胆道镜下液电碎石术治疗肝内胆管残留结石的研究

肝内胆管结石是胆道外科常见疾病，其术后残留结石发生率可高达30．0％～96．0％。胆道镜的出现使术后残石的治疗有了很大的进步，而胆道镜下液电碎石术（electrohymulic lithotripsy，EHL）则进一步提高了镜下碎石的效果和结石取净率，减少了胆道镜取石次数，并为肝内巨大、嵌顿、铸状结石（常规胆道镜下难取性结石）提供一种简单、有效的方法。我院自1996年5月至2005年12月期间，在胆道镜下应用EHL治疗肝内胆管残留结石56例，报道如下。     

内镜配合液电碎石治疗肝内外胆管嵌顿结石

肝内、外胆管巨大嵌顿结石是内镜治疗较为困难的课题之一,此类结石发病率约占肝内、外胆管结石的10%左右1, 以往只能用活检钳开窗、挖沟碎解结石;;费时费力。我们自1992年1月至2000年6月行胆道镜检查和治疗646例;;自1995年引进液电碎石(EHL)技术以来;;采用内镜EHL对132例肝内、外胆管巨大或嵌顿结石行碎石治疗取得了满意的效 果,现报告如下。一、资料与方法１．一般资料：本组病例中１２７例肝内、外胆管巨大或嵌顿结石经胆道镜行碎石治疗,其中男７６例,女５１例;年龄２６～８０岁。其中右肝管结石３０例,左肝管结石６８例,两侧肝…     

胆道镜下经导管导入碎石器治疗胆管巨大残石

胆道镜下经导管导入碎石器治疗胆管巨大残石邢国璋张增海张月寒高五堂张建生纤维胆道镜的临床应用为胆道术后残余结石取出开辟了新的途径，文献报告胆管残余结石的取净率可达９０％～９９．４％［１］，但仍有少量的结石不能取出。一般认为除胆管狭窄及结石嵌顿外，胆管内...     

子母镜下治疗胆管巨大嵌顿性结石21例分析

我院自2006年7月至2008年12月应用经口胆道子母镜液电碎石联合一体化机械碎石对21例十二指肠镜下常规ERCP治疗困难的肝内外胆管巨大嵌顿性结石进行了治疗,效果满意,报道如下.     

超细胆道镜对接十二指肠镜治疗难取性胆管结石

对于单用十二指肠镜难以取出的胆管结石，包括肝内胆管结石、肝外胆管巨大或多发或嵌顿结石、十二指肠乳头插管困难等，我们采用经皮穿刺胆管置鞘建立新通道，插入超细胆道镜对接十二指肠镜治疗上述患者，取得满意疗效。[第一段]     

难取性胆管结石内镜综合治疗的探讨

目的探讨肝内外胆管多发性结石、巨大结石、壶腹部嵌顿性结石、小乳头及乳头旁憩室切开禁忌者、T管引流术后残余结石ERCP困难者等难取性胆管结石内镜治疗。方法分别采用术中、术后胆道镜、EST后机械碎石、胆道子母镜、鼻胆／胆肠引流等方法。结果 149例难取性胆管结石中。术中胆道镜取净率95％(19／20),术后经T管胆道镜取净率(35／40)87．5％,机械碎石率94．7％,(72／76),肝外胆管结石取净率94．6％(122／129)。结论应用内镜下综合治疗难取性胆管结石大大提高了结石取净率、减少了残石率。达到去除病灶、通畅引流,值得推广。     

子母镜下治疗胆管巨大嵌顿性结石21例分析

我院自2006年7月至2008年12月应用经口胆道子母镜液电碎石联合一体化机械碎石对21例十二指肠镜下常规ERCP治疗困难的肝内外胆管巨大嵌顿性结石进行了治疗,效果满意,报道如下. 1.一般情况:本组共21例患者接受子母镜液电碎石联合一体化机械碎石治疗,其中男9例,女12例,年龄26～78岁.     

等离子碎石仪配合纤胆镜治疗术后肝胆管巨大嵌顿结石

等离子碎石仪配合纤胆镜治疗术后肝胆管巨大嵌顿结石徐洪顺，谷新珠，倪启龙，项泽中，康维新肝内胆管结石的处理是当今胆道外科一大难题，常需要多次手术，且疗效尚不肯定，１９９２年４月至１１月，我们应用ＰＳＷ－Ｇ定向徽爆破碎石仪（以下称碎石仪）辅纤维胆道镜（以...     

子母镜下治疗胆管巨大嵌顿性结石21例分析

我院自2006年7月至2008年12月应用经口胆道子母镜液电碎石联合一体化机械碎石对21例十二指肠镜下常规ERCP治疗困难的肝内外胆管巨大嵌顿性结石进行了治疗,效果满意,报道如下. 1.一般情况:本组共21例患者接受子母镜液电碎石联合一体化机械碎石治疗,其中男9例,女12例,年龄26～78岁.     

经口胆道子母镜临床应用

目的总结经口胆道子母镜的临床应用价值。方法应用经口胆道子母镜对４０例患者进行胆道检查和治疗。结果子母镜胆管检查成功率达９５％;其中１例左肝内胆管结石采用子母镜取石网篮取出结石,３例胆总管巨大结石（＞２ｃｍ）配合液电碎石（ＥＨＬ）治疗,首例因未能解决碎石后视野不清的问题,中途放弃。后２例置入鼻胆引流管（ＥＮＢＤ）冲洗,保证了ＥＨＬ在有水的环境中进行,碎石、取石成功。结论子母镜尽管操作复杂,但其子镜可经口在直视下观察胆、胰管粘膜早期病变,并能作碎石等治疗,是一种较安全、有效的诊疗方法。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.