Prediction of imminent complications in HIV-1-infected patients by markers of lymphocyte apoptosis

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare accepted surrogate markers of HIV disease progression with markers of lymphocyte apoptosis in their ability to predict short-term disease progression. METHODS: In all, 40 HIV-positive patients were studied prospectively and observed during follow-up for HIV-related adverse clinical events. Ex vivo apoptosis was measured with the markers CD95 expression, annexin V binding, and Apostain dye uptake by flow cytometry at baseline. Established markers of disease progression (CD4 count, HIV-RNA level, and CD8/38 count), CD8, B-cell, and natural killer (NK) cell counts were determined by standard procedures at baseline and after 6 months. RESULTS: In HIV-infected patients, CD95 expression and annexin V binding showed significantly elevated apoptosis in peripheral blood lymphocytes and all lymphocyte subsets at baseline compared with HIV-negative, healthy controls. Apostain failed to differentiate between HIV-infected patients and healthy controls. HIV-related complications could be predicted by CD4 and CD8/38 counts, but not HIV viral load as assessed by relative operating characteristic (ROC) analysis (CD4, p = .003; CD8/38, p = .031). A similar or even better diagnostic accuracy was found for CD95 expression in total lymphocytes (p<.001), the CD4+ (p = .003) and CD8+ (p = .005) T-cell subsets and for annexin V binding in CD4+ T cells (p = .005). When patients with CD4 counts <200 cells/microl were analyzed separately, only annexin V binding in CD4+ T cells, but none of the other prognostic markers could predict complications (p = .001). CONCLUSION: Determination of annexin V binding on CD4+ T cells may be a useful tool to monitor HIV-infected patients with low (<200 cells/microl) CD4 counts, as it can reliably assess the risk for imminent complications in such patients.     

外周血CD3~+CD56~+T细胞在恶性肿瘤患者中的表现及临床意义

目的了解 CD3+ CD5 6 + T细胞与 CD3- CD5 6 + 、CD3+ CD5 6 - 的关系及其在参与恶性肿瘤患者抗肿瘤免疫中的作用。方法采用流式细胞术对 10 0例恶性肿瘤患者 (5 5例实体瘤患者和 45例非实体瘤患者 )及 46例健康对照组外周血中的 CD3+ CD5 6 +、CD3- CD5 6 +、CD3+ CD5 6 - 3类淋巴细胞进行标记分析。结果在实体瘤和非实体瘤患者组中 :CD3+ CD5 6 + T细胞均有高表达 ,2组患者与健康对照组比较均有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 1)。 CD3+ CD5 6 - T细胞在实体瘤组的表达都显著低于非实体瘤组和健康对照组 ,2组间比较均有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 0 1) ;而 CD3- CD5 6 + NK细胞在 2患者组中的表达与健康对照组比较均无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论 CD3+ CD5 6 + T细胞在恶性肿瘤患者外周血中的高表达较 CD3- CD5 6 + NK细胞更明显 ,并且不受恶性肿瘤细胞类型的影响 ,提示高表达的 CD3+ CD5 6 + T细胞是参与抗肿瘤免疫的重要表现     

Expression of human CD226 on T cells and natural killer cells and of soluble CD226 in plasma of HIV-1-infected Chinese patients

Our objective was to detect the expression of CD226 on natural killer (NK) cells and T cells, and to measure the amount of soluble CD226 in the plasma of HIV-infected individuals, in order to evaluate the function of CD226 in HIV infection. Thirty-four untreated HIV-1-infected patients and 26 normal controls were enrolled and three-color flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of CD226 on T lymphocytes and NK cells in whole blood samples taken from the patients and normal controls, and in HIV-1SF33-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). An enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the level of soluble CD226 in the plasma of HIV-infected patients and normal controls and in the supernatant of HIV-1SF33-infected cells. The level of CD226 expression on CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells and on CD3- CD16+ NK cells of HIV-infected patients was significantly higher than that of normal controls (p < 0.01). The level of soluble CD226 in the plasma of HIV-infected patients was also significantly higher than that of normal controls (p < 0.01). After stimulation with HIV-1SF33, the level of CD226 expression on CD3+ T cells and CD3- CD16+ NK cells of cultured PBMCs reached peak values at 48 h, which was earlier than in uninfected control cells (72 h). The level of soluble CD226 in the supernatant of HIV- 1SF33-infected cell culture was higher than that of uninfected cells, and the level of soluble CD226 in the supernatant of HIV-1SF33-infected cells reached the peak value at 72 h, which was earlier than in uninfected control cells (96 h) but later than the time of peak CD226 expression on CD3+ T lymphocytes (48 h). We conclude that CD226 may be involved in the immune response to HIV infection and that further experiments are needed to find the function of CD226 in the pathogenesis of HIV infection.     

结核性胸液中NK细胞的亚群及表型功能特征分析

目的探讨结核性胸液(PFC)中NK细胞的亚群分布及表型功能特征。方法以正常人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)作对照,利用多种标记抗体进行表面和细胞内细胞毒效应分子染色,再利用流式细胞仪在单个细胞水平上分析结核性胸水中NK细胞亚群的异质性和生物学特征。结果 NK细胞可以分为CD56+CD16-、CD56+CD16+和CD56-CD16+三个亚群,与PBMC中的NK细胞相比,PFC中CD56+CD16-NK细胞亚群明显增加,而CD56+CD16+NK细胞亚群比例明显下降;结核性胸液中CD56+CD16-及CD56+CD16+NK细胞亚群表达较低水平的颗粒酶B,CD107a/b的比例在结核性胸液中3个NK细胞亚群中均有增加(P<0.05)。结核性胸液中NK细胞表达高水平表面抑制性受体NKG2A及表面活化性受体NKG2D。活化分子CD69及CD25在结核性胸水中NK细胞上的表达均有所增加(P<0.05)。结论结核性胸液中的NK细胞比例与PBMC相比发生变化,结核性胸液中的NK细胞表达低水平杀伤分子颗粒酶B但表达高水平活化分子CD69,提示NK细胞在结核感染中发挥其生物学功能。     

T-Cell Immune Imbalance in Rheumatoid Arthritis Is Associated with Alterations in NK Cells and NK-Like T Cells Expressing CD38

BackgroundCD38+ NK (CD3− CD16+ CD38+ CD56+) cells were increased in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which suppressed Treg cell differentiation. This study explored how CD38+ NK cells regulated CD4+ T-cell differentiation into Treg cells in RA.MethodsProportions of CD38+ NK cells and their counterpart CD38+ NK-like T (CD3+ CD16+ CD38+ CD56+) cells were measured in RA and rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). CD38+ NK cells and CD38+ NK-like T cells were cocultured with CD4+ T cells, respectively.ResultsA significantly increased proportion of CD38+ NK cells and a decreased proportion of CD38+ NK-like T cells were detected in RA and CIA blood and synovial fluids. When CD4+ T cells were cocultured with CD38+ NK cells, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling was activated, and Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg ratios were increased. When CD38+ NK cells were pretreated with anti-CD38 antibody, Treg cell proportion was increased, and Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg ratios were decreased. CD38+ NK-like T cells showed the opposite results. CD38+ NK cells and CD38+ NK-like-T cells activated differential gene expressions and pathways in CD4+ T cells and initiated Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation by differential gene nodes.ConclusionsThis study suggest that the high CD38+ NK cell proportion and low CD38+ NK-like T cell proportion in RA suppress Treg cell differentiation by stimulating mTOR signaling in CD4+ T cells, which consequentially disturbs the immune tolerance.     

Selective increase of activation antigens HLA-DR and CD38 on CD4+ CD45RO+ T lymphocytes during HIV-1 infection.

Infection with HIV results in a progressive depletion of CD4+ T cells and leads to significant in vivo lymphocyte phenotype changes. In this regard, the expression of HLA-DR and CD38 on CD8+ T cells has been shown to increase dramatically with disease progression. We investigated the expression of both activation markers on CD4+ T cells in HIV-1-infected subjects at different clinical stages of infection and compared the in vivo activation of CD4+ T cells with parameters of viral activity and CD8+ T cell activation. Fresh peripheral venous blood was obtained from 54 HIV-infected subjects and from 28 uninfected healthy controls. Three-colour immunophenotyping of the CD4+ T cell subset showed that the proportion of CD4+ T cells expressing HLA-DR (10% in HIV-negative controls) or CD38 (62% in HIV-negative controls) was higher in asymptomatic (P < 0.05 for CD38) and symptomatic (P < 0.001 for HLA-DR and CD38) HIV-infected subjects than in controls, whereas the proportion of CD4+ T cells expressing CD45RO (54% in controls) remained relatively unchanged. Simultaneous expression of HLA-DR and CD38 on CD4+ T cells increased from 2.3% in controls to 11% (P < 0.001) in asymptomatic and 22% (P < 0.001) in symptomatic HIV-infected subjects. This relative increase of CD38 and HLA-DR expression occurred mainly on CD4+ T cells co-expressing CD45RO. Changes in expression of HLA-DR and CD38 on CD4+ T cells correlated with similar changes on CD8+ T lymphocytes, with the presence of HIV antigen in the circulation, and with the disease stage of HIV infection.     

CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules on circulating T cells of HIV infected individuals

The expression of CD80 and CD86 costimulatory molecules, typical for antigen presenting cells (APC), was measured on circulating T cells of 20 HIV-infected individuals and of 11 HIV-negative healthy controls. The CD80 and CD86 molecules were present on both circulating T subsets of HIV-infected individuals (mean of CD80 expression within CD4+ T cells [CD80/CD4]: 5.0%; and CD86/CD4: 2.6%; CD80/CD8 4.1% and CD86/CD8: 2.7%) and were associated with HLA-DR expression. Some CD80 and CD86 expression was also found in normal controls, and only the expression of CD86 was significantly (P < 0.05) increased on CD4 + and CD8 + T cells of HIV-infected individuals. The expression of CD28 was decreased on T cells of HIV-infected individuals and was negatively correlated to the expression of HLA-DR and CD86 (mean CD28 within CD3+T cells: HIV+ 29.5%, HIV - 67.6%; correlation coefficient, - 0.75 and - 0.71, respectively). The more the disease proceeds, the less CD28 and the more DR and CD86 are found on circulating T cells. This suggests that during HIV infection T cells themselves develop an antigen presenting phenotype by upregulating expression of HLA-DR, CD86 and CD80 molecules.     

Alterations of natural killer cell and T-lymphocyte counts in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus through blood and plasma sold in the past in China and in whom infection has progressed slowly over a long period

Natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, and T lymphocytes were analyzed by using a flow cytometer in 225 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals infected through the past sale of blood and plasma without receiving antiretroviral therapy in the People's Republic of China. According to CD4 T-cell counts these HIV-infected adults were stratified into three groups: long-term slow progressors, HIV-infected subjects, and AIDS patients. NK cell counts in long-term slow progressors were higher compared to HIV infection and AIDS patients (P < 0.05) and lower compared to normal controls (P < 0.05), whereas NKT cell counts in slow progressors and the HIV infection group were not different from those of normal controls. NK cell counts in HIV-seropositive subjects were positively correlated with CD4 T-cell counts (P < 0.05), and NKT cell counts were positively correlated with CD4 T-cell and CD8 T-cell counts (P < 0.05). The CD8 T-cell counts were higher in slow progressors compared to those with HIV infection, AIDS patients, and normal controls. These results indicated that HIV infection causes alterations of NK cells and T cells in slow progressors, HIV-infected subjects, and AIDS patient groups, but no difference was found in NKT cell counts and percentages in slow progressors and the HIV-infected group compared to normal controls.     

Peripheral leukocyte subpopulations and catecholamine levels in astronauts as a function of mission duration.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of spaceflight duration on immune cells and their relationship to catecholamine levels. METHODS: Eleven astronauts who flew aboard five different US Space Shuttle flights ranging in duration from 4 to 16 days were studied before launch and after landing. RESULTS: Consistent with prior studies, spaceflight was associated with a significant increase in the number of circulating white blood cells (p <.01), including neutrophils (p <.01), monocytes (p <.05), CD3+CD4+ T-helper cells (p <.05), and CD19+ B cells (p <.01). In contrast, the number of CD3-CD16+56+ natural killer cells was decreased (p <.01). Plasma norepinephrine levels were increased at landing (p <.01) and were significantly correlated with the number of white blood cells (p <.01), neutrophils (p <.01), monocytes (p <.01), and B cells (p <.01). Astronauts who were in space for approximately 1 week showed a significantly larger increase on landing in plasma norepinephrine (p =.02) and epinephrine (p =.03) levels, as well as number of circulating CD3+CD4+ T-helper cells (p <.05) and CD3+CD8+ T-cytotoxic cells (p <.05) as compared with astronauts in space for approximately 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that the stress of spaceflight and landing may lead to a sympathetic nervous system-mediated redistribution of circulating leukocytes, an effect potentially attenuated after longer missions.     

Expression of killer inhibitory receptors on cytotoxic cells from HIV-1-infected individuals

Dysfunction of cytotoxic activity of T and natural killer (NK) lymphocytes is a main immunological feature in patients with AIDS, but its basis are not well understood. It has been recently described that T and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity can be regulated by HLA killer inhibitory receptors (KIR). In this work, we have determined on cytotoxic T cells and NK cells from HIV-1-infected individuals the expression of the following KIR molecules: p58, p70, and ILT2 (immunoglobulin-like family KIR) as well as CD94 and NKG2A (C-lectin-type family KIR). With some exceptions, no significant changes were found on the expression of immunoglobulin-like KIR in either CD8+ or CD56+ cells. Interestingly, the percentages of CD8+ and CD56+ cells expressing CD94 were significantly increased in these individuals. We also show that, in vitro, IL-10 up-regulates CD94 expression on CD8+ and CD56+ cells obtained from normal individuals, suggesting that the augmented expression observed in HIV-infected individuals could be related to the high levels of IL-10 previously described in HIV-1-infected individuals.     

CD28-negative cytolytic effector T cells frequently express NK receptors and are present at variable proportions in circulating lymphocytes from healthy donors and melanoma patients.

In humans, NK receptors are expressed by natural killer cells and some T cells, the latter of which are preferentially alphabetaTCR+ CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). In this study we analyzed the expression of nine NK receptors (p58.1, p58.2, p70, p140, ILT2, NKRP1A, ZIN176, CD94 and CD94/NKG2A) in PBL from both healthy donors and melanoma patients. The percentages of NK receptor-positive T cells (NKT cells) varied strongly, and this variation was more important between individual patients than between individual healthy donors. In all the individuals, the NKT cells were preferentially CD28-, and a significant correlation was found between the percentage of CD28- T cells and the percentage of NK receptor+ T cells. Based on these data and the known activated phenotype of CD28- T cells, we propose that the CD28- CD8+ T cell pool represents or contains the currently active CTL population, and that the frequent expression of NK receptors reflects regulatory mechanisms modulating the extent of CTL effector function. Preliminary results indicate that some tumor antigen-specific T cells may indeed be CD28- and express NK receptors in vivo.     

Red blood cell distribution width as an easily measurable biomarker of persistent inflammation and T cell dysregulation in antiretrovirally treated HIV-infected adults

Background: Chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction occur in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection despite stable antiretroviral therapy (ART). Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been shown to correlate with markers of inflammation in non-HIV conditions. The study objective was to determine associations between RDW with cellular markers of immune activation and immune dysfunction including soluble inflammatory mediators in ART treated HIV infection.

Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the Hawaii Aging with HIV-Cardiovascular study. RDW was defined as one standard deviation of RBC size divided by mean corpuscular volume multiplied by 100%. Correlations were analyzed between RDW, soluble inflammatory biomarkers and T cell activation (CD38?+?HLA-DR+), senescence (CD28-CD57+), and immune exhaustion (PD-1, TIGIT, TIM-3 expression).

Results: Of 158 participants analyzed, median age was 50 years, duration of ART 12.6 years, virally suppressed 84.4%, and CD4 count 503 cells/mm3. Significant positive correlations were identified between RDW and soluble biomarkers including sICAM, IL-8, IL-6, SAA, TNF-α, sE-selection, fibrinogen, D-dimer, CRP, CD4/CD8 ratio, and frequency of multiple CD8 T-cell populations such as CD38?+?HLA-DR?+?T-cells, single TIGIT+, and dual expressing of TIGIT?+?PD1+, TIGIT?+?TIM3+, and TIM3?+?PD1+ CD8+ T-cell subsets (p?Conclusion: Our study revealed correlations between RDW with systemic inflammatory biomarkers and CD8+ T-cell populations related to immune activation and exhaustion in HIV-infected individuals on ART. Further studies are warranted to determine the utility of RDW as a marker of immune dysregulation in HIV.     

Alterations of Natural Killer Cell and T-Lymphocyte Counts in Adults Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus through Blood and Plasma Sold in the Past in China and in Whom Infection Has Progressed Slowly over a Long Period

Natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, and T lymphocytes were analyzed by using a flow cytometer in 225 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals infected through the past sale of blood and plasma without receiving antiretroviral therapy in the People’s Republic of China. According to CD4 T-cell counts these HIV-infected adults were stratified into three groups: long-term slow progressors, HIV-infected subjects, and AIDS patients. NK cell counts in long-term slow progressors were higher compared to HIV infection and AIDS patients (P < 0.05) and lower compared to normal controls (P < 0.05), whereas NKT cell counts in slow progressors and the HIV infection group were not different from those of normal controls. NK cell counts in HIV-seropositive subjects were positively correlated with CD4 T-cell counts (P < 0.05), and NKT cell counts were positively correlated with CD4 T-cell and CD8 T-cell counts (P < 0.05). The CD8 T-cell counts were higher in slow progressors compared to those with HIV infection, AIDS patients, and normal controls. These results indicated that HIV infection causes alterations of NK cells and T cells in slow progressors, HIV-infected subjects, and AIDS patient groups, but no difference was found in NKT cell counts and percentages in slow progressors and the HIV-infected group compared to normal controls.     

Expansion of rare CD8+ CD28- CD11b- T cells with impaired effector functions in HIV-1-infected patients

The decline in the number of CD4+ T cells in HIV-1-infected patients is known to be related to the increased number of CD8+CD28- T cells. In this paper, we show that CD8+CD28- T cells from HIV-positive patients have an impaired capability to interact with human endothelial cells. This is due to the dramatic expansion, within this subset, of rare CD11b- cells lacking cell-cell adhesion functions. In 50 HIV-positive patients, 19.5% +/- 6.5% of all T cells were CD8+CD28-CD11b-, whereas only 0.8% +/- 0.4% of all T cells from healthy donors showed this uncommon phenotype. The percentage of circulating CD8+CD28-CD11b- T cells was strongly related to the percentage of CD4+ T cells (r = -0.82). This population is peculiar in terms of HIV infection and was found to possess some characteristics associated with effector functions but its cytotoxic properties were impaired. The percentage of target cells lysed by CD8+CD28-CD11b- was significantly lower than that of cells lysed by its CD11b- counterpart (p <.05) both at low (5:1) or at relatively high (20:1) effector/target ratios. CD8+CD28-CD11b- T cells, which lack the ability to interact with endothelial cells, are likely to accumulate and persist in circulation. The biologic properties of CD8+CD28-CD11b- T cells suggest that these cells might be endstage or aberrant differentiated effector cells. Lack of cell-cell adhesion and impaired cytolytic functions favor the hypothesis of a role for CD8+CD28-CD11b- T cells in the development of immunodeficiency.     

Divergence of natural killer cell receptor and related molecule in the decidua from sporadic miscarriage with normal chromosome karyotype

The aim of this cohort study was to investigate immunophenotypic characteristics of natural killer (NK) cells by assessing specific molecules expressed in the decidua of sporadic miscarriages and induced abortions. The deciduae were obtained from 29 consecutively seen women whose pregnancies ended in first trimester miscarriages (MS), and the fetal chromosome karyotype of these MS was analysed. Additionally, 13 deciduae were obtained from induced abortion (IA) with informed consent. The expression of perforin, CD94, CD161, CD158a, CD158b, CD244 on CD3-CD56+NK cells, and perforin on CD3+CD8+ T cells was analysed by flow cytometry. The CD158a (mean+/-SD, 26.2+/-14.7%) and CD94 (50.2+/-25.7%) expressions in MS with normal chromosome karyotype (MSNK; n=11) were significantly decreased as compared with those (41.5+/-19.5%, 71.4+/-20.4%) in MS with abnormal karyotype (MSAK; n=18) and those (44.3+/-21.9%, 80.8+/-17.5%) in IA (n=13). Conversely, the perforin expression on CD3-CD8-CD56+NK cells (76.3+/-11.0%) and CD3+CD8+T cells (30.6+/-9.2%) in MSNK was significantly increased as compared with those (66.8+/-16.6%, 23.6+/-8.7%) in MSAK and those (62.9+/-11.6%, 19.7+/-8.1%) in IA. A positive correlation between CD94 and CD158a expressions on NK cells, negative correlations between CD94 on NK cells and perforin on NK cells/T cells, and between CD158a on NK cells and perforin on T cells were found in the decidua. A divergence of NK cell repertoire in the decidua might be related to aetiology of sporadic MSNK.     

High Versus Low Basal Cortisol Secretion in Asymptomatic,Medication-free HIV-infected Men: Differential Effects of Severe Life Stress on Parameters of Immune Status

Abstract

The authors hypothesized that HIV-infected men with high basal cortisol secretion would exhibit greater stress-related reductions in the ratio of Th1 /Th2 cell-derived cytokines and numbers ofCD8+ T and NK lymphocytes than low basal cortisol secretors. A semistructured interview was used to assess life stress during the preceding 6 months of 94 HIV-infected men classfied as high and low cortisol secretors (n = 47/group). Increased levels of severe life stress were highly correlated with lower numbers of CD8+ T cells, CD16+ and CD56+ NK cells, CD57+ cells, and higher DHEA-S concentrations in the high cortisol group. Conversely, no significant correlations were found in the low cortisol group. No correlations were found between stress and CD4+ T helper/ inducer cell counts, cytokine production, or testosterone levels in either participating group. These data suggest that severe stress in combination with high glucocorticoid activity may modify select parameters of immune status in HIV-infected men.     

急性HIV 感染者γδT 细胞及其细胞亚群的表型分析

目的:分析急性HIV 感染者外周血γδT 细胞的表型,诠释γδT 细胞在急性HIV 感染中的作用。方法:流式细胞术检测γδT 细胞表面CD38、程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1(PD-1)、CD160、CD95 和肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体-死亡受体5(TRAIL-DR5)的表达。结果:与健康对照组相比,急性HIV 感染者Vδ1 T 细胞的比例显著增加,Vδ2 T 细胞的比例显著降低,但总γδT 细胞的比例无显著变化。CD38+ γδT 细胞、CD38+ Vδ1 T 细胞和CD38+ Vδ2 T 细胞的比例较健康对照显著增加。此外,PD-1+ γδT 细胞和DR5+ γδT 细胞的比例较健康对照组显著增加,而Vδ1、Vδ2 T 细胞亚群PD-1 和DR5 的表达与健康对照相比差异无显著性。但在急性HIV 感染者中,CD38+ Vδ1 T 细胞、CD160+ Vδ1 T 细胞、PD-1+ Vδ1 T 细胞、CD95+ Vδ1 T 细胞和DR5+ Vδ1 T 细胞的比例均较Vδ2 T 细胞显著增加。结论:急性HIV 感染者γδT 细胞,尤其是Vδ1 T 细胞表面活化、抑制和凋亡分子的表达显著增加,提示Vδ1 T 细胞在急性HIV 感染及疾病进展中发挥更重要的作用。     

晚期肺癌患者调节性T细胞和IL-10表达的变化

探讨晚期肺癌患者的CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞（Treg）、IL-10及其他T细胞亚群表达的临床意义。检测晚期肺癌患者92例和正常对照者64名的IL-10（ELISA法）、CD4＋CD25＋调节性T细胞及其他T细胞亚群（流式细胞仪法）。结果显示：肺癌组血清IL-10明显大于对照组（278±34ng/L vs 122±65ng/L,P〈0.01）、CD4＋CD25＋Treg细胞明显大于对照组[（17.8±5.2）%vs（7.1±0.4）%,P〈0.01]、CD3＋、CD4＋、CD8＋CD28＋和NK细胞明显小于对照组[（58.4±7.8）%vs（78.2±6.4）%,P≤0.05;（34.4±7.6）%vs（44.9±8.4）%,P〈0.01;（9.4±3.6）%vs（16.5±2.7）%,P〈0.01;（9.4±3.6）%vs（18.5±7.2）%,P〈0.01]。CD8＋T细胞明显高于对照组[（37.8±6.5）%vs（31.8±5.1）%,P〈0.01]。CD4＋CD25＋Treg细胞、IL-10与CD8＋CD28＋细胞、NK细胞呈明显负相关。这些结果表明,CD4＋CD25＋Treg细胞与IL-10增多为晚期肺癌患者免疫功能受损的表现。     

Modulation of expression of the MHC class I-binding natural killer cell receptors, and NK activity in relation to viral load in HIV-infected/AIDS patients

The natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in viral infections via their spontaneous cytolytic activity against virus-infected cells as well as via secreting a variety of soluble mediators. The MHC class I-binding NK receptors of these cells have emerged as the most important regulators of the effector activities of cytolytic cells (both NK and CTL). We have studied the modulation of NK activity and the expression of NK receptors in HIV-infected/AIDS patients and report here that the NK activities of the patients with the lowest plasma HIV load were minimal and vice versa, suggesting a decrease in this activity following suppression of HIV replication. Interestingly, the NK activity correlated negatively with the peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell counts of these patients. Furthermore, these patients showed decreased percentages of CD56+ cells expressing NK receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily, whereas the percentages of CD8+ cells expressing these receptors were increased. Moreover, the expression of C-type lectin-like NK receptor-associated invariant molecule CD94 was increased on CD8+ cells in these patients as compared with HIV-seronegative controls. These changes in the expression of NK receptors were also evident within groups of these patients having different viral loads. These results show, for the first time, decreased innate immunity and changes in the expression of NK receptors on cytolytic cells in relation to viral burden in HIV-infected/AIDS patient.     

HIV 感染者调节性T 细胞表面B、T 淋巴细胞衰减因子的表达研究

目的:对HIV 感染者调节性T 细胞(Regulatory T cell,Treg)上B 、T 淋巴细胞衰减因子(B and T lymphocyte at-tenuator,BTLA)的表达水平进行检测,并探讨其在HIV 感染进程中的作用。方法:选取24 例感染在一年之内的HIV 早期感染者(Early HIV infected patients,EHI 组)、14 例感染超过一年的HIV 慢性感染者(CD4+ T 计数>200 cells/ μl,HIV 组)、6 例AIDS患者(CD4+ T 计数<200 cells/ μl,AIDS 组)和9 例健康人作为对照,应用流式细胞仪检测不同时期感染者及健康对照者Treg 细胞BTLA 的表达水平,分析其与疾病进展及免疫活化的相关性。结果:随着HIV 疾病进展,EHI 组、HIV 组及AIDS 组Treg 细胞BTLA 表达水平依次升高,其中HIV 组与AIDS 组Treg 细胞BTLA 表达水平显著高于EHI 组(P<0.05 及P<0.01),AIDS 组Treg 细胞BTLA 的表达水平高于健康对照(P<0.05);Treg 细胞BTLA 表达水平与CD4+ T 淋巴细胞计数呈负相关(P<0.001),与病毒载量呈正相关(P<0.01);Treg 细胞BTLA 表达水平与活化CD4+ CD38+ T 淋巴细胞及CD4+ HLA-DR+ T 淋巴细胞呈正相关(P<0.001,P<0.001)。结论:HIV 感染者Treg 细胞BTLA 表达升高,与疾病进展显著相关,提示其可能通过加强Treg 细胞的抑制功能加速疾病进展,并为未来HIV 感染的干预提供信息。