超声造影剂SonoVue介导质粒绿色荧光蛋白转染小鼠骨骼肌细胞的实验研究

目的 探讨微泡造影剂SonoVue介导基因转染小鼠骨骼肌细胞的作用。方法 采用质粒绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）作为目的基因，超声结合SonoVue作用于小鼠H2K成肌细胞，照射时间分别为10s、20s、30s、40s、50s、60s，流式细胞仪测定GFP阳性细胞率，台盼蓝染色测定细胞生存率。SonoVue结合或不结合超声作用于小鼠胫前肌，1周后处死小鼠，荧光显微镜测定GFP阳性肌纤维数，HE染色估计肌肉破坏面积。结果 加入SonoVue后，GFP阳性细胞率与细胞生存率总体显著低于阳性对照组；动物实验显示，SonoVue结合或不结合超声均显著增强GFP基因表达水平作用。结论 体外细胞培养SonoVue无增强GFP基因转染的作用，却增加细胞损伤；活体小鼠实验显示SonoVue具有良好的增强骨骼肌细胞基因表达作用。     

超声造影剂Optison介导质粒GFP转染小鼠骨骼肌细胞的实验研究

目的 探讨微泡造影剂Optison介导基因转染小鼠骨骼肌细胞的作用.方法 采用质粒GFP作为目的基因,超声(1 MHz脉冲波,20%工作周期,空间时间峰值强度1 W/cm2)结合Optison作用于小鼠体外H2K成肌细胞,照射时间分别为10、20、30、40、50及60 s,流式细胞仪测定GFP阳性细胞率,台盼蓝染色测定细胞生存率.超声结合Optison作用于小鼠胫前肌,1周后处死小鼠,荧光显微镜检测GFP阳性肌纤维数,HE染色后计算肌肉损伤面积.结果 活体外细胞实验结果显示,与阳性对照组相比,Optison结合超声作用于H2K细胞10、20及30 s时,显著增强GFP基因表达水平(P＜0.01),但于40、50及60 s时基因表达水平显著降低(P＜0.01),细胞死亡率总体显著增加(P＜0.01).动物实验结果显示,Optison单独或结合超声均显著增强GFP基因表达水平,且Optison单独作用显著减少肌肉损伤面积.结论 Optison可显著增强活体小鼠骨骼肌细胞基因表达水平,同时具有肌肉保护作用.     

超声介导质粒GFP转染小鼠H2K成肌细胞的实验研究

目的 探讨超声介导基因转染小鼠骨骼肌细胞的作用。方法 采用质粒GFP作为目的基因，超声(频率1MHz，脉冲波，工作周期20％)作用于H2K成肌细胞，分别使用两种空间时间峰值强度(0．5W／cm^2、1W／cm^2)，照射时间分别为10s、20s、30s、40s、50s、60s。流式细胞仪测定GFP阳性细胞率，台盼蓝染色测定细胞生存率。结果 较低能量超声(0．5W／cm^2)GFP阳性细胞率总体显著低于较高能量超声(1W／cm^2)，超声增强GFP转染H2K细胞的最佳条件为：空间时间峰值强度1W／cm^2，照射时间40～50s。超声作用并未明显增加细胞死亡率。结论 超声在增强骨骼肌细胞基因转染领域应用前景广阔。     

超声微泡造影剂介导小鼠骨骼肌基因转染实验研究

目的探讨微泡造影剂在超声作用下是否可增加小鼠骨骼肌基因转染效率.方法 40只昆明小鼠随机分为4组,每组10只,第一组:在胫前肌注射造影剂与绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)质粒的混合溶液;第二组:注射与第一组相同的混合溶液后立即加超声辐照;第三组:注射GFP;第四组:在注射GFP后立即用超声辐照.7天后取小鼠胫前肌观察绿色荧光蛋白的表达情况.结果第一组与第二组有较多GFP表达,部分肌纤维绿色荧光较明亮,部分较暗淡;第三组和第四组GFP表达量较少.第一组与其余各组间的差异有显著性意义,P＜0.05;第二组与其余各组间的差异有显著性意义,P＜0.05;第三组与第四组间的差异无显著性意义,P＞0.05.结论超声微泡造影剂在超声作用下可明显增强小鼠骨骼肌的基因转染效率;未加超声波作用时,直接肌注携基因的超声微泡造影剂亦可增加小鼠骨骼肌的基因转染效率.     

超声介导SonoVue增效Survivin基因转染脐血来源树突状细胞的实验研究

目的探讨超声联合微泡造影剂Sono Vue增效脂质体介导的Survivin基因体外转染脐血来源树突状细胞的方法。方法体外培养扩增脐血来源的树突状细胞,在不同强度超声波和不同剂量造影剂Sono Vue作用下,观察脂质体介导的凋亡抑制因子Survivin基因与绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)共表达的融合重组质粒pEGFP-C1-Survivin在树突状细胞的定向转染。激光共聚焦显微镜定性观察细胞转化情况,流式细胞仪观察树突状细胞的表型变化及定量观察细胞转化效率,台盼蓝染色检测超声作用于细胞的安全性。结果脐血来源的树突状细胞以超声机械指数1.0、作用时间60s基因转染时对细胞比较安全,Sono Vue浓度为10%时达到最佳的基因转染效率。流式细胞仪检测转染前后树突状细胞的表型无明显变化,平均转化阳性率可达(51.4±2.5)%,高于单纯脂质体转染的效率(P<0.05)。结论超声联合微泡造影剂Sono Vue可提高脂质体介导的Survivin基因体外转染树突状细胞的效率,为肿瘤的基因及免疫治疗研究提供了新的思路。     

共聚物P85和微泡造影剂对小鼠骨骼肌超声介导基因转染的影响

目的 探讨共聚物P85、微泡造影剂和超声在质粒DNA对小鼠骨骼肌基因转染中的影响.方法 应用共聚物P85、微泡造影剂Optison与DNA混合后直接小鼠胫前肌(TA)注射,并辐照超声.1周后取出胫前肌并快速冰冻切片,荧光显微镜计数表达GFP转染的肌纤维数,HE染色评价肌肉损伤情况.结果 共聚物P85和微泡造影剂Optison均可促进质粒DNA的基因转染(P<0.01,P<0.05).辐照超声可使P85介导的基因转染效率显著提高(P<0.01),但对微泡造影剂介导的基因转染却无显著提高(P>0.05),并且P85所介导的基因转染效率高于微泡造影剂介导的基因转染效率(P<0.01).微泡造影剂和P85耦合并辐照超声可使质粒的基因转染效率显著提高,与所有各组的差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).同时辐照超声显著增加含微泡造影剂组骨骼肌的损伤面积(P<0.01).结论 共聚物P85和微泡造影剂可介导质粒DNA的基因转染,辐照超声对其有促进作用,三者联合应用具有协同作用.     

诊断超声提高脂质体介导血管内皮生长因子基因转染的体外实验

目的 研究超声破坏微泡造影剂的方法提高脂质体介导的血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)基因在内皮细胞中转染率的可行性。方法 脂质体介导VEGF基因转染1h后，将6孔板中的内皮细胞每孔加入造影剂10μl或100μl或500μl，然后置于水槽中，暴露在超声下30s、60s、90s。2d后，用荧光显微镜观察标记基因增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)的表达。结果 超声照射细胞30s和60s，EGFP基因表达显著提高，照射90s时杀死了大多数细胞。每孔加入微泡造影剂100μl时，其在超声作用下产生的空化作用提高了基因转染效率，造影剂为500μl时，细胞死亡率较高。结论 超声破坏微泡造影剂可以提高脂质体介导的基因细胞转染效率，为今后治疗基因的体内转染提供了经验。     

超声微泡介导绿色荧光蛋白基因在视网膜神经节细胞表达的实验研究

目的探讨超声微泡介导绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)基因在视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)中的转染效率、优化转染的条件及毒性。方法体外培养RGCs,以GFP基因为报告基因,微泡造影剂(声诺维)为载体,用超声辐照介导质粒pEGFP-N1转染RGCs。实验组为质粒组、微泡+质粒组、超声+质粒组、超声+微泡+质粒组,超声+微泡+质粒组根据转染条件不同分成亚组;对照组为空白对照。荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪测定GFP的表达,MTT法检测RGCs的活性。结果与超声+质粒组相比,超声+微泡+质粒组RGCs转染率增加约5倍。优化转染条件后,频率300kHz,声强1.25W/cm2,连续波,辐照时间60s,微泡浓度45μg/ml,质粒浓度50μg/ml时,24孔板培养的RGCs转染率为(26.87±3.12)%。毒性实验证明超声微泡在该条件下进行基因转染对RGCs无毒副作用。结论在一定条件下,超声破裂微泡能增强基因的转染与表达,有望成为一种安全、有效的基因载体。     

纳米微泡介导GFP转染小鼠骨骼肌细胞的实验研究

目的 探讨两种纳米微泡(白蛋白外膜和磷脂外膜)增强基因转染小鼠骨骼肌的作用.方法 以正常C57B10小鼠胫前肌为研究对象,目的基因GFP与微泡混合注入小鼠胫前肌,一侧胫前肌经超声(1MHz脉冲波,脉冲重复频率为100 Hz,20％工作周期,空间峰值时间峰值声强为2 W/cm2,辐照作用时间30 s),另一侧胫前肌不经超声辐照.观察白蛋白纳米微泡及磷脂纳米微泡增强骨骼肌细胞GFP转染水平的作用.1周后处死小鼠,荧光显微镜观察发出绿色荧光者为GFP阳性肌纤维细胞,计数最大GFP阳性肌纤维细胞数,作为GFP基因转染效率指标.结果 ①白蛋白纳米微泡组和白蛋白纳米微泡+超声组最大GFP阳性肌纤维数显著高于阴性对照组(P＜0.05),显著低于阳性对照组(P＜0.05).②磷脂纳米微泡组与阴性对照组及阳性对照组比较,最大GFP阳性肌纤维数差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).磷脂纳米微泡+超声组最大GFP阳性肌纤维数较阴性对照组显著增高(P＜0.05);磷脂纳米微泡+超声组与阳性对照组最大GFP阳性肌纤维数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 纳米微泡可增强基因转染骨骼肌细胞效率,白蛋白含氟化气体纳米微泡具有发展潜力.     

亚微米级超声微泡造影剂的制备及体外基因转染效率的实验研究

目的 探索制备亚微米级超声微泡造影剂的方法 ,以GFP作为目的 基因验证其作为一种新型基因载体的可行性.方法 以高剪切分散法制备超声微泡造影剂,透射电镜及激光粒度分析仪检测其形态及粒径;将超声微泡造影剂与不同剂量的绿色荧光蛋白质粒PShuttle-IRES-hrGFP-1结合后转染HepG2细胞,利用荧光显微镜观察并检测其基因转染效率.结果 自制超声微泡造影剂为均匀分散的圆泡,粒径分布在282.2～415.7 nm之间,平均值为(335±5)nm,达到亚微米级;该微泡能将GFP基因成功转运到HepG2细胞内并高效表达,转染效率达32.61%±3.42%.结论 自制亚微米级超声微泡造影剂粒径小、分散均匀,并能成功转运外源DNA进入细胞内,可作为一种新型基因载体.     

Development of safe and efficient novel nonviral gene transfer using ultrasound: enhancement of transfection efficiency of naked plasmid DNA in skeletal muscle

Although clinical trials of stimulation of angiogenesis by transfection of angiogenic growth factors using naked plasmid DNA or adenoviral vector have been successful, there are still unresolved problems for human gene therapy such as low transfection efficiency and safety. From this viewpoint, it is necessary to develop safe and efficient novel nonviral gene transfer methods. As therapeutic ultrasound induces cell membrane permeabilization, ultrasound irradiation might increase the transfection efficiency of naked plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle. Thus, we examined the transfection efficiency of naked plasmid DNA using ultrasound irradiation with echo contrast microbubble (Optison) in vitro and in vivo experiments. First, we examined the feasibility of ultrasound-mediated transfection of naked plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle cells. Luciferase plasmid mixed with or without Optison was transfected into cultured human skeletal muscle cells using ultrasound (1 MHz; 0.4 W(2)) for 30 s. Interestingly, luciferase activity was markedly increased in cells treated with Optison, while little luciferase activity could be detected without Optison (P < 0.01). Electron microscopy demonstrated the transient formation of holes (less than 5 microM) in the cell surface, which could possibly explain the rapid migration of the transgene into the cells. Next, we studied the in vivo transfection efficiency of naked plasmid DNA using ultrasound with Optison into skeletal muscle. Two days after transfection, luciferase activity in skeletal muscle transfected with Optison using ultrasound was significantly increased about 10-fold as compared with plasmid alone. Successful transfection was also confirmed by beta-galactosidase staining. Finally, we examined the feasibility of therapeutic angiogenesis using naked hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plasmid in a rabbit ischemia model using the ultrasound-Optison method. Five weeks after transfection, the angiographic score and the number of capillary density in rabbits transfected with Optison using ultrasound was significantly increased as compared with HGF plasmid alone (P < 0.01), accompanied by a significant increase in blood flow and blood pressure ratio (P < 0.01). Overall, the ultrasound transfection method with Optison enhanced the transfection efficiency of naked plasmid DNA in vivo as well as in vitro. Transfection of HGF plasmid by the ultrasound-Optison method could be useful for safe clinical gene therapy to treat peripheral arterial disease without a viral vector system.     

Microbubble ultrasound improves the efficiency of gene transduction in skeletal muscle in vivo with reduced tissue damage

Intramuscular injection of naked plasmid DNA is a safe approach to the systemic delivery of therapeutic gene products, but with limited efficiency. We have investigated the use of microbubble ultrasound to augment naked plasmid DNA delivery by direct injection into mouse skeletal muscle in vivo, in both young (4 weeks) and older (6 months) mice. We observed that the albumin-coated microbubble, Optison (licensed for echocardiography in patients), significantly improves the transfection efficiency even in the absence of ultrasound. The increase in transgene expression is age related as Optison improves transgene expression less efficiently in older mice than in younger mice. More importantly, Optison markedly reduces muscle damage associated with naked plasmid DNA and the presence of cationic polymer PEI 25000. Ultrasound at moderate power (3 W/cm2 1 MHz, 60 s exposure, duty cycle 20%), combined with Optison, increases transfection efficiency in older, but not in young, mice. The safe clinical use of microbubbles and therapeutic ultrasound and, particularly, the protective effect of the microbubbles against tissue damage provide a highly promising approach for gene delivery in muscle in vivo.     

Insonation facilitates plasmid DNA transfection into the central nervous system and microbubbles enhance the effect

Many of the diseases which affect the central nervous system are intractable to conventional therapies and therefore require alternative treatments such as gene therapy. Therapy requires safety, since the central nervous system is a critical organ. Choice of nonviral vectors such as naked plasmid DNA may have merit. However, transfection efficiencies of these vectors are low. We have investigated the use of 210.4 kHz ultrasound and found that 5.0 W/cm(2) of insonation for 5 s most effectively transfected a plasmid DNA into culture slices of mouse brain (147.68-fold increase compared with 0 W/cm(2) of insonation for 5 s). The effect was reinforced by combination with echo contrast agent, Levovist. One hundred fifty mg/mL of Levovist significantly increased gene transfection by ultrasound (5.23-fold when insonated at 5.0 W/cm(2) for 5 s). When DNA was intracranially injected, Levovist also enhanced gene transfection in newborn mice (4.49-fold increase when insonated at 5.0 W/cm(2) for 5 s). Since ultrasound successfully transfected naked plasmid DNA into the neural tissue and Levovist enhanced the effect, this approach may have a significant role in gene transfer to the central nervous system.     

Optimizing plasmid-based gene transfer for investigating skeletal muscle structure and function.

Intramuscular injection of naked plasmid DNA is a less cytotoxic alternative to viral vectors for delivering genetic material to skeletal muscle in vivo. However, the low efficiency of plasmid-based gene transfer limits its potential therapeutic efficacy and/or its use for many experimental applications. Current strategies to enhance transfection efficiency (i.e., electroporation) can cause significant muscle damage, confounding physiological assessments such as muscle contractility. Optimizing protocols to limit damage is critical for accurate physiological, biochemical, and molecular measurements. Following extensive testing, we developed an electroporation protocol that enhances transfection efficiency in skeletal muscles without causing muscle damage. Pretreating mouse tibialis anterior muscles with hyaluronidase and electroporation at 75 V/cm (using 50% vol/vol saline as a vehicle for plasmid DNA) resulted in 22 +/- 5% of the muscle fibers expressing a reporter gene. This protocol did not compromise contractile function of skeletal muscles assessed at both the intact (whole) muscle and the cellular (single fiber) level. Furthermore, ectopic expression of insulin-like growth factor I to levels that induced muscle fiber hypertrophy without causing tissue damage or compromising muscle function highlights the therapeutic potential of these methods for myopathies, muscle wasting disorders, and other pathophysiologic conditions.     

脂质体微泡对超声介导基因转染的增效作用研究

目的 探讨超声介导基因转染时,脂质体微泡(LM)对体内、外红色荧光蛋白基因(RFP)转染的增效作用及其安全性.方法将RFP和LM加入培养的Hela细胞后行超声辐照(US),对微泡浓度、超声强度、辐照时间进行优化研究,运用荧光显微镜、流式细胞术评估基因转染率,并对细胞损伤进行分析.在裸鼠移植瘤的体内实验中,将LM和RFP质粒(P)经尾静脉注入后予以超声辐照(P+LM+US),以单纯质粒注射(P)、P+US、P+LM作为对照,行冰冻切片,组织学检查,RFP表达检测.结果培养的Hela细胞经LM和超声辐照联合处理后,RFP基因转染率显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),在超声强度为1.0 W/cm2、微泡浓度为6%、辐照3 min的条件下最显著,且未发现显著的细胞损伤.P+LM+US组的裸鼠移植瘤内RFP表达显著高于P组、P+US组或P+LM组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01),且未观察到明显的组织损伤.结论 LM对超声介导基因转染的体内、外转染效率有显著的增效作用,而无明显的细胞或组织损伤,为临床基因治疗提供一种新颖、高效、安全的非病毒基因转染方法.