克罗恩病伴下肢深静脉血栓应用华法林致出血1例的药学监护

目的 通过临床药师全程参与1例克罗恩病伴下肢深静脉血栓病人应用华法林致出血的抗凝治疗过程,探讨临床药师在临床治疗中发挥的作用.方法 对病人全程进行药学监护,分析评估病人应用华法林致出血的可能原因,协助医师制定和调整用药方案,并对病人进行用药教育以加强自我抗凝管理.结果 病人出血停止.结论 临床药师通过参与临床实践,可协助医师提高药物治疗的安全性和有效性,使病人获得优良的药学服务.     

1例癫痫患者心脏机械瓣膜置换术后的华法林个体化给药监护

目的:探讨临床药师参与心脏机械瓣膜置换术后患者用药监护中的意义。方法:回顾性分析临床药师从遗传因素、合并疾病、药物相互作用等方面协助临床医师为1例癫痫患者心脏机械瓣膜置换术后制订个体化的抗凝治疗方案,并对其进行全程药学监护。结果:通过对该患者进行华法林个体化给药监护,明显缩短了国际标准化比值(INR)调整至稳态的时间,同时保证了患者在服用华法林期间的用药安全。结论:临床药师参与心脏机械瓣膜置换术患者术后的华法林个体化给药监护对提高患者术后初始和长期抗凝治疗的安全性和有效性具有重要的意义。     

临床药师参与房颤卒中合并尿路感染患者的药学监护实践与分析

目的探讨临床药师在房颤卒中患者药学监护中的作用。方法临床药师积极参与房颤脑卒中合并尿路感染患者治疗策略的制定,通过对患者进行卒中病因分型,分析华法林与抗菌药物相互作用及其对华法林抗凝治疗的影响,为临床医师提供充分的决策依据和合理的药物治疗建议,同时对患者出院带药进行用药教育。结果对于服用华法林的房颤卒中患者,在合并感染的情况下,临床药师协助医师为患者制定出合理的治疗策略。结论临床药师参与多学科治疗团队,能为药物治疗决策提供积极帮助,为患者提供合理的用药宣教,保证临床用药安全、有效。     

1例肺血栓栓塞患者的药学监护

目的通过临床药师对1例肺血栓栓塞患者的药学监护,提高临床个体化用药安全性和有效性的相关工作。方法临床药师对患者进行全程药学监护,通过分析患者国际化标准比值异常波动的可能原因,监测凝血功能和不良反应,协助医师调整华法林的给药剂量。结果患者用药的疗效得到提高,药物不良反应大幅度降低。结论临床药师参与临床实践,通过对患者进行全程药学监护,协助医师共同制订治疗方案,可改善患者的药物治疗及临床个体化用药。     

LVAD植入术后患者个体化抗凝治疗的药学实践

目的 ：探讨临床药师在左心室辅助装置植入术后患者个体化抗凝治疗中的作用。方法 ：临床药师全程参与1例左心室辅助装置植入术后患者的抗凝治疗过程，通过多学科会诊、药物基因检测、用药监护等模式提供个体化、精准化药学服务。结果 ：临床药师协助医师制定了术后应用华法林长期抗凝的治疗方案，及时关注到围术期华法林与其他药物间相互作用，动态调整华法林剂量以减少INR大幅波动，避免了出血事件的发生。结论 ：临床药师可积极发挥专业特长协助医师制定和优化患者的治疗方案，保障患者用药安全有效。     

华法林应用存在的风险因素分析及用药监护探讨

目的做好药学监护工作,保证患者用药安全。方法结合工作实际,分析华法林临床应用时可能存在的风险,并探讨临床药师应发挥的作用。结果与结论临床药师应利用药学知识并结合药学服务实践,对服用华法林抗凝的患者进行一系列用药监护,以提高患者对自身疾病的治疗认知程度和用药的依从性,更好地发挥药物疗效,避免出血等风险发生,保证用药安全。     

房颤合并冠心病患者服用华法林致INR异常1例的药学监护

目的:探讨临床药师在房颤合并多种疾病的老年患者中开展华法林药学监护的内容和模式。方法:通过1例房颤合并冠心病、尿路感染的老年患者使用华法林后INR异常升高的病例,介绍临床药师分析导致INR异常升高的原因、协助医生制定个体化药学监护计划并实施全程药学监护的过程。结果:经过调整华法林剂量以及其他治疗药物、对患者进行用药教育,患者住院期间未发生出血及栓塞事件,最终达到满意的抗凝治疗效果。结论:对合并多种疾病的房颤患者实施抗凝方案的用药监护,有利于提高患者用药依从性,避免药物不良反应发生,更好地保障用药的有效性和安全性。     

临床药师参与1例人工肝术后下肢深静脉血栓病例的临床实践

摘要：目的 通过临床药师参与1例人工肝术后下肢深静脉血栓病例的临床治疗实践,探讨临床药师在治疗中所起的作用。方法 临床药师通过查阅指南、专家共识、文献资料,分析人工肝术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的原因,预防措施以及参与制定个体化抗凝治疗方案、药学监护及用药教育。结果 临床医师与药师共同制定华法林抗凝治疗方案,临床药师对患者进行药学监护、用药教育,用药过程未发生不良反应,患者熟练掌握华法林治疗注意事项,依从性良好。结论 临床药师协助临床医师制定个体化的抗凝治疗方案,做好药学监护、用药教育,保障治疗的安全性、有效性。     

系统性红斑狼疮合并急性脑梗死抗凝治疗1例报告及分析

临床药师参与1例系统性红斑狼疮合并多发脑梗死的抗凝治疗过程,协助医师评估患者血栓及出血风险,制定个体化的抗凝治疗方案。患者因肾功能不全合并血小板减少,初始抗凝方案为阿加曲班,但是患者不能耐受输液过程中产生的头痛且凝血相关指标未达到目标范围,临床药师建议换用华法林进行抗凝治疗,通过监测国际标准化比值,及时进行华法林给药方案的调整,关注药物不良相互作用,患者临床指标及脑梗死相关症状逐渐好转,无明显出血症状。临床药师参与临床药物治疗,对患者实施了全面的药学监护,为保障患者用药安全和有效发挥了积极作用。     

基于基因多态性调整华法林治疗儿童脑静脉窦血栓形成1例

目的：探讨临床药师在儿童脑静脉窦血栓形成治疗中的药学监护作用,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法：回顾性分析临床药师对1例儿童脑静脉窦血栓形成治疗中的药学监护过程。结果：临床药师通过分析患儿病情、华法林基因型和国际标准化比值,协助临床医师调整华法林用药方案,患儿康复出院。结论：临床药师基于基因多态性参与患儿华法林个体化抗凝方案的制定,有利于提高药物治疗水平,确保患儿用药安全、有效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.