%(14/22),腺癌患者为47%(14/30),阳性率与肿瘤性质无关(χ2=1.47,P>0.05);中央型肺癌的术中阳性率(80%,20/25)显著高于周围型肺癌(30%,8/27)(χ2=16.81,P=0.000);TNM分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期者阳性率分别为32%(8/25),55%(6/11),93%(14/15)和0(0/1),分期较晚者显著高于分期较早者(χ2=17.93,P=0.000)。5例阴性对照均为阴性。经检验该方法的灵敏度为1×10-6。结论肺癌术中的确存在血行播散,结扎肺静脉的早晚可能对瘤细胞播散量有较大影响;中央型肺癌和     

单向式全胸腔镜肺癌根治术探讨

目的探讨单向式胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗非小细胞肺癌安全性、有效性和可行性。方法回顾性分析82例非小细胞肺癌患者施行单向式全胸腔镜肺叶切除术的临床资料。结果成功完成单向式全胸腔镜肺癌根治术79例;3例因胸腔镜下难以控制出血,增加10 cm辅助小切口。术中清扫淋巴结数量为7～22枚,手术时间80～210 min,术中出血量50～600 ml。术后胸管引流时间3～8 d,术后住院时间4～9 d10无围手术期死亡,无肺动脉栓塞等严重并发症。结论单向式全胸腔镜肺叶切除术具有创伤小、恢复快、疼痛轻、住院时间短等优点,淋巴结清扫彻底,是一种安全有效的手术方式,是治疗早期肺癌的可靠方法。尤其对初学者易操作、易掌握。     

微小N2非小细胞肺癌胸腔镜肺叶切除与同期开胸手术对照研究

目的 研究分析临床分期Ⅰ期接受胸腔镜肺叶切除,术中意外发现微小纵隔淋巴结转移(N2)的非小细胞肺癌患者的近、远期预后.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2007年12月术前诊断为早期非小细胞肺癌(cT1-2N0M0,Ⅰ期),而术中或术后意外发现微小纵隔淋巴结转移(pT1-2N2M0,Ⅲa期)患者263例的临床资料.全部患者接受肺叶切除术+系统淋巴结清扫根治性治疗.其中接受胸腔镜肺叶切除术63例(腔镜组),男性37例,女性26例,平均年龄(58±11)岁.同期接受开胸肺叶切除术治疗的为200例(开胸组),男性132例,女性68例,平均年龄(59±11)岁.对比上述两组患者的临床特征及近、远期预后.结果 全部263例患者平均生存时间(34.9±1.2)个月,中位生存时间31个月.腔镜组平均生存时间(40.3±2.2)个月,中位生存时间37个月;开胸组平均生存时间(33.1±1.3)个月,中位生存时间29个月.全部患者1、2、3年生存率为92.0%、57.4%、29.3%,腔镜组1、2、3年生存率为92.1%、82.5%、41.3%,开胸组1、2、3年生存率为92.0%、49.5%、25.5%,两组间差异有统计学意义(x2=5.58,P=0.018).结论 VATS肺叶切除治疗微小N2非小细胞肺癌是安全、有效的.患者经过术前严格的评估,手术中出现意料之外的纵隔淋巴结转移,通过系统的淋巴结清扫后没有必要中转开胸完成手术.

Abstract：

Objective To assess early and late outcomes of patients with minimal mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis N2 non-small cell lung cancer disease unexpectedly detected during the operation, who underwent video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for clinical stage I. Methods This study retrospectively reviewed and analyzed the medical records of 263 patients underwent surgery between January 2004 and December 2007, who were diagnosed as having early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (clinical stage was cT1-2N0M0, stage Ⅰ) before the surgery, but were found to have mini mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis disease (clinical stage was pTI-2N2M0, stage Ⅲa) unexpectedly detected during the operation and after the operation. All patients underwent lobectomy and systematic lymph nodes dissection as radical treatments. Among them, 63 patients underwent video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy,including 37 male patients (58. 7%) with a mean age of (58 ± 11) years old. Two hundred patients underwent open thoracotomy lobectomy, including 132 male patients (66%) with a mean age of (59 ± 11) years old. To compare and analyze clinical features, early and late outcomes of patients in these two groups.Results A total of 263 patients with an average survival time (34. 9 ± 1.2) months (median 31 months),63 cases in VATS lobectomy group with an average survival time (40. 3± 2. 2) months (median 37 months), 200 cases in open pulmonary lobectomy group with an average survival time (33.1 ±1.3)months (median 29 months). The 1 -, 2-, 3-year over survival rate of all the patients was 92.0%, 57.4%,29. 3%. The 1-, 2-, 3-year survival rate of patients in VATS lobectomy group was 92. 1%, 82. 5%,41.3%. The 1,2,3 year survival rate of patients in thoracotomy lobectomy group was 92. 0%, 49. 5%,25.5%. There was significant difference between the two groups in this factor (x2 =5.58, P =0.018).     

Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy reduces the morbidity after surgery for stage I non-small cell lung cancer

Objective: We conducted this study to evaluate the surgical invasiveness and the safety of video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for stage I lung cancer. Methods: Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomies were performed on 43 patients with clinical stage IA non-small cell lung cancer. We compared the surgical invasiveness parameters with 42 patients who underwent lobectomy by conventional thoracotomy. Results: Intraoperative blood loss was significantly less than that in the conventional thoracotomy group (151±149 vs. 362±321 g, p<0.01). Chest tube duration (3.0±2.1 vs. 3.9±1.9 days) was significantly shorter than those in the conventional thoracotomy group (p<0.05). The visual analog scale which was evaluated as postoperative pain level on postoperative day 7, maximum white blood count and C-reactive protein level were significantly lower than those in the conventional thoracotomy group (p<0.05). The morbidity rate was significantly lower than that in the conventional thoracotomy group (25.6% vs. 47.6%, p<0.05). Sputum retention and arrhythmia were significantly less frequent than in the conventional thoracotomy group (p<0.05). We experienced no operative deaths in both groups. Conclusion: We conclude that video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer patients is a less invasive and safer procedure with a lower morbidity rate compared with lobectomy by thoracotomy.     

全胸腔镜单向式肺叶切除在Ⅰ／Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌治疗中的临床应用

目的探讨完全胸腔镜单向式肺叶切除＋淋巴结清扫术在I／Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌切除中的优越性及临床应用价值。方法选取2010年3月至2011年6月140例胸外科I、Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌患者进行回顾性研究。电视辅助胸腔镜手术（VATS）组：70例采用不撑开肋骨,完全在电视胸腔镜下完成单向式肺叶切除＋淋巴结清扫术,其中左肺上叶15例,下叶18例;右肺上叶10例,中叶10例,下叶17例。术后病理：鳞癌29例,腺癌41例。常规开胸（对照）组：70例采用常规后外侧切口进胸,行肺叶切除术＋淋巴结清扫,其中左肺上叶14例,下叶20例;右肺上叶10例,中叶11例,下叶15例。术后病理：鳞癌30例,腺癌40例。观察两种手术方式的切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、胸腔引流管留置时间、术后胸腔总引流量、切除淋巴结的数目、术后住院时间。结果VATS组手术时间85—200min,平均131．9min;手术出血量10—300ml,平均98．4ml;切除淋巴结5—31枚,平均17．4枚;胸腔引流管引流时间3～20d,平均6．0d;术后总引流量220～4710ml,平均1417．8ml;术后住院天数为7。17d,平均11．2d。常规开胸手术组手术时间106～210min,平均162．1min;手术出血量80～500ml,平均178．9ml;切除淋巴结10～22枚,平均17．0枚;胸腔引流管留置时间4—14d,平均7．2d;术后总引流量910～3500ml,平均1620．4ml;术后住院时间9—26d,平均为14．6d。结论全胸腔镜单向式肺叶切除术对于可切除的Ⅰ／Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌的治疗是一种安全、可行的手术方式,此术式能减少术中出血量,缩短术后胸腔引流时间及平均住院时间,且不增加术后并发症的发生率,能够完成纵隔及肺门淋巴结的清扫,值得在临床上推广应用。     

单向四孔法全胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗非小细胞肺癌的临床研究

目的探讨单向4孔法全胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗非小细胞肺癌的可行性、安全性。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年12月上海市胸科医院采用单向式全胸腔镜肺叶切除治疗428例非小细胞肺癌患者的临床资料,其中男186例,女242例;年龄33～78岁。术前临床诊断为早期非小细胞肺癌。428例中行右肺上叶切除134例,右肺中叶切除48例,右肺下叶切除98例,右肺中下叶切除4例,左肺上叶切除72例,左肺下叶切除72例。将428例患者按手术方式分为单向3孔法组(300例)和单向4孔法组(128例);比较两组的临床效果。结果412例在全胸腔镜下完成肺叶切除术,16例中转常规开胸手术(中转开胸比率3.7%)。平均手术时间132.1(120～180)min,平均手术切口长度3.7(3～5)cm,平均术中出血量150.0(50～800)ml;两组患者平均拔管时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间差异均无统计学意义,但4孔法组较3孔法组手术时间缩短,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。16例中转开胸患者接受术中输血。死亡5例,于术后1个月内分别死于严重肺部感染、肺栓塞和急性脑梗死。术后病理诊断:鳞状细胞癌52例,腺癌340例,腺鳞癌20例,低分化癌8例,大细胞癌6例,类癌2例。术后出现持续肺漏气4例,脓胸2例,肺部感染4例,心律失常26例,肺栓塞2例,乳糜胸2例,急性脑梗死2例。3年总生存率为83.6%(358/428)。结论单向式4孔法全胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗非小细胞肺癌的有效性和安全性满意,符合肺癌手术的治疗规范。单向4孔法还能大大提高手术流畅程度和淋巴结清扫程度。     

Initial experience of video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy with partial removal of the pulmonary artery

A lobectomy with a resection of the pulmonary artery is less invasive than a pneumonectomy. However, it seems to be extremely difficult to perform this technique using video-assisted thoracic surgery with technical limitations because this technique is associated with an increased operative risk even in an open thoracotomy. Between April 2002 and December 2006, a curative video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy including a mediastinal lymphadenectomy was performed in 121 patients with primary non-small cell lung cancer. Five of those patients underwent a thoracoscopic lobectomy with the partial removal and reconstruction of the pulmonary artery. The causes of the pulmonary artery resection included two direct invasions of the artery, two invasions of the arterial branch, and one calcified lymphadenopathy involving the branch. No patients required a blood transfusion. No complications attributable to the technique or mortality were seen. No patients showed an abnormal blood flow through the reconstructed vessel. There were no local recurrences on the pulmonary artery. A video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy including a partial resection and reconstruction of the pulmonary artery is a complex procedure for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. It is feasible when all associated technical issues are properly addressed.     

Cytologically malignant margins of wedge resected stage I non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: We have developed a novel test for the surgical margin of pulmonary malignant tumor using a cytologic technique (the run-across method in which a glass slide is run across the staple site), and we have assessed whether this method is useful in predicting margin relapse and prognosis. METHODS: From April 1996 to March 1999, 15 lesions of stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (maximum diameter ranged from 10 to 35 mm with a median of 20 mm) from 15 patients with cardiopulmonary impairment were excised without additional proximal resections. The surgical margin was examined using the run-across method. There were 8 male 7 female patients whose ages ranged from 51 to 80 years. One patient underwent video-assisted thoracic surgery and 14 underwent thoracotomy. The preoperative diagnoses of the patients were 13 adenocarcinomas, 2 squamous cell carcinomas, and 1 undiagnosed lesion (1 adenocarcinoma). The follow-up period ranged from 37 to 63 months. RESULTS: The rate of positive cytology was 47% in comparison with the rate of positive histology of 20%. There were 4 patients with margin relapse (3 of them contained negative histology margins) at a rate of 57% among the positive cytology patients in comparison with 0% among the negative cytology patients (p = 0.03). In a comparison of survival between the negative cytology group and the positive cytology group, there were no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: The run-across method is also useful in confirming complete resection. A positive cytology margin could lead to margin relapse even if a non-small cell lung cancer is resected with a negative histology margin.     

全胸腔镜肺癌根治术淋巴结清扫的探讨

目的探讨全胸腔镜下肺叶切除治疗临床Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌淋巴结清扫的安全性和可行性。方法 2006年1月～2008年12月,160例临床Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌接受全腔镜下肺叶切除术、纵隔淋巴结清扫,采用不撑开肋骨三孔法,并与同期247例接受常规开放手术的Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌进行比较。结果胸腔镜组淋巴结清扫组数(2.4±1.5)组与开胸组(2.6±1.6)组无显著差异(t=1.262,P=0.208),胸腔镜组清扫淋巴结(9.8±6.2)枚,与开胸组(9.9±5.9)枚无统计学差异(t=-0.160,P=0.873)。开胸组并发症发生率11.7%(29/247)和围手术期死亡率2.8%(7/247)与胸腔镜组并发症发生率9.4%(15/160)和围手术期死亡率0.6%(1/160)无显著差异(χ2=0.564,P=0.453;χ2=1.446,P=0.229)。胸腔镜组生存情况优于开胸组(χ2=5.373,P=0.020)。结论全胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗临床Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌在技术上是安全可行的,其淋巴结清扫可达到开放手术的范围,远期疗效不亚于开放手术。     

Clinical evaluation of VATS lobectomy for lung cancer

Thoracoscopic lobectomy is now recognized as a possible less invasive surgical option for stage I primary non-small cell lung cancer. We have widely used thoracoscopic procedure for surgical diagnosis of lung nodules especially in lung peripheral region as well as resection of primary lung cancer. Results of 47 thoracoscopic lobectomy during last 5 years were compared with 24 standard lobectomy under postero-lateral thoracotomy. There were no significant differences in the duration of surgery, post-operative hospital stay, intraoperative blood loss and post-operative survival. All but three patients who were diagnosed as n 2 disease or tumor with extrapulmonary extension post-operatively are surviving at the time of survey. We conclude that thoracoscopic lobectomy is safe and less invasive procedure compared to standard thoracotomy. We believe it can provide sufficient outcome for stage I non-small cell lung cancer.     

Video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy vs. conventional lobectomy via open thoracotomy in patients with clinical stage IA non-small cell lung carcinoma

The aim of this study was to evaluate our personal experience with video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy and compare survival between this procedure and conventional lobectomy via open thoracotomy in patients with clinical stage IA non-small cell lung carcinoma. Between May 1997 and December 2004, 140 patients with clinical stage IA non-small cell lung carcinoma had either VATS lobectomy (VATS group, 84 patients) or standard lobectomy via open thoracotomy (open group, 56 patients) performed in our hospital. We compared overall survival, disease-free survival and recurrence between the two groups. The overall survival rate five years after surgery was 72% in the open group and 82% in the VATS group. There were no significant differences in the overall survival rate between the two groups. The disease-free survival rate five years after surgery was 68% in the open group and 80% in the VATS group. There were no significant differences in the disease-free survival rate between the two groups. Five patients in the open group developed distant recurrence, whereas one patient developed regional recurrence. In the VATS group six patients developed distant recurrence, whereas one patient developed regional recurrence. We consider VATS lobectomy to be one of the therapeutic options in patients with clinical stage IA non-small cell lung carcinoma.     

单向式全胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗早期非小细胞肺癌的临床疗效分析

目的探讨单向式全胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2006年6月至2009年12月成都市第二人民医院采用电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）行肺叶切除加纵隔淋巴结清扫治疗89例早期NSCLC患者的临床资料,根据手术方式不同分为两组,VATS辅助组：46例,男36例,女10例;年龄58.76±14.78岁,采用VATS辅助小切口手术;单向式VATS组：43例,男37例,女6例;年龄61.34±12.56岁,行单向式全VATS。选择同期行常规经胸后外侧切口开胸手术患者作为对照（开胸组,42例,男37例,女5例;年龄56.30±15.59岁）。比较3组患者的手术时间？术中出血量？纵隔淋巴结清扫的数量？术后胸腔引流量、并发症发生、胸痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）和生存率的改变。结果 3组均无手术死亡,3组间胸腔引流时间（P=0.024）、胸腔引流量（P=0.019）、术中出血量（P=0.009）、早期下床活动时间（P=0.031）和心肺并发症发生率（P=0.048）差异有统计学意义。单向式VATS组胸腔引流量（208.33±50.39 ml vs.245.98±45.32 ml）、术中出血量（78.79±24.23 mlvs.112.63±64.32 ml）和早期下床活动时间（2.31±0.27 d vs.3.56±0.31 d）较VATS辅助组明显减少（P〈0.05）。开胸组使用杜冷丁患者的比率较VATS辅助组和单向式VATS组明显增加（P=0.046,0.007）,3组患者手术后VAS评分变化差异有统计学意义（F=5.796,P=0.002）。术后随访109例（包括VATS辅助组37例、单向式VATS组37例、开胸组35例）,随访时间2~48个月,失访22例。随访期间VATS辅助组、单向式VATS组和开胸组分别死亡10例、9例和8例;中位生存时间分别为40个月、37个月和37个月;3组患者生存时间差异无统计学意义（P=0.848）。结论 VATS特别是单向式全VATS肺叶切除加系统纵隔淋巴结清扫术在早期NSCLC患者的手术治疗中与传统开胸手术的效果几乎相同,且创伤更小、恢复快,是治疗早期肺癌的可靠方法。     

单操作孔胸腔镜手术治疗非小细胞肺癌的临床分析

目的探讨单操作孔胸腔镜下行肺叶切除术加系统性淋巴结清扫治疗非小细胞肺癌的可行性和临床应用价值。方法回顾分析2011年3月至2013年3月采用单操作孔胸腔镜行肺叶切除术并且系统性清扫淋巴结治疗的非小细胞肺癌患者42例。手术在腋中线第7或者第8肋间作约1．5cm切口作为观察孔,在腋前线第4或者第5肋间胸大肌外侧缘作4．0—5．0cm切口作为操作孔。结果所有患者均顺利在单操作孔胸腔镜下完成肺叶切除术加系统性淋巴结清扫,无增加第2个操作孔或者中转开胸手术者。行肺叶切除术加系统性淋巴结清扫手术时间90～200min,术中出血量50～400ml,清扫淋巴结数量9～16枚,术后胸腔引流时间5—8d,术后住院6～10d。所有患者均未出现手术并发症,术后恢复良好,顺利出院。结论单操作孔胸腔镜下肺叶切除术加系统性淋巴结清扫治疗非小细胞肺癌,在传统的三孔电视胸腔镜手术基础上进～步减少了手术创伤,具有一定的临床优势,只要病例选择合适,可以作为治疗非小细胞肺癌更微创化的手术方式。     

检测非小细胞肺癌病人外周血和骨髓中肿瘤细胞的临床意义

目的　探讨非小细胞肺癌 (NSCLC)外周血和骨髓中肿瘤细胞分子诊断的临床意义 ,以及二者相关性。方法　应用逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)技术 ,对 31例肺癌病人、10例肺良性病变者和8名健康人外周血、骨髓中MUC1基因mRNA表达进行检测。结果　 31例肺癌病人中 10例检测到外周血中有MUC1mRNA表达 ,检出率 32 3% ;7例骨髓中有表达 ,检出率 2 2 6 % ;二者之间存在显著正相关(P <0 0 5 ) ,且与肺癌组织学类型、细胞分化程度及P TNM分期均存在密切关系 (P <0 0 5 )。而肺良性病变者和健康人中均未检测到MUC1mRNA表达。结论　肺癌病人外周血和骨髓中存在常规方法检测不出的肿瘤细胞 ;应用巢式RT PCR法检测肺癌病人外周血和骨髓中MUC1mRNA表达 ,可为制定治疗方案和评估预后提供重要参考依据     

机器人辅助胸腔镜左肺下叶切除两例

目的探索应用DaVinci S机器人辅助胸腔镜进行左肺下叶切除治疗非小细胞肺癌,观察其安全性,手术效果,以及相较于电视辅助胸腔镜手术（VATS）的优势。方法应用DaVinci S机器人辅助胸腔镜治疗非小细胞肺癌,进行左肺下叶切除2例,加系统性淋巴结清扫。结果 2例患者均获手术成功,无中转开胸,无手术并发症发生,无死亡,平均手术时间252.5min,术中出血量150ml,术后住院时间5d。围手术期未输血,术后恢复快、疼痛轻。结论机器人辅助胸腔镜左肺下叶切除初步证明是安全有效的,相较于VATS,有更逼真的视野,更灵活稳定的操作,从而具备更宽泛的手术适应证,是新一代微创胸部手术的重要选择。     

How much skill should we need for a VATS lobectomy in stage I lung cancer? An evaluation of surgeon groups

Although there has been progress in video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), there have been no reports about the skill needed to perform this surgery for patients with stage I lung cancer. We reviewed a randomized series of surgeons in a single institution and attempted to identify the quality of skill needed in this surgery. Cases of surgery on clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) involving 103 patients (56 VATS and 47 conventional approach) from January 2000 to April 2006 were assessed for eligibility. We reviewed these patients and placed them in random order into three surgeon groups (groups A, B, and C) that were based on surgeons who had performed 50 lobectomies through thoracotomy. Three patients were converted to a thoracotomy. Of the remaining 53 patients, 17 were in group A, 15 were in group B, and 21 were in group C. There were no significant differences between the three surgeon groups regarding technical factors such as blood loss and operation time. After a short initial learning period, two of the three surgeon groups significantly decreased total blood loss. Morbidity and recurrence did not differ between the groups, and there was no mortality in our sample. The volume of VATS operations performed by individual surgeons who have had good training in open lobectomy may not make for a positive impact on clinical outcomes. The decision for a VATS lobectomy in cases of stage I NSCLC should not be limited only by a surgeon's thoracoscopic experience.