Advanced ovarian cancer and cytoreductive surgery: Independent validation of a risk-calculator for perioperative adverse events

ObjectiveTo independently validate a published risk-calculator for adverse perioperative outcomes in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer undergoing debulking surgery at a high-volume surgical center.MethodsUsing our institution's curated prospective ovarian cancer database, we identified patients with epithelial ovarian cancer who underwent a debulking procedure from 7/2015 to 5/2019, to be used as the validation cohort. Variables used in the published nomogram were collected. These included American Society of Anesthesiology classification, preoperative albumin, history of bleeding disorder, presence of ascites on preoperative imaging, designation of elective or emergent surgery, age of the patient, and a procedure score. Patients were included if they had information available for all the variables used in the nomogram, and 30-day follow-up within our institution. The primary outcome was Clavien-Dindo Class IV with specific conditions (postoperative sepsis, septic shock, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, ventilation >48 h, or unplanned intubation) and 30-day mortality. The combination of these endpoints is called the combined complication rate.ResultsA total of 700 patients who underwent debulking surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer during the timeframe met inclusion criteria. The combined complication rate was 11.7%; 9.9% of patients were readmitted; 2.7% required reoperation. Sepsis was the most common primary endpoint complication (4.4%), followed by septic shock (1.4%). There was no 30-day mortality in our cohort. The nomogram performed well, with a c index of 0.715 (95% CI 0.66–0.768), which was comparable to the published nomogram.ConclusionsWe independently validated a complication nomogram at a high-volume surgical center. This nomogram performs well at predicting a lower likelihood of serious postoperative complications. An enhanced nomogram would help identify patients at higher risk for serious complications.     

Variation in resource utilization associated with the surgical management of ovarian cancer

ObjectiveIdentify the major factors that drive standardized cost in providing surgical care for women with ovarian cancer, characterize the magnitude of variation in resource utilization between centers, and to investigate the relationship between resource utilization and quality of care provided.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of hospitals across the United States reporting to the Premier Database who cared for patients with ovarian cancer diagnosed between 2007 and 2014.The primary outcome was standardized total cost of the index hospitalization. To assess the relationship between hospital standardized costs and patient outcomes, we identified four measures of quality: 1) complications, 2) re-operation, 3) length of stay > 15 days, and 4) unplanned readmission.ResultsThe study population included 15,857 patients treated at 226 hospitals. The median standardized cost for hospitalizations was $13,267 (IQR = $3342). Reoperation was associated with 49% increase (95% CI = 43%–56%), and having minor complication was associated with 10% (95% CI = 8%–12%) increase in standardized cost, a moderate complication was associated with 36% (95% CI = 33%–38%) increase, and a major complication was associated with 83% (95% CI = 76%–89%) increase. The average risk-adjusted hospital standardized costs for hospitals in the highest resource use quartiles was 56% higher than the average hospital costs for hospitals in the lowest quartile ($10,826 vs. $16,933). The largest variation was in operating room standardized cost (45.5% of the total variation in operating room cost is explained by differences in hospital practices) and supplies (41.7%).ConclusionsWe identified significant variation in standardized costs among women who underwent surgery for ovarian cancer, operating room and supply costs are the largest drivers of variation.     

The impacts of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and of debulking surgery on survival from advanced ovarian cancer

Objectives

Women with advanced ovarian cancer are treated with chemotherapy either before (neoadjuvant) or after surgery (primary debulking). The goal is to leave no residual disease post-surgery; for women treated with primary debulking surgery this has been associated with an improvement in survival. It has not been shown that the survival advantage conferred by having no residual disease post-surgery is present for women who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Methods

We reviewed the records of 326 women with stage IIIc or IV serous ovarian cancer. We determined if they received neoadjuvant chemotherapy or primary debulking surgery and we measured the extent of residual disease post-surgery. We estimated seven-year survival rates for women after various treatments.

Results

Women who had neoadjuvant chemotherapy were more likely to have no residual disease than women who had primary debulking surgery (50.1% versus 41.5%; p = 0.03) but they experienced inferior seven-year survival (8.6% versus 41%; p < 0.0001). Among women who had primary debulking surgery, those with no residual disease had much better seven-year survival than women who had any residual disease (73.6% versus 21.0%; p < 0.0001). Women who had no residual disease after debulking surgery and who received intraperitoneal chemotherapy had a seven-year survival of 90%.

Conclusions

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy should be reserved for ovarian cancer patients who are not candidates for primary debulking surgery. Among women with no residual disease after primary debulking surgery, intraperitoneal chemotherapy extends survival.     

Incidence and risk factors for postoperative venous thromboembolism in patients with ovarian cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundVenous Thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with ovarian malignancy. There is no meta-analysis available on this topic so far. The aim of our study was to quantitatively synthesize the data from studies with respect to the incidence and risk factors for postoperative VTE among cases with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for papers containing the key words “venous thromboembolism”, “postoperative”, “postoperation”, “ovarian neoplasm”, “ovary neoplasm”, “ovarian cancer”, “ovary cancer”, and “cancer of ovary”. Studies selection, data extraction, quality assessment of eligible studies were performed independently by our different reviewers. Meta-analyses were conducted to determine postoperative VTE incidence and risk factors in women with EOC. Sensitivity analysis were used to verify the robustness of the results of meta-analyses if necessary.ResultsIn total, 19 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled incidence for postoperative symptomatic VTE was 3% (95% CI, 0.03–0.04) and for postoperative symptomatic as well as asymptomatic VTE was 8% (95% CI, 0.07–0.09). The presence of history of VTE (OR, 2.37), advanced-stages (OR, 2.35), high complexity of surgery (OR, 2.20), clear cell carcinoma of ovary (OR, 2.53) and residual disease>1 cm (OR, 2.57) significantly increase the likelihood of having postoperative VTE. Other risk factors for postoperative VTE in EOC patients were BMI>30 (OR, 1.58), per 10-years increase in age (OR, 1.22), ASA score>2 (OR, 1.45), ascites (OR, 2.07), the diameter of residual disease is between 0 cm to 1 cm (OR, 2.06) and smoking history (OR, 1.54).ConclusionsThis study revealed that VTE, especially subclinical VTE, is a prevalent complication in postoperative patients with EOC. History of VTE, advanced FIGO stages, high complexity of surgery, obesity, older age, ascites, higher ASA score, smoking history and suboptimal debulking are associated with this increased incidence of postoperative VTE among patients with EOC.PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020209662.     

CT prediction of surgical outcome in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy

ObjectiveA scoring system has been proposed to predict gross residual disease at primary debulking surgery (PDS) for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. This scoring system has not been assessed in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). The aim of this study is to assess the reproducibility and prognostic significance of the scoring system when applied to women undergoing NACT followed by interval debulking surgery (IDS).MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted of patients with advanced ovarian cancer who underwent NACT and IDS between 2005 and 2014. Change in tumor burden using computed tomography (CT) at diagnosis (T0) and after initiation of NACT but before IDS (T1) was independently assessed by two radiologists blinded to outcomes using two read criteria: a scoring system utilizing clinical and radiologic criteria and RECIST 1.1. Relationship between CT assessments to surgical outcome, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Reader agreement was measured using Fleiss's kappa (ĸ).Results76 patients were analyzed. Optimal surgical outcome was achieved in 69 (91%) of patients. Median progression free survival was 13.2 months and overall survival was 32.6 months, respectively. Predictive score change from T0 to T1 of >1 (denoting an improvement in disease burden) was associated with optimal cytoreduction (p = 0.02 and 0.01 for readers 1 and 2, respectively). Neither predictive score nor RECIST 1.1 assessment was predictive of OS or PFS. Reader agreement was substantial for predictive score (κ = 0.77) and moderate for RECIST (κ = 0.51) assessments.ConclusionsA change in score before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy minimizes reader variability and predicts surgical outcome.     

Fast-Track Surgery in Intestinal Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis

Study ObjectiveTo evaluate the length of hospital stay (LOS) and the readmission rate in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery to treat intestinal deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) with application of the concepts of fast-track surgery.DesignRetrospective study of women undergoing laparoscopic treatment of intestinal DIE (Canadian Task Force classification II-3).SettingTertiary referral private hospital.InterventionsWe evaluated 161 women who underwent laparoscopic surgery between January 2010 and April 2013 for complete treatment of intestinal DIE, via either conservative surgery (rectal shaving, mucosal skinning, or anterior disk resection) or radical surgery (segmental bowel resection). After surgery, all specimens were sent for pathologic examination to confirm the presence of endometriosis.Measurements and Main ResultsPatients were divided into 2 groups according to type of surgery (conservative [n = 102] or radical [n = 59]), and LOS and readmission rate were measured in both groups. Median LOS was shorter in the conservative group compared with the segmental bowel resection group (19 vs 28 hours; p < .001). Ninety-two patients (90.2%) in the conservative surgery group were discharged to home on the first postoperative day, compared with only 38 patients (64.4%) in the segmental bowel resection group. Overall, the readmission rate was low (3.1%): 6.8% in the segmental bowel resection group and 1% in the conservative group (p = .04; odds ratio, 7.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.8–67.3); however, the need for repeat operation was similar in both groups (3.4% vs 1%; p = .28; odds ratio, 3.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.31–39.95).ConclusionImplementation of fast-track concepts in the laparoscopic treatment of intestinal DIE resulted in a short LOS and low readmission rate in both the segmental bowel resection and conservative surgery groups.     

Same-Day Discharge in Minimally Invasive Surgery Performed by Gynecologic Oncologists: A Review of Patient Selection

ObjectiveTo review the literature about same-day discharge (SDD) in minimally invasive surgery performed by gynecologic oncologists and identify factors associated with SDD and admission to provide selection criteria.Data SourcesSystematic review of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and SCOPUS between May 2007 and May 2019. The search included the following medical subject heading terms and keywords: “same day discharge,” “patient discharge,” “minimally invasive surgical procedures,” “hysterectomy,” “gynecologic malignancy,” “gynecologic neoplasm,” “cervical cancer,” “ovarian cancer,” and “endometrial cancer.”Methods of Study SelectionArticles published in English about women who underwent minimally invasive procedures for benign and malignant conditions of the reproductive tract performed by gynecologic oncologists (robotic or laparoscopic) and who received SDD or admission were included. The following were described: SDD and admission rate, readmission or unscheduled evaluation rates within 30 days after surgery, and associated factors for each one.Tabulation, Integration, and ResultsNine studies with a total of 16 423 patients were included. The complication rates in the studies were variable, with only 2 studies showing advantages in the SDD group with respect to intraoperative complications and wound complications. There were no statistically significant differences in postoperative complications in the first 30 days after the adoption of SDD. There were no higher readmission rates within the first 30 days in the group of patients who were discharged on the same day vs those admitted. The common factors associated with admission were as follows: age <70 years, surgery after 1 PM, duration of surgery more than 2 hours, and intraoperative complications. Other factors to consider were the presence of comorbidities that require follow-up within the hospital after surgery, adequate postoperative evaluation, and the patient accepting SDD.ConclusionSDD seems to be safe and feasible in minimally invasive surgery performed by gynecologic oncologists. The proposed selection criteria includes the following: younger than 70 years, surgery before 1 PM, procedure less than 2 hours, and no intraoperative complications.     

Role of CT and MR imaging in predicting optimal cytoreduction of newly diagnosed primary epithelial ovarian cancer

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative accuracy of CT or MR imaging in the detection of inoperable tumor sites prior to cytoreductive surgery in a large series of patients with newly diagnosed primary epithelial ovarian cancer. METHODS: One hundred thirty-seven women with newly diagnosed primary epithelial ovarian cancer underwent CT (n = 91) or MR imaging (n = 46) prior to cytoreductive surgery. The following imaging criteria were used to identify inoperable tumor sites: (1) peritoneal implants greater than 2 cm in maximum diameter in the porta hepatis, intersegmental fissure, gall bladder fossa, subphrenic space, gastrohepatic ligament, gastrosplenic ligament, lesser sac, or root of the small bowel mesentery; (2) retroperitoneal adenopathy greater than 2 cm in maximum diameter above the renal hila; (3) hepatic metastases or abdominal wall invasion. Imaging results were compared with operability at surgery. RESULTS: Cytoreductive surgery was suboptimal in 21 of the 137 (15%) patients. Sixteen of these patients had inoperable tumor on preoperative imaging, while one additional patient had apparently inoperable tumor on imaging but was optimally debulked at surgery. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of preoperative imaging for the prediction of suboptimal debulking were 76% (16/21), 99% (115/116), 94% (16/17), and 96% (115/120), respectively. CT and MR imaging were equally effective (P = 1.0) in the detection of inoperable tumor. CONCLUSION: Preoperative CT and MR imaging are equally accurate in the detection of inoperable tumor and the prediction of suboptimal debulking in newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer. This suggests imaging may help select patients who might be more appropriately managed by neoadjuvant chemotherapy.     

Faisabilité, morbidité et survie de la chirurgie avec CHIP dans la prise en charge des récidives du cancer de l’ovaire

ObjectiveThe management of recurrent ovarian cancer is based on intravenous chemotherapy with or without debulking surgery. The hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is sometimes proposed as a complement to complete surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, morbidity and survival of HIPEC associated with complete surgical cytoreduction in the management of patients with a first recurrence of ovarian cancer.Patients and methodsBetween 2005 and 2010, 27 patients underwent surgery for a recurrence of ovarian cancer. Among them, 17 patients (63%) have received HIPEC.ResultsSixteen patients (94%) were completely resected after surgery. No patient died postoperatively. Two patients had intraoperative complications: a bladder injury and a section of the ureter. Eight patients had postoperative complications including 3 grade 3 or higher (two organ failure and one reoperation). Fifteen patients had a recurrence with a median DFS of 11.9 months (95% CI [5.4–32.9]) from the HIPEC. The median overall survival from diagnosis was 107.8 months.Discussion and conclusionThese results showed that the association of HIPEC with a complete cytoreduction for recurrent ovarian cancer presents acceptable morbidity and survival. The results of the ongoing French multicenter study (CHIPOR) are expected to generalize this support.     

Complications Following Posterior Colporrhaphy With and Without Anal Sphincteroplasty: An Analysis of Cases in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database

ObjectiveWe aimed to compare postoperative complications for patients undergoing posterior colporrhaphy with or without sphincteroplasty.MethodsA retrospective cohort of women undergoing posterior colporrhaphy with or without anal sphincteroplasty was completed using the National Surgery Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database (2012–2019). The primary outcome was a composite of important surgical complications, including wound complications, blood transfusion, hospital stay >48 hours, reoperation, readmission, and urinary tract infection. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for important potential confounders, including age, BMI, diabetes, and anterior prolapse surgery.ResultsA total of 5079 patients were included. Of these, 82 patients underwent a concurrent sphincteroplasty. The primary composite outcome occurred in 10.4% of patients having posterior colporrhaphy versus 19.5% having posterior colporrhaphy with sphincteroplasty. On multivariable analysis there was no increased odds of complication associated with concomitant anal sphincteroplasty (1.58, 95% CI 0.89–2.90, P = 0.12).ConclusionNearly one in five women who have posterior colporrhaphy with anal sphincteroplasty had an important surgical complication. Higher complication rates may be related to patient factors, as this was not observed after adjustment for patient factors and additional surgical procedures. Sphincteroplasty may be considered with posterior colporrhaphy in select women.     

晚期上皮性卵巢癌经腹腔镜和开腹的初次肿瘤细胞减灭术或中间型减瘤术的临床对比研究

目的:比较经腹腔镜和开腹晚期上皮性卵巢癌初次肿瘤细胞减灭术(PDS)或(IDS)的手术效果,探讨经腹腔镜和IDS用于治疗晚期上皮性卵巢癌的临床效果。方法:选择2009年1月1日至2017年12月31日陆军军医大学附属西南医院妇产科收治的晚期上皮性卵巢癌患者237例,根据手术途径分为腹腔镜组210例,其中96例接受PDS,114例接受IDS;开腹组27例,其中22例接受PDS,5例接受IDS。比较两组的手术风险、术后相关参数和远期疗效。结果:手术风险:腹腔镜组的手术时间、出血量和术中输血、术中损伤比例少于开腹组(P<0.05);术后相关参数:腹腔镜组的住院时间、术后肛门排气时间、术后开始化疗时间、术后并发症少于开腹组(P<0.05)。腹腔镜组内IDS较PDS的手术时间(3.3±1.0小时vs 3.8±1.0小时)和术中输血比例(16.7%vs 33.3%)显著减少,开腹组内IDS较PDS的手术时间(3.4±0.6小时vs 5.2±1.7小时)显著减少,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。腹腔镜组和开腹组的OS和PFS比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);腹腔镜组内PDS和IDS的OS(92.0个月vs 56.0个月)、PFS(26.0个月vs 22.0个月)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);开腹组内PDS和IDS的OS(57.5个月vs 35.2个月)、PFS(33.0个月vs 17.0个月)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:经腹腔镜相较于开腹肿瘤细胞减灭术,IDS相较于PDS,都可以降低手术风险且并不影响患者的预后,对于晚期上皮性卵巢癌患者而言都是合适的治疗方案。     

Fibroid Surgery and Long-Term Improvement in Bladder Symptoms

ObjectiveShort-term studies have demonstrated improvement in urinary symptoms after fibroid debulking surgery, yet long-term data are lacking. This study assessed the long-term impact of fibroid debulking on urinary symptoms several years postoperatively.MethodsThis case series prospectively investigated changes in urinary symptoms of women who underwent fibroid debulking surgery by several gynaecological surgeons at one centre (2011-2016). A follow-up demographics questionnaire and the Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI) were administered. Changes in total UDI scores and UDI subscale scores from preoperative baseline to long-term follow-up were calculated.ResultsThirty participants were recruited from the original cohort of 61 women (49% long-term follow-up). There were significant improvements in total UDI scores (P < 0.001), obstructive subscale score (P < 0.001), and irritative subscale score (P < 0.001) 2–7 years postoperatively. Stress subscale scores were not significantly improved even in a subgroup of patients with significant baseline bother (P = 0.101). Six of eight women (75%) were cured of bothersome urge urinary incontinence, and three of eight women (37.5%) were cured of bothersome stress urinary incontinence. Baseline fibroid characteristics or type of surgery did not significantly influence outcomes. There were no significant demographic differences between women with sustained improvements and women with no improvement or worsening symptoms. The results are considered Level III evidence as per the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care Levels of Evidence.ConclusionSurgical fibroid removal produces long-term improvement in most bladder symptoms except for stress-related symptoms that persist over time. Women with bothersome urinary symptoms should be investigated for fibroids and counselled on potential long-term benefits of debulking surgery.     

Compared with Cystectomy,Is Ovarian Vaporization of Endometriotic Cysts Truly More Effective in Maintaining Ovarian Reserve?

Study ObjectiveTo evaluate how endometriotic cystectomy and vaporization affect ovarian reserve after conservative surgery.DesignProspective study (Canadian Task Force classification II-1).SettingHokusetsu General Hospital.PatientsNinety-nine women who underwent conservative surgery to treat endometriotic cysts from June 2011 to July 2013.InterventionsVaporization with bipolar current was performed in nulligravid women, and cystectomy in those who had a child. In women with endometriotic cysts, bilateral cystectomy was performed in 28, bilateral vaporization in 15, unilateral cystectomy in 40, and unilateral vaporization in 16. In all patients, preoperative and postoperative serum anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations at the early proliferative phase were assayed, and the change in concentrations was evaluated for each operation.Measurement and Main ResultsIn the bilateral cystectomy group, the mean (SD) postoperative FSH concentration (19.3 [21.8] IU/mL) was statistically higher than the preoperative concentration (9.0 [6.2] IU/mL) (p < .01). AMH significantly declined after all operations to treat endometriotic cysts, and the rate of decline in the AMH concentration was >50% compared with preoperative concentrations.ConclusionWhether endometriotic cysts are unilateral or bilateral, both cystectomy and vaporization using bipolar current can lower ovarian reserve. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more effective surgical procedures to prevent ovarian damage.     

Increasing experience in laparoscopic staging of early ovarian cancer

We assessed the effect of increasing experience of a single surgeon (learning curve) in the laparoscopic staging procedure for women with early ovarian cancer and compared the results with the literature. We retrospectively analysed a total of 25 women with apparent early-stage ovarian cancer who underwent a laparoscopic staging procedure by the same surgeon. Three time periods, based on date of surgery, were compared with respect to operating time, amount of lymph nodes harvested and surgical outcome. There was no significant difference in operation time, estimated blood loss and hospital stay between the three periods. There was, however, a significant increase in the median number of pelvic and para-aortal lymph nodes harvested (group1 = 6.5, group 2 = 8.0 and group 3 = 21.0; P < 0.005). For the total period, median operation time was 235 min and median estimated blood loss was 100 ml. The median length of hospital stay was 4.0 days. Two intraoperative and two postoperative complications occurred. The upstaging rate was 32%. The mean interval between initial surgery and laparoscopic staging was 51.2 days. Mean duration of follow-up was 43 months, range (1–116 months). Five (20%) patients had recurrences, and two (8%) patients died of the disease. In conclusion, there is a significant learning curve for the laparoscopic full staging procedure in ovarian cancer. In our study this is mainly reflected in the amount of lymph nodes harvested and not in the total operating time.     

Surgical outcome prediction in patients with advanced ovarian cancer using computed tomography scans and intraoperative findings

ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify features on preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans that are predictive of suboptimal primary cytoreduction and to evaluate the correlation between CT findings and intraoperative findings in advanced ovarian cancer.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed preoperative CT scans and operative findings from patients with stage III/IV epithelial ovarian cancer who underwent primary cytoreduction between 2003 and 2006. Fourteen criteria were assessed. Clinical data were extracted from medical records. Residual tumors measuring ≥1 cm were considered suboptimal.ResultsWe retrospectively identified 118 patients who met the study inclusion criteria. The rate of optimal cytoreduction (≤1 cm residual disease) was 40%. On preoperative CT scans, omental extension to the stomach or spleen and inguinal or pelvic lymph nodes >2 cm were predictors of suboptimal cytoreduction on univariate (p = 0.016 and p = 0.028, respectively) and multivariate analysis (p = 0.042 and p = 0.029, respectively). Involvement of both omental extension and inguinal or pelvic lymph nodes had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 45.8% in predicting suboptimal cytoreduction. We correlated the preoperative CT findings with the intraoperative findings. There were significant correlations between CT and intraoperative findings of omental extension (p = 0.007), inguinal or pelvic lymph nodes >2 cm (p < 0.001), and large bowel mesentery implants >2 cm (p = 0.001).ConclusionThe combination of omental extension to the stomach or spleen and involvement of inguinal or pelvic lymph nodes in preoperative CT scans is considered predictive of suboptimal cytoreduction. These patients may be more appropriately treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical cytoreduction.     

A Retrospective Cohort Study Evaluating Surgical Aptitude Over Time in a New Male-To-Female Penoscrotal Vaginoplasty Program

BackgroundGiven the burgeoning demand for gender affirmation surgery, there are few studies examining both surgical process variables and patient outcome variables. Knowing the learning curve for surgical teams who are beginning to perform this procedure will be important for patient safety and presurgical patient counseling as more institutions open transgender surgical programs.AimThe purpose of this study was to determine the demographics of patients pursuing penoscrotal vaginoplasty, to determine their postoperative course, and to determine a learning curve for the surgical team performing penoscrotal vaginoplasty.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed charts of all 43 patients who underwent penoscrotal vaginoplasty from the commencement of a new male-to-female penoscrotal vaginoplasty program in March 2018 through July 2019.OutcomesPrimary outcomes included mean hemoglobin decrease from surgery and operative time. Mean time to neoclitoral sensation, length of hospital admission, complication rates, reoperation rates, length of narcotic use after surgery, and demographics were also evaluated. Associations between surgical team experience and outcomes were assessed with Spearman's rho and Cox regression, and curve-fitting procedures were applied to determine the relationship.ResultsThe mean operative time from initial incision to procedure finish was 225 minutes, and the mean decrease in hemoglobin was 3.3 g/dL. The mean time to neoclitoral sensation was 0.72 months. The time until neoclitoral sensation decreased as the surgical cases performed increased (Spearman's rho, −0.577 [P < .001]), with a power function best describing the learning curve. Operative time did not change with case number (Spearman's rho, 0.062 [P = .698]) but overall time in the operating room did (Spearman's rho, 0.631 [P < .001]). Mean length of hospital admission was 2.9 days. There were no intraoperative complications. 18 patients (42%) experienced a postoperative complication. 8 of 43 patients underwent reoperation (20%). Narcotics were used a mean of 9.5 days after surgery.Clinical ImplicationsA learning curve can be demonstrated in penoscrotal vaginoplasty for time to neoclitoral sensation and overall time in the operating room, plateauing between 30 and 40 cases.Strengths and LimitationsStrengths include assessing a learning curve for time to neoclitoral sensation, length of hospital stay, and length of postoperative narcotic use after penoscrotal vaginoplasty, which, to our knowledge, has not been reported elsewhere. Limitations include our overall low number of patients.ConclusionDespite a low number of cases, length of hospital stay was short and the postoperative complication rate was similar to that of long-standing penoscrotal vaginoplasty programs.Whynott RM, Summers K, Mickelsen R, et al. A Retrospective Cohort Study Evaluating Surgical Aptitude Over Time in a New Male-To-Female Penoscrotal Vaginoplasty Program. J Sex Med 2020;17:1787–1794.     

The role of partial sigmoid colectomy for debulking epithelial ovarian carcinoma

Forty women underwent partial sigmoid colectomy during cytoreductive surgery for advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Twenty-one (53%) and nineteen (47%) received this as part of primary or secondary debulking procedures, respectively. Fifty-four percent had postoperative residual disease less than 1 cm in largest diameter. Even though multiple surgical procedures were performed in conjunction with sigmoid colectomy, 75% of the patients had no significant postoperative morbidity. Postoperative mortality was 2.5%. Seventy-eight percent avoided permanent colostomy. Despite the above morbidity rate and aggressive postoperative therapy, the median survival for the entire group was only 14.5 months, with no significant differences between groups of patients who were categorized by primary or secondary debulking, histologic grade, amount of preoperative disease, ascites, or extent of postoperative residual disease. Although a partial sigmoid colectomy can be performed with a reasonable morbidity rate as part of debulking for ovarian cancer, and probably provides significant palliation of symptoms from large pelvic tumors, it must be used judiciously in selected patients.     

评分系统在评价卵巢癌瘤体减灭术满意度和预后中的价值

目前晚期卵巢癌的常规治疗方案为：初始瘤体减灭术+术后铂类为主的化疗;或者先行探查术或穿刺确诊,行新辅助化疗,再行中间减瘤术。两种方案的选择主要基于患者的肿瘤负荷,还受行减瘤术后发生术后并发症风险的影响。有很多学者提出了相应的评分预测系统,旨在术前或术中评估卵巢癌患者的肿瘤负荷、手术并发症风险来判断其能否行初始满意减瘤术及其预后;目前使用较普遍的评分系统主要有Fagotti评分、改良Fagotti评分（Fagotti-modified评分）、CT评分、Aletti评分、并发症评分、PCI评分以及其他评分系统。Fagotti评分及改良Fagotti评分是腹腔镜探查评分系统,主要用于预测能否行满意减瘤术;CT评分主要用CT检查结合临床特征对是否能行满意肿瘤减灭术进行术前预测;Aletti评分主要描述手术复杂程度;并发症评分主要用于描述手术后并发症发生的风险;PCI评分主要是用于评价肿瘤的腹膜盆腔扩散程度,其他还包括Anne-Lucie Dessapt提出的R0预测评分模型以及Eisenkop提出的五分区评分。     

Visceral obesity and muscle mass determined by CT scan and surgical outcome in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. A retrospective cohort study

ObjectiveVisceral obesity (VO) is a risk factor for developing postoperative complications in patients undergoing abdominal oncological surgery. However, in ovarian cancer patients this influence of body composition on postoperative morbidity is not well established. The aim of this study is to assess the association between body composition and complications in patients with advanced ovarian cancer undergoing cytoreductive surgery.MethodsPatients with FIGO stage 3 or 4 ovarian cancer between 2006 and 2017 were included. Visceral fat area, total skeletal mass and total fat area were measured on a single slice on the level of L3-L4 of the preoperative CT-scan. VO was defined as visceral fat ≥100cm². The perioperative data were extracted retrospectively. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to test the predictive value of multiple variables such as body composition, albumin levels and preoperative morbidity.Results298 consecutive patients out of nine referring hospitals were included. VO patients were more likely to be hypertensive (38% vs 17% p < 0.001), and to have an ASA 3 score (21% vs 10% P = 0.012). Complications occurred more often in VO patients (43% vs 21% P < 0.001). Thrombotic events were found in 4.9% of VO patients versus 0.6% of the non-visceral obese patients (p = 0.019). VO(OR: 4.37, p < 0.001), hypertension (OR:1.9, p = 0.046) and duration of surgery (OR: 1.004, p = 0.017) were predictors of post-surgical complications. Muscle mass is not a predictor of complications.ConclusionVisceral obesity is associated with a higher occurrence of complications in patients with advanced ovarian cancer undergoing cytoreductive surgery.