腹腔镜胆总管切开术与内镜括约肌切开术治疗胆总管结石的比较

目的 探讨腹腔镜与内镜治疗胆总管结石的安全性有效性及适应证。方法 回顾性对比分析1997年7月至2006年6月腹腔镜胆总管切开术及内镜括约肌切开术治疗胆总管结石213例（腹腔镜组122例，内镜组91例）的临床资料。结果 腹腔镜组与内镜组相比手术成功率（96．7％vs．91．2％）及结石清除率（99．2％vs．94．0％）两组相似，近期并发症率（3．4％vs．13．3％，χ^2=6．864，P=0．009）较低；腹腔镜组的平均住院日（z=-2．713，P=0．007）及住院费用（z=-3．156，P=0．002）较高，主要原因是部分病例合并急性梗阻性胆管炎及胆源性胰腺炎预置鼻胆管引流控制感染，以及部分病例行胆总管T管引流等。内镜组发生重症胰腺炎3例（3．6％），其中死亡1例（1．2％）。结论 腹腔镜胆总管切开术保持Oddi括约肌完整，并发症较少、较轻，是治疗胆总管结石较为安全有效的方法。腹腔镜胆总管切开术适用于合并胆囊结石及胆总管扩张，急性梗阻性胆管炎及胆源性胰腺炎得到有效控制，全身情况好、能耐受麻醉手术者；内镜括约肌切开术适用于合并胆总管下段狭窄及结石嵌顿、急性梗阻性胆管炎、胆源性胰腺炎、全身情况差不能耐受麻醉手术的老年患者。     

腹腔镜下胆总管切开术与经内镜括约肌切开术治疗胆总管结石313例

目的 探讨腹腔镜下胆总管切开术(LCBDE)与经内镜括约肌切开术(EST)治疗胆总管结石的疗效及适应证.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2011年12月行LCBDE与EST治疗胆总管结石313例(LCBDE组188例,EST组125例)的临床资料.结果 LCBDE术、EST术的手术成功率分别为98.9％ 、92.8％,平均住院费用分别为1.3万元、1.4万元,近期并发症发生率分别为1.6％、9.6％,平均住院日分别为13.5d、9.8d.结论 两种术式各有优缺点及其适应证.胆总管直径＞1.0 cm的多发或较大结石以及中青年患者应首选LCBDE术式;而胆总管直径＜1.0 cm、胆总管中下段结石或老年胆石症病人宜采用EST术式.     

腹腔镜联合十二指肠镜治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的诊治体会

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术联合十二指肠镜乳头括约肌切开术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的手术疗效。方法共收集45例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行不同手术方式的病例资料,其中行十二指肠镜下乳头括约肌切开联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术者(EST+LC组)共20例,行腹腔镜胆囊切除+胆总管切开取石+T管引流术者(OC+OCHTD组)共25例。对两种术式患者的手术成功率、术后并发症发生率以及住院时间等指标进行统计学分析。结果所有患者均获得2~6月随访。EST+LC组中,18例手术完成,2例因局部粘连或技术原因插管困难,转为开放手术;手后并发症包括2例轻度胰腺炎,1例十二指肠乳头出血,均经过保守后痊愈。OC+OCHTD组中,5例出现手术并发症,包括1例胆漏、2例切口感染、2例腹部感染,经保守治疗痊愈。EST+LC组患者住院时间较OC+OCHTD组明显缩短。结论至少在短期内,内镜十二指肠括约肌切开联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石是一种安全、有效、可行的微创治疗方法。     

Laparoscopic management of choledocholithiasis

The authors report on a group of 114 patients with common bile duct (CBD) stones who were treated by laparoscopic surgery. Management through the cystic duct was considered the first option. Choledochotomy was used for those patients in which the cystic approach was not possible or was unsuccessful. Transcystic lithotripsy was considered for patients with CBD stones in disproportion with the size of the cystic duct. Laparoscopic antegrade sphincterotomy was indicated as a drainage procedure. The transcystic approach was used in 89.5% of the patients; choledochotomy was used in 6.2%; and both ways were used in 4.3%. Different procedures were used, including mechanical and electrohydraulic lithotripsy, choledochotomy with T-tube or endoprostheses drainage, laparoscopic sphincterotomy, end-to-end common bile duct anastomosis, and choledochoduodenum anastomosis. One of the patients was in the 21st week of pregnancy. The laparoscopic approach to choledocholithiasis was successfully performed in 94.8% of the patients. Mean hospital stay was 1.7 days. There was a 6.2% incidence of complications and the mortality rate was 0.9%. In 84.3% of the patients, the transcystic approach was used successfully, with a complication rate of 4.9% and a mean hospital stay of 1.6 days. Three patients were converted to open surgery early in this series. Thus far, one patient has presented residual CBD stones. The results obtained suggest that laparoscopic common bile duct exploration is a technically feasible procedure, with low complication and mortality rates, although it requires adequate selection of patients and a variety of techniques and types of equipment.     

经内镜括约肌切开术治疗胆总管结石125例临床分析

目的 探讨经内镜括约肌切开术( endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)治疗胆总管结石的适应证及有效性.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月至2009年12月应用EST治疗胆总管结石125例的临床资料.结果 本组手术成功率为92.8％,平均住院费用为1.4万元,平均住院时间为9.8d,近期并发症发生率为9...     

Laparoscopic management of difficult recurrent choledocholithiasis.

The management of common bile duct stones has traditionally required open laparotomy and bile duct exploration. With the advent of endoscopic and laparoscopic technology in the latter half of the last century, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and laparoscopic common bile duct exploration has become the mainstream treatment for common bile duct stones in most medical centers around the world. However, in some patients, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is difficult and laparoscopy is challenging because of previous surgery. These facts are highlighted in this report.     

腹腔镜联合术中胆管造影、括约肌切开术序贯诊治胆结石病106例

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC)联合术中胆管造影(intraoperative cholangiography，IOC)、术中括约肌切开术(intraoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy，IOEST)序贯诊治胆结石病的价值。方法回顾分析序贯诊治106例胆结石病的临床效果。结果64例(60．4％，64／106)术前诊断胆囊结石，经IOC发现有胆总管结石；序贯治疗手术成功率为93．4％(99／106)，98例胆总管结石被取净。术后并发症：水肿型急性胰腺炎6例(6．1％)、十二指肠穿孔1例(0．9％，1／106)、胆漏1例(0．9％，1／106)、气胸1例(0．9％，1／106)、漏诊十二指肠乳头癌1例(0．9％，1／106)、胃潴留2例(1．8％，2／106)。术后平均住院时间3．7d。结论LC联合IOC、IOEST能一次性微创诊治胆囊结石合并胆总管结石。     

Laparoscopic choledochotomy in management of choledocholithiasis

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic choledochotomy on patients indicated for common bile duct exploration was carried out according to an algorithm for managing choledocholithiasis. This study describes retrospectively our method and evaluates a new cystic duct biliary decompression cannula (J-tube) as an alternative to the T-tube. METHODS: Patients with confirmed choledocholithiasis (n=46) underwent laparoscopic choledochotomy. The T-tube was inserted in cases with suspected retained stones after common bile duct clearance, and the J-tube (950-mm long, 4 Fr) with a tapered and J-shaped segment at the distal end was inserted in other cases. RESULTS: Only 1 case was converted to open surgery (success rate, 97.8%); the J-tube was inserted in 30 patients and the T-tube in 15. The median operation time, hospital stay, and the interval until removal of the tube were significantly shorter with J-tube than with T-tube cases. Bile leakage after surgery occurred in 4 J-tube and 2 T-tube cases with one residual stone in each case. CONCLUSIONS: The transcystic decompression tube is easily and safely inserted with the J-kit. Among several strategies currently available for the management of choledocholithiasis, laparoscopic choledochotomy with the use of the J-tube is one of the safest and most feasible methods.     

腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊切除术后胆总管结石

目的:探讨腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊切除术后胆总管结石的方法及可行性。方法:回顾分析11例胆囊切除术后胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜手术的临床资料,总结其手术适应证及疗效。结果:11例患者均采用腹腔镜手术清除结石,随访1~21个月,平均13个月,无异常。结论:腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊切除术后胆总管结石安全、可行。     

复杂型胆总管结石的内镜治疗策略

胆总管结石常导致急性胆道梗阻、胆管炎和胰腺炎。内镜下取石术已成为胆管结石的主要治疗方法。使用内镜下常规取石技术可治疗大部分结石,但对于约占10%~15%的复杂型胆总管结石的治疗尚需结合内镜下碎石术,笔者系统回顾和总结目前可用于复杂型胆总管结石的内镜治疗选择方式如内镜下球囊乳头扩张术、内镜引导下碎石术和内镜超声引导下胆道取石术等,以期对难治性胆总管结石临床治疗提供内镜诊疗建议和依据。      

胆总管结石的内镜治疗

目的总结内镜下乳头括约肌切开术（endoscopic sphincterotomy，EST）治疗胆总管结石的疗效及随访结果，分析可能导致取石失败的危险因素。方法2001年4月～2006年1月我院96例经内镜逆行胰胆管显影（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography，ERCP）证实胆总管结石后行EST及内镜下取石。通过随访术后疗效．对可能影响EST取石结果的因素进行分析。结果第1次EST未取出或未取净结石15例，第1次EST结石清除率84．4％（81／96）。第1次取石失败后5例再次行EST取净结石，3例自发排石，2例服中药或其他药物后排石，术后B超或ERCP检查证实结石已经排出，总结石清除率为94．8％（91／96）。术后近期并发症10例，其中急性胰腺炎5例、明显出血3例、急性胆囊炎和（或）急性胆管炎2例。5例因并发症或结石未取净行开腹手术。单因素和多因素分析表明，胆总管结石〉1．5cm和既往有胆总管探查手术史是取石失败的危险因素。85例随访10—59个月，胆总管结石复发3例、急性胆管炎1例；19例单纯胆总管结石在EST取净结石后没有切除胆囊，随访未见异常。结论EST是治疗胆总管结石安全有效的方法。结石〉1．5cm和既往有胆总管探查手术史时，应警惕EST有取石失败的可能。对于单纯性胆总管结石，在EST清除胆总管结石后不必预防性切除胆囊。     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy combined with endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone extraction or laparoscopic choledochoscopy and electrohydraulic lithotripsy for management of cholelithiasis with choledocholithiasis

Summary Six hundred twenty-two laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed at St. Vincent Hospital over a 14-month period. We reviewed the records of 366 of these patients who were referred to the authors. Thirty-six patients had suspected choledocholithiasis. The primary author (M.E.A.) performed 38 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCPs) on these patients for diagnosis and management. Seventeen of the 36 patients had common bile duct stones; 19 patients had negative studies. Of the 17 patients with choledocholithiasis, 15 had successful cannulation of the common bile duct, and, of these, 10 underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy plus endoscopic sphincterotomy and extraction of the common duct stone(s). In one high-risk elderly patient, we extracted the stone from the common duct and left the gallbladder in situ. Two patients failed endoscopic cannulation and underwent open cholecystectomy with common bile duct exploration. Four additional patients, cannulated successfully, had unsuccessful endoscopic stone removal because the stones were too large or were impacted. Two of these patients underwent open cholecystectomy and common duct exploration. The two other patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and choledochoscopy through the cystic duct with the flexible choledochoscope. An electrohydraulic lithotripsy probe was then inserted through the choledochoscope to fragment the stones, and stone fragments were allowed to pass through the previously created sphincterotomy. We believe our data, supported by data in the literature, show that these alternative methods for treating choledocholithiasis are safe and effective and should be considered primary modalities for treating this condition now that laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice for cholelithiasis.     

Laparoscopic antegrade continence enema using a two-port technique

BACKGROUND: The antegrade continence enema is an effective method of treatment of fecal incontinence. We report our experience of a laparoscopic antegrade continence enema procedure and describe a simple approach to this procedure using a two-port technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over a 3-year period, 12 children with intractable constipation and fecal soiling underwent the antegrade continence enema procedure laparoscopically. All cases had full bowel preparation the day before surgery. This procedure was done through one 5-mm camera port and two 5-mm working ports in 8 cases, and using the camera port and only one additional 5-mm working port in 4 cases. The appendix was used in 5 cases and the cecum in 3 cases with the threeport technique while the appendix was used in all 4 cases with the two-port technique. The appendix or cecum was delivered extracorporeally through the 5-mm port site in the right lower quadrant. The mucocutaneous anastomosis was stented using a gastrostomy button. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2004, 12 children (10 male, 2 female) underwent a laparoscopic antegrade continence enema procedure at a median age of 10.5 years (range, 7-14 years). This procedure was easy to perform and no case required conversion to an open procedure. The wash-outs via the MIC-KEY gastrostomy button (MIC-KEY, Kimberly-Clark) were commenced at a median of 3.5 days (range, 1-5 days). Median postoperative hospital stay was 2 days (range, 1-5 days). This procedure was effective in completely resolving fecal incontinence in 9 cases and partially resolving it in 3 cases. There were no episodes of stomal stenosis, leakage, or herniation. However, one case required a revision of antegrade continence enema due to wound breakdown and leakage of irrigation fluid around the stoma. The median follow-up period was 15.5 months (range, 5-32 months). CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic technique is a simple and effective approach in creating an antegrade continence enema. The use of a gastrostomy button can potentially reduce some of the complications commonly associated with an antegrade continence enema. We describe a procedure that incorporates the advantages of both laparoscopy and a button device, which is simple and easy to perform using just two ports.     

Laparoscopic common duct exploration in the management of choledocholithiasis

BACKGROUND: Optimal treatment strategies for addressing common duct stones at laparoscopic cholecystectomy remain controversial. The study presents the authors' experience with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE). METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of 71 LCBDEs performed over 5 years using either transcystic duct flushing and mechanical techniques, transcystic duct basket retreival techniques, or laparoscopic choledochotomy. RESULTS: Laparoscopic CBDE resulted in ductal clearance in 61 of 71 (85%) cases with only 1 case of unsuspected retained common duct stones and only 1 major complication. Review of the cases that did not result in common duct clearance suggests that the success rate of laparoscopic CBDE could be increased. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic CBDE is an effective treatment for concurrent gallstones and common duct stones and avoids the potential morbidity of an endoscopic sphincterotomy. General surgeons with adequate training and experience can perform laparoscopic CBDE safely and effectively.     

Outcomes of cholecystectomy after endoscopic sphincterotomy for choledocholithiasis

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for treatment of symptomatic common bile duct stones (CBDS) after endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) is associated with increased conversion and complications compared with other indications. We examined factors associated with conversion and complications of LC after ES. A retrospective study of 32 patients undergoing ES for CBDS followed by cholecystectomy was undertaken. Surgical outcomes for this group were compared with a control population of 499 LCs for all other indications. Factors associated with open cholecystectomy and complications in the ES group were analyzed. Patients undergoing LC preceded by ES had a significantly higher complication (odds ratio [OR] = 7.97; 95% CI, 2.84–22.5) and conversion rate (OR = 3.45; 95% CI, 1.56–7.66) compared with LC for all other indications. Pre-ES serum bilirubin greater than 5 mg/dL was predictive of conversion (positive predictive value = 63%, P < 0.005). Patients with symptomatic CBDS that undergo LC after ES have higher complication and conversion rates than patients undergoing LC without ES. Pre-ES serum bilirubin is useful in identifying patients who may not have a successful laparoscopic approach at cholecystectomy. Presented at the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons 2004 Annual Scientific Session and Postgraduate Course, Denver, Colorado, March 31, 2004 to April 3, 2004.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and choledocholithiasis.

Between November 1990 and March 1991, five patients with cholelithiasis and associated choledocholithiasis were treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy and common-bile-duct exploration (CBDE). Three patients had a successful CBDE, but in two common-bile-duct stones had to be extracted surgically. Two patients had formal laparoscopic CBDE, and three patients had CBDE performed through the cystic duct. All patients recovered from surgery without complication. Laparoscopic CBDE is difficult to perform because of lack of adequate instrumentation and limited experience. Although the authors do not recommend that this procedure be performed widely at present, they believe it will eventually replace many open CBDEs. The authors review the pertinent literature and evaluate diagnostic means for preoperative and peroperative detection of choledocholithiasis. They discuss the alternatives to laparoscopic CBDE, their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, they summarize their own policy with respect to laparoscopic CBDE.     

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration with T-tube choledochotomy for the management of choledocholithiasis

Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the gold standard for the management of gallstone disease, the application of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) for choledocholithiasis has been slower. The aim of this study is to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of LCBDE. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare LCBDE (n = 82) with conventional common bile duct exploration (CCBDE) (n = 75) and endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) (n = 80) in the management of choledocholithiasis. All our LCBDEs were performed through choledochotomy with T-tube placement. The mean operative time of the LCBDE group (124 +/- 48 minutes) was not significantly longer then the CCBDE group (118 +/- 35 minutes), while the postoperative hospitalization was shorter in both the LCBDE (8 +/- 5 days) and EST (9 +/- 4 days) groups than in the CCBDE (13 +/- 6 days) group. In the LCBDE group, 14 patients (17.1%) required postoperative choledochoscopy to clear residual stones through the T-tube tract. The only mortality occurred in the CCBDE group. The morbidity rate was 3.7% (3/82) in the LCBDE group, including bile leakage in 1 case and bile peritonitis in 2 cases; 6.7% (5/75) in the CCBDE group, including atlectasis in 2 cases, sepsis in 1, and wound infection in 2. There were 2 cases of postoperative pancreatitis (2.5%; 2/80) in the EST group. The difference in the average number of sessions needed for complete clearance of choledocholithiasis in each group was statistically significant (EST, 1.46 +/- 0.67; LCBDE, 1.23 +/- 0.42; and CCBDE, 1.09 +/- 0.28; P < 0.0001). Our results suggested that EST and LCBDE tended to require more therapeutic sessions then CCBDE, although these sessions were less invasive. The benefits of LCBDE include minimal invasiveness, concurrent treatment of gallbladder stone and CBD stones in a single session, and a shorter postoperative hospital stay. However a longer learning curve is needed. Selection of the most suitable therapeutic option for individual patients by an experienced surgeon gives the most benefits to patients.