上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管口的解剖定位

目的　寻找上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管 (MB2 )根管口的定位规律。方法　收集离体上颌第一、二磨牙共 5 5 0颗。根管显微镜 (DOM)下探查根管口 ,拍摄髓底图片 ,测量髓底一系列参数 ,分析MB2根管口定位规律。结果　DOM下MB2发现率在上颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙分别为 78.2 4 %和 4 1.32 %。MB2根管口位于MB P根管口连线的近中 ,与该连线的垂直距离在上颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙分别为 0 .6 6mm和 0 .6 3mm ;距近颊根主根管 (MB)根管口距离分别为 1.32mm和 1.2 1mm。结论　建议临床医生在探查上颌磨牙髓底时 ,可在MB P根管口假想连线的近中、距其 0 .5～ 1.0mm ,距MB根管口 1.0～ 2 .0mm ,使MB MB2根管口间假想的、微凸向近中的弧形连线与近中边缘嵴平行处寻找MB2根管口。     

上颌第二磨牙近颊融合根中MB2的锥束CT研究

目的:通过锥束CT技术研究上颌第二磨牙近颊融合根中MB2的发生率。方法:收集199例患者的上颌第二磨牙CBCT数据,观察牙根融合类型、年龄以及牙位对MB2发生的影响。结果:199例患者共有380颗上颌第二磨牙,其中145颗牙的近中颊根与其他牙根融合;近远中颊根融合型(Ⅰ型)和近中颊根腭根融合型(Ⅱ型)的MB2发生率分别是5.5%、41.9%,而全融合型(Ⅲ型)则未发现MB2,Ⅰ、Ⅲ型融合的MB2发生率低于Ⅱ型;随着年龄增大,MB2发生率降低;181例具有双侧上颌第二磨牙的患者中,左右两侧融合根及MB2的发生率无显著差异。结论:上颌第二磨牙近中颊根与其他牙根融合时,其MB2发生率会出现变异。     

Influence of the Intracanal Material and Metal Artifact Reduction Tool in the Detection of the Second Mesiobuccal Canal in Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Examinations

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different intracanal materials and the metallic artifact reduction (MAR) tool of cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging on the detection of the second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal in maxillary first molars.MethodsForty maxillary first molars were selected; half of them had the MB2 canal in the mesiobuccal root confirmed by micro–computed tomographic imaging. All teeth were instrumented, except for the MB2 canal, and filled with gutta-percha, which was passively inserted up to the working length. Each tooth was individually inserted into a dry human skull, and CBCT scans were performed using the OP300 device (Instrumentarium Dental, Tuusula, Finland) with and without the use of the MAR tool. For each scanned tooth, the following intracanal materials were used in the palatal root: gutta-percha, silver palladium, nickel chromium, and cobalt chromium. Five examiners assessed the images for the detection of the MB2 canal using a 5-point scale. The weighted kappa test was applied to evaluate intra- and interexaminer reproducibility. The diagnostic values (sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) were calculated in the different groups and compared using 2-way analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc test.ResultsThe intra- and interobserver agreement ranges for the different conditions were studied. The diagnostic values were not significantly different (P > .05) regardless of the intracanal material and the use of the MAR tool.ConclusionsThe presence of different intracanal materials and MAR activation does not influence CBCT-based detection of MB2 canals.     

The root and root canal anatomy of maxillary molars in a Chinese population

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to study the prevalence of fused roots, C-shaped roots, C-shaped root canal orifices and C-shaped root canals in the maxillary molars of a Chinese population. A total of 305 first molars and 309 second molars were collected in Taiwan. The teeth were demineralized and placed in methyl salicylate to make them transparent. Root fusion was examined and the pulp chamber floor was checked for C-shaped orifices. Chinese ink was then injected into the root canal system to demonstrate possible C-shaped canals. The maxillary first molars had the palatal root fused with the mesiobuccal root in 0.3% of the cases, and with the distobuccal root in 2.0%. Teeth with C-shaped roots existed in only 0.3% of maxillary first molars, while 6.2% of the maxillary first molars and 40.1% of the maxillary second molars had fused roots. The maxillary second molars had the palatal root fused with the mesiobuccal root in 18.1% and with the distobuccal root in 2.6%; the palatal root was fused with the mesiobuccal and distobuccal root in 8.1% of the material. The maxillary second molars had a C-shaped root in 4.5% and C-shaped root canal orifices with C-shaped root canals in 4.9% of the cases. Fused roots or incompletely separated roots are common in the maxillary second molars amongst Chinese people, while C-shaped roots and root canals in maxillary molars are not frequently seen.     

Root canal morphology of the mesiobuccal root in maxillary first molars of a Jordanian population

This in vitro study investigated the presence of second (MB2) root canals and the number of apical foramina found in mesiobuccal roots of the permanent maxillary first molars; in addition, the study evaluated the effectiveness of magnification to detect MB2 canals. One hundred extracted maxillary first molars were collected from Jordanian patients. The number of roots (as well as their morphology) was investigated. The number of canal orifices in mesiobuccal root was assessed, with and without magnification, and findings were compared. The number of apical foramina and the distance between mesiobuccal and second canal orifices were investigated under magnification. Of the 97 specimens that were subject to additional investigation, all teeth had three separated roots, except for three specimens that had either mesiobuccal or distobuccal roots fused with the palatal root. The number of MB2 canals that were detected increased from 55 (56.7%) to 61 (62.9%) teeth when magnification was used. Within the limits of this in vitro study, it was concluded that the Jordanian population had a high percentage of MB2 canals in the mesial buccal roots. Moreover, the use of clinically used magnifying devices increased the number of MB2 canals detected.     

上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管的定位与扩通

目的　研究上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管口 (secondmesiobuccalcanal,MB2 )与近中颊根管口 (mesiobuccalcanal,MB)、腭侧根管口 (palatal,P)的相对位置关系 ;探讨根管显微镜在上颌磨牙MB2治疗中的作用。方法　选取 1 1 3颗上颌磨牙 ,截去牙冠后肉眼寻找并扩通MB2根管 ,然后将未找到MB2或不能扩通的标本利用根管显微镜重复上述操作。对找到MB2根管的标本进行扫描 ,利用Image Proplus 4 .0图像分析软件分析MB2根管口与MB、P根管口的关系。结果　MB MB2距离为(1 47± 0 54)mm ,MB P距离为 (5 77± 0 66)mm ,MB2根管口与MB P连线的垂直距离为 (0 53±0 2 8)mm ,MB P连线与MB MB2连线的夹角 (α)为 2 3 0 7°± 1 3 0 8°。肉眼下有 70颗找到MB2根管口(61 9% ) ,其中 53颗通畅 (46 9% ) ;在根管显微镜下又有 6颗找到MB2 ,其中 4颗MB2根管通畅 ,MB2根管发现率提高 5 4% ;原MB2不通畅的根管又有 2颗通畅 ,MB2根管通畅率提高 5 4%。结论　MB2根管位于MB舌侧 2mm以内及MB P连线近中 1mm以内 ;上颌磨牙MB2发现率为 67 3 % ,其中52 2 %通畅 ;根管显微镜可以提高MB2的发现率及扩通率     

Root and Root Canal Morphology in Maxillary Second Molar with Fused Root from a Native Chinese Population

Introduction

Root fusion is an anatomic variation in maxillary second molars (MSMs); however, the nature of this canal morphology as it relates to its root anatomy has not been fully clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between features of fused roots and root canal anatomy in MSMs using micro–computed tomographic imaging.

Methods

One hundred eighty-seven extracted MSMs were scanned with the μCT50 (Scanco Medical, Bassersdorf, Switzerland), and their root and canal morphology was classified and analyzed using the classifications proposed by Yang and Vertucci. The number and position of canals that merged were recorded and compared among different root fusion types.

Results

One hundred eight (57.75%) MSMs had 3 separate roots, and 79 (42.25%) had fused roots. Of the 79 fused roots, 22 showed partial canal merging, and 6 had complete canal merging. Canal merging was found with teeth with 3-root fusion more often than in those with 2-root fusion (P < .05). Of 28 merged canals, 16 occurred between mesiobuccal and distobuccal canals and 9 among mesiobuccal, distobuccal, and palatal canals.

Conclusions

MSMs with fused roots may present a complicated root canal system as a result of canal merging.     

Worldwide Analyses of Maxillary First Molar Second Mesiobuccal Prevalence: A Multicenter Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Study

Introduction

Maxillary first molar second mesiobuccal (MB2) root canal prevalence may change among different populations. The aim of this study was to analyze the worldwide prevalence of the MB2 root canal and understand its possible relation with sex, age, side, and root configuration using in vivo cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) assessment.

Evaluation of Root and Canal Morphology of Maxillary Permanent First Molars in a North American Population by Cone-beam Computed Tomography

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the number of roots and canal morphology of maxillary permanent first molars in a North American population.

Methods

Three hundred seventeen cases with bilateral maxillary first molars were included. All images from cone-beam computed tomography were carefully reviewed by 2 endodontists. Frequency of number of roots, presence of an additional mesiobuccal canal (MB2), and Vertucci canal type for each root were tabulated. Age, gender, and ethnicity differences were calculated with the χ² test. The intra-rater reliability was assessed by using the Cohen kappa statistic.

Results

The fused root rate was 0.9%. The occurrence of 3-rooted maxillary first molars differed between left and right sides (P = .03). MB2 occurrence only showed statistically significant differences among age groups (P = .005). In the mesiobuccal roots, the most common Vertucci classifications of canal types were type IV (2-2, 41.9%), type I (1, 28.3%), and type II (2-1, 26.3%). There was a statistically significant difference in Vertucci classification of canal type among 5 ethnic groups (African American, Asian, Hispanic, Other, and Non-Hispanic white, P < .001).

Conclusions

Cone-beam computed tomography facilitates the identification of root and canal configuration. The information gained about the tooth anatomy and canal morphology before treatment could potentially facilitate root canal therapy.     

改良开髓洞形应用于寻找上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管的研究

目的探讨改良开髓洞形对寻找上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管（second mesiobueeal canal,MB2）的影响。方法选择95颗离体上颌第一磨牙,先用牙钻在舱面预备出传统的三角形开髓洞形,揭髓室顶,寻找MB2根管;然后将未找到MB2根管的离体牙的开髓洞形扩展为梯形洞形,重新寻找MB2根管。结果开髓洞形为传统三角形洞形时上颌第一磨牙MB2根管的发现率为41.05％（39／95）,开髓洞形扩展为梯形洞形又有15颗找到MB2根管,MB2根管的发现率提高到56.84％（54／95）,应用梯形开髓洞形的上颌第一磨牙MB2根管发现率大于应用三角形开髓洞形,差异有统计学意义（X^2=4.74,P〈0.05）。结论应用梯形开髓洞形可以提高上颌第一磨牙MB2的发现率。     

Prevalence of Second Mesiobuccal Canals in Maxillary First Molars Detected Using Cone-beam Computed Tomography,Direct Occlusal Access,and Coronal Plane Grinding

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the second mesiobuccal canal (MB2) in 100 maxillary first molars using 3 independent methods and a combination method.

锥体束CT对上颌第一磨牙近中颊根管形态的研究

目的：通过锥体束CT（cone--beam computed tomography,CBCT）成像系统分析上颌第一磨牙近中颊根根管形态及第二（second mesiobuccal,MB2）根管的发生率。方法：选择95名进行CBCT扫描的患者,共计180颗上颌第一磨牙,观察近颊根根管形态、MB2根管的发生率、左右侧发生比率及男女发生比率差异。结果：上颌第一磨牙近颊根管形态以Ⅲ型为主,MB2根管发生率为79．4％,左右侧发生比率无统计学差异（P=0．846）,男性发生率明显高于女性（P=0．043）。结论：上颌第一磨牙近颊根MB2根管的发生率较高,可通过CBCT有效的发现MB2根管,为临床诊疗提供依据。     

Association between the Mesiobuccal Canal Configuration,Interorifice Distance,and the Corresponding Root Length of Permanent Maxillary First Molar Tooth: A Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Study

IntroductionThe aim of this cone-beam computed tomographic study was to evaluate the association between the mesiobuccal root canal configuration (RCC), interorifice distance (IOD), and the corresponding root length of a permanent maxillary first molar tooth.MethodsOne hundred cone-beam computed tomographic scans obtained from the computerized data bank of the institute were studied. The IOD between the first mesiobuccal and second mesiobuccal canal was measured in the axial section where the second mesiobuccal canal was first visualized. The root length was measured from the cementoenamel junction to the root apex in the coronal and sagittal section. The associations of these parameters with the RCC (based on Vertucci’s classification) were evaluated.ResultsThe predominant RCC was observed to be Vertucci type II (89%). The mean root length with this configuration was 11.19 ± 1.35 mm. In type IV RCC, the mean root length was 9.13 ± 0.52 mm. A statistically significant association was established between the root length and RCC (P < .05). In roots with type II and type IV RCC, the mean IOD was 2.58 ± 0.04 mm and 2.62 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. No statistically significant relation was established between the IOD and the type of RCC (P > .05).ConclusionsThe length of the mesiobuccal root is an important anatomic parameter for predicting the type of RCC in the permanent maxillary first molar tooth.     

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目的利用锥形柬计算机断层扫描（CBCT）研究上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管（MB2）发生率、根管解剖形态以及根管口位置分布。方法随机选取2011-2013年航天中心医院口腔科20～30岁患者CBCT影像160张（男80张、女80张）。平行近中颊根长轴平面观察其根管形态，并按照Vertucci分类统计。水平面观察根管口的位置，记录MB、MB2及腭根根管口间距离以及MB、MB2根管口分别到腭根根管口连线夹角，并比较不同性别间差异。结果本研究观察了279颗上颌第一磨牙，其中存在MB2牙齿233颗，检出率为83．5％，不同性别间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。不同类型的根管出现概率不同，各类型出现率男女间无差异。MB与MB2根管口间距男性为（2．195±0．504）mm，女性为（1．966±0．419）mm，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论上颌第一磨牙MB2发生率高，不同类型MB2发生概率不同，男性与女性之间无差异。MB与MB2根管口间距在两性之间存在统计学差异。     

Influence of Voxel Size and Filter Application in Detecting Second Mesiobuccal Canals in Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Images

IntroductionThis study assessed the influence of voxel size and filter application in detecting second mesiobuccal (MB2) canals in cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images.MethodsUsing the OP300 CBCT system (Instrumentarium, Tuusula, Finland) and 3 voxel size protocols (80 μm, 125 μm, and 200 μm), we scanned 40 first molars: 20 with an MB2 canal and 20 without. All molars received silver palladium pins on the palatal root, whereas the non-MB2 molars were also filled with gutta-percha. Five oral radiologists assessed the presence of an MB2 canal under 3 filter application conditions: without filter, with sharpen 1 × filter, and with sharpen 2 × filter. Intra- and interobserver reproducibility was evaluated using the weighted kappa index. We compared the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves with SPSS Statistics v.20.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY) using 2-way analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc test with 5% significance level.ResultsOur analysis found median intra- and interobserver agreement values of 0.70 and 0.56, respectively. The 80-μm voxel with sharpen 1 × filter image group had the highest sensitivity, accuracy, and negative predictive values. As for specificity and positive predictive, the 80-μm voxel group without filter application presented the highest values. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were higher in the 80-μm groups than in the 125-μm and 200-μm voxel size groups (P < .05). We found no differences among the filters used (P = .22) or for the filter–voxel size interactions (P = .88).ConclusionsA smaller voxel size increased the accuracy in detecting MB2 canals, whereas the enhancement filters did not.     

Detection of Permanent Three-rooted Mandibular First Molars by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Imaging in Taiwanese Individuals

This study determined the prevalence of permanent three-rooted mandibular first molars and their morphology among a Taiwanese population by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Images from 744 patients were screened to obtain 123 samples for this study. All permanent mandibular first molars were evaluated in axial sections from the pulpal floor to the apices of the roots to determine the number of roots. The interorifice distances from the distolingual (DL) canal to the mesiobuccal (MB) and distobuccal (DB) canals were also estimated. The prevalence of permanent three-rooted mandibular first molars was 33.33%, with a bilateral incidence of a symmetrical distribution of 53.65%. There was a significantly greater incidence of three-rooted teeth on the right side of the mandible than on the left, but gender did not show a significant relationship with this variant prevalence.The mean interorifice distances from the DL canal to the DB, MB, and ML canals of the permanent three-rooted mandibular molars were 2.7, 4.4, and 3.5 mm, respectively. The high prevalence of the DL root in permanent mandibular first molars among the Taiwanese (Chinese) population and estimations of the interorifice distance of such teeth might be useful for successful endodontic treatments.     

The Incidence of Second Mesiobuccal Canals Located in Maxillary Molars with the Aid of Cone-beam Computed Tomography

Introduction

Many endodontic treatment failures in maxillary molars result from missed second mesiobuccal (MB2) canals. An MB2 canal orifice is present in as many as 95% of maxillary molars, but these canals are not always located during endodontic procedures. Additional tools, such as cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging, may be needed to locate these canals in maxillary molars. Hence, the aims of this study were to investigate the frequency of use of CBCT imaging during the treatment of maxillary molars and to evaluate the influence of its use on the detection of MB2 canals.

The MB3 canal in maxillary molars: a micro-CT study

Objectives

To assess the internal and external morphologies of the mesiobuccal (MB) root of maxillary molars presenting a third root canal (MB3), using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT).

Material and methods

Two-hundred and sixty-five extracted maxillary first and second molars with different root configurations were imaged in a micro-CT scanner at 19.6-μm pixel size. Sixteen teeth presenting MB3 canal were selected and evaluated regarding root configuration, minimal dentine thickness 2 mm under the furcation area, canal configuration of the MB root, MB3 canal morphology (location, independent or confluent orifice, and anatomy types), and the apical anatomy (aspect ratio, number of accessory canals and foramina, presence of isthmus, and independent MB3 foramen).

Results

Overall, a high variability in canal configuration was detected in the MB root. MB3 canal was observed in 10 maxillary first molars and 6 maxillary second molars (n = 16). Minimal dentine thickness related to the MB3 canal at the coronal third was smaller than that of the MB1 canal. A complex internal anatomy comprising 13 different root canal configurations was observed. A high number of independent MB3 orifices at the pulp chamber floor was observed in the first molars (7 out of 10 teeth), while most of the specimens (n = 14) showed a confluent anatomy of the MB3 canal. A varied number of accessory canals and foramina were observed. At the apical third, isthmus could be observed in 6 specimens, while an independent MB3 foramen was present in 37.5% of the MB roots.

Conclusions

MB3 canal is a rare anatomical variation present in maxillary first and second molars. Its presence can be associated to a complex internal anatomy of the MB root which includes the presence of isthmuses and multiple accessory canals and foramina at the apical third, but also a thin dentine thickness at the coronal third and a confluent anatomy of the MB3 with the other main canals.

     

山东地区人离体上颌第二恒磨牙牙根及根管形态观察

目的:观察山东地区人上颌第二恒磨牙牙根及根管形态的解剖特点。方法:于山东地区收集离体上颌第二恒磨牙118个,观察牙根形态及类型;应用透明牙标本法观察根管形态并按Vertucci八分类法对其进行分类。结果:118个上颌第二恒磨牙中以3根分离者为主,占91.52%,牙根融合者共10例,占8.47%,其中融合成2根者为5.08%,主要为近中颊根与远中颊根融合;融合成单根者为3.39%。透明牙标本法下观察根管系统,上颌第二恒磨牙远中颊根及腭根根管以Ⅰ型为主;近颊根根管仅44.95%为Ⅰ型,近颊根第二根管(the second mesiobuccal canal,MB2)的发生率达51.38%。结论:山东地区上颌第二恒磨牙的牙根具有多样性,以3根分离根形态为主,同时可发生各种融合根;其根管形态复杂,MB2的发现率较高。     

Determination of canal orifice co-ordinates and MB2 incidence of maxillary first molars in a Turkish sub-population

Objectives. To measure the co-ordinates of the root canal orifices and to determine the incidence of mesiobuccal-2 (MB2) in maxillary first molars in a Turkish sub-population. Materials and methods. Standard digital photographs were taken under a stereomicroscope from the occlusal aspect of each tooth (n = 176) before and after crown removal. Canal orifices were negotiated under moderate magnification using dental loupes. The coordinates of the orifices and the distances of each from the central fossa were measured by using geographic software. Intensity maps of the orifice locations were created by using the co-ordinates of all canal orifices. A representative map was drawn using the mean values of orifice locations and access projection area. Results. In the right maxillary first molars, the mean values for the (X, Y) co-ordinates were (0.67, 2.68) for mesiobuccal-1 (MB1), (0.81, 0.84) for MB2, (?1.12, 1.26) for distobuccal-1 (D1), (?0.89, 0.23) for distobuccal-2 (D2) and (0, ?2.50) for palatinal (P); the corresponding mean values in the left maxillary first molars were (?0.78, 2.56), (?0.98, 0.90), (0.99, 1.18), (0.69, 0.78) and (0.00, ?2.53), respectively. The average MB1–MB2 distance was 1.97 mm. Distobuccalcanal orifices were localized at the distal side of the center in 98.3% of teeth. The incidence of MB2 was 46.02%. Conclusions. The distobuccal canal orifice is mostly located on the distal side of the central fossa. Thus, it should be considered that the access cavity of the maxillary molars may not be always limited mesially. The incidence of MB2 in this sub-population was 46.02%, which is of great importance clinically.