天芪航力方提取物的毒理学研究

目的观察小鼠和大鼠灌胃后天芪航力方提取物的急性毒性和长期毒性反应,为临床试验研究提供参考。方法急性毒性实验采用CD-1（ICR）小鼠,灌胃给药,给药后观察14 d,记录动物死亡及不良反应症状;反复给药毒性实验采用SD大鼠,连续灌胃给药26周,给药13周、26周和停药4周后,分别取样进行血液学、血液生化学、病理形态学、病理组织学检查。结果天芪航力方提取物小鼠急性口服毒性的最大剂量大于120 g.kg-1,该剂量相当于临床拟用量的246倍;长期毒性实验低、中、高3个剂量组1.60、3.21、11.42 g.kg-1（相当于临床拟用剂量的10、20和71倍）,各组大鼠的一般状况、体质量、血液学指标、血生化指标及主要脏器系数与对照组比较未见显著差异和异常改变,肉眼观察用药组动物心、肝、脾、肺、肾等脏器外观形态、颜色均无异常改变,光镜观察也未见各脏器组织结构和细胞形态异常。结论高剂量的天芪航力方提取物对实验动物无明显毒性损害。     

中度失血大鼠输入含游离血红蛋白血液的实验研究

目的观察输注含游离血红蛋白（FHb）血液后对中度失血大鼠重要脏器的损伤和功能的影响,为科学制定战时输血质量标准的进一步研究提供实验基础。方法用SD大鼠建立中度失血模型,输入含不同剂量FHb的血液。根据每千克体重输注FHb的量将实验分为7组（组1~组7 FHb的输注量分别为100,80,60,40,20,10,0mg/kg）;检测实验大鼠心、肝和肾功能的生化指标;测定血、尿标本FHb含量;对实验后48 h大鼠的心脏,肝脏,肾脏,脾脏和肺脏进行病理分析。结果组1实验大鼠于输血后8~12 h死亡,其他剂量组大鼠实验后48 h内均无死亡。心肌酶（GOT,U/L）检测结果,组2至组7分别为：322.1±7.39,119.8±2.19,104.6±10.06,73.9±5.46和64.4±10.24,63.3±6.82（对照组）;肝功能（GPT,U/L）检测结果,组2至组7分别为：86.5±6.04,70.8±8.22,43.8±5.08,38.9±4.89,30.6±3.04,36.2±3.37（对照组）;肾功能（BUN和Cr）检测结果均在正常值范围波动。病理结果：组2、组3和组4心脏和肝脏均出现病理改变,组5、组6和组7未见病理变化;组2、组3、组4和组5肾脏均出现病理改变,组6和组7未见病理变化;脾脏与肺脏各组均未见明显病理改变。结论中度失血大鼠输入含10 mg/kg FHb的血液为输血安全剂量。     

清火排毒化肿胶囊急性毒性及长期毒性研究

目的 :探讨清火排毒化肿胶囊单次或多次给药后 ,动物出现的毒性反应及其性质和程度 ,寻找药物的安全范围 ,为临床用药提供科学依据。方法 :急性毒性试验为测定小鼠最大给药量方法。长期毒性试验为大鼠连续以清火排毒化肿胶囊 2 7g/kg、1 35 g/kg或 0 4 5 g/kg·体重 ,灌胃给药 12周 ,观察大鼠各项生理、病理指标变化 ,停药后继续观察 2周。结果 :清火排毒化肿胶囊对小鼠一日内灌胃的最大药量为 10 8g/kg·体重。长期毒性试验结果显示 ,1 35 g/kg组和2 7g/kg组与对照组比较 ,WBC分类和CR有统计学意义 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ;给药组与对照组比较 ,心、肺脏器权重系数差别有统计学意义 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ;病理组织学检查 ,高剂量组和对照组比较无统计学意义。恢复期末 ,给药组与对照组比较 ,各项观察指标均无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :清火排毒化肿胶囊按拟定临床剂量及疗程服用是安全的。     

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯对两代雄性大鼠生殖毒性的研究

目的：评估邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基）己酯（DEHP）对两代雄性大鼠的生殖毒性。方法：将第一代（F0）和第二代（F1）雄性、雌性Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠分别在出生后第5w、出生后第4w通过皮下注射的方式暴露在剂量分别为50mg&#183;kg^-1&#183;d^-1,250mg&#183;kg^-1&#183;d、500mg&#183;kg^-1&#183;d^-1的DEHP下，观察亲代的临床症状、体重变化、激素水平、生殖能力、脏系指数和病理组织学等指标，观察子代的临床症状、泌乳期体重变化、肛门生殖器的距离、睁眼时问和脑重量等指标。结果：F0、F1亲代大鼠高剂量组与对照组相比，体重增长均受到抑制，F1亲代大鼠进食量减少；F1亲代大鼠的高剂量组生育指数和成活数量明显下降，中剂量组的交配时间缩短；F0、F1亲代大鼠高剂量组的精子活动度和精子记数水平显著降低，F0、F1亲代大鼠睾酮水平在高剂量组时增高，其余激素水平各组与对照组相比无统计学差异；F0亲代雄性大鼠各组与对照组相比脏器系数无统计学差异，F1亲代大鼠高剂量组的睾丸脏器系数与对照组相比减小，前列腺和肝脏增大。病理切片显示，F0、F1亲代大鼠在高剂量组生精上皮严重受损，曲细精管萎缩，生精细胞减少或缺如；在前列腺各剂量组出现腺体增生，腺腔扩大，并有剂量依赖性；F1、F2仔鼠在高剂量组出生后1w体重增长即受到抑制，大脑脏器系数显示增大；F1、F2仔鼠出生后肛门生殖距离在高剂量组出现缩短。结论：DEHP对雄性大鼠的生殖系统具有毒性，这种毒性效应随着时间的延长会逐渐增加，并可能使得下一代更易于受到影响。     

胃安康口服液对鼠胃溃疡的药效学研究

目的：观察胃安康口服液对鼠的抗溃疡及镇痛作用。方法：采用小鼠束缚－冷冻应激性溃疡模型和无水乙醇致胃粘膜损伤模型；大鼠乙酸烧灼溃疡模型；幽门结扎法造成胃酸分泌模型；采用热板法和扭体法进行镇痛试验。结果：胃安康口服液可剂量依赖性的抑制束缚－冷冻应激和无水乙醇的胃粘膜损伤，促进醋酸型溃疡的愈合，抑制胃酸分泌，降低胃酸酸度和胃蛋白酶活性，减少热板引起的小鼠舔后足次数和乙酸引起的扭体次数。结论：胃安康口服液     

豚鼠及家兔rhIFNα-2b喷雾剂毒性试验与病理检查

 目的 观察rhIFNα-2b喷雾剂对豚鼠和家兔鼻腔黏膜是否具有刺激作用或伤害反应,同时观察其对上述动物内脏器官的毒性病理损伤.方法 将rhIFNα-2b喷雾剂喷入豚鼠和家兔鼻腔进行局部刺激试验、急性毒性试验及长期毒性试验,各试验分别设空白对照组、稀释液对照组及实验组.长期毒性试验实验组按给药浓度不同分低、中、高3个剂量组.每组用4只动物,实验组给予rhIFNα-2b喷雾剂,稀释液对照组喷入喷雾剂稀释液,空白对照组未喷任何物质.临床观察后全部活杀.剖检鼻腔、咽部和喉部黏膜及内脏等器官,10%中性甲醛液固定,常规病理制片,光镜观察.结果 鼻腔局部刺激试验、急性毒性试验及长期毒性试验中各实验组与稀释液和空白对照组之间的病理组织学所见相似,均未见明显毒性病理损伤.结论 rhIFNα-2b喷雾剂对豚鼠和家兔的鼻腔黏膜及内脏器官均未见明显毒性作用,证实rhIFNα-2b喷雾剂具有可靠的安全性.     

复方萘酚喹对比格犬的长期毒性

目的 :观察犬连续口服复方萘酚喹的毒性剂量、损伤的靶器官、可逆性及安全剂量范围。方法 :给比格犬口服复方萘酚喹 1 7.5 ,87.5或 1 4 0mg/(kg·d) ,每天 1次 ,连服 1 4d。给药结束后 ,各组活杀 2 /3,留 1 /3继续观察2 8d。观测了临床症状和生理指标 ,血液学 8项、血生化 1 3项、尿 8项、心电图、眼底、骨髓和组织病理学。结果 :主要毒性反应见于 1 4 0mg/(kg·d)组 ,给药后 5 /6只犬出现恶心、呕吐等消化系统症状 ,部分动物出现阵发性抽搐 ,几分钟后自行缓解。该组给药后GOT ,GPT明显升高 ,心电图Q_T间期延长 ,骨髓红系受到抑制 ,组织学检查可见肝细胞损伤明显。 87.5mg/(kg·d)组各种毒性反应均较大剂量组轻 ,所有毒性反应于停药后自行恢复。 1 7.5mg/(kg·d)组未见明显毒副作用。结论 :1 4 0mg/(kg·d)为重度中毒剂量 ,87.5mg/(kg·d)为中度中毒剂量 ,1 7.5mg/(kg·d)为安全剂量。毒性靶器官是肝脏和骨髓 ,损伤是可逆的     

常通口服液对肠粘连大鼠血TGF-β1的影响

目的观察常通口服液对大鼠肠粘连模型血转化生长因子β1(transforming growth factor β1,TGF-β1)水平的影响.方法 (1)选取54只SD雄性大鼠随机分为6组(n=9)正常对照组、模型对照组、四磨汤组、常通口服液低、中、高剂量组.除正常对照组外,其余大鼠均按Ellis法制备成肠粘连模型.正常及模型对照组予以蒸馏水ig(10ml·kg-1);四磨汤组以10m1·kg-1ig给药;常通口服液低、中、高剂量组分别按4.3、8.6、17.2g·kg-1ig给药.各组于术后第7d取血,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定TGF-β1水平.(2)选用SD雄性大鼠90只,随机分为2组,按Ellis法制备成肠粘连模型.给药方法及给药剂量同方法(1).常通口服液中剂量组与模型对照组于术后第1、3、5、7、9d采血,不同时间点各取血9只大鼠,并处死.测定TGF-β1水平.结果 (1)与正常对照组比较,模型对照组TGF-β1显著升高(P<0.001);与模型对照组比较,常通口服液中、高剂量组均能显著降低TGF-β1含量(P<0.05～0.01),而低剂量组TGF-β1含量无明显减少(P>0.05).(2)常通口服液中剂量组与模型对照组各个时间点相应比较,在术后第5、7、9d 3个时间点有显著性差异(P<0.01～0.001).结论常通口服液能降低TGF-β1水平.细胞因子TGF-β1在肠粘连形成中可能发挥一定作用.     

pUDKH基因治疗制剂临床前安全性初步分析

目的：观察大鼠肌肉注射pUDKH后,出现毒性反应的时间、性质和程度,为临床毒副反应的监测和确定初始安全剂量提供依据.方法：实验设3个组,即正常对照组、pUDKH小剂量（0.63 mg/kg）和大剂量（2.50 mg/kg）组,给药途径为肌肉注射,且每只大鼠的给药方式相同,每只大鼠共给药14次,停药后观察16周.试验期间观测一般药物反应,分析尿液生化和血清生化,测定大鼠血清中抗人肝细胞生长因子（HGF）的抗体,目的基因HGF在多种组织内的分布,病理组织学检查各脏器的组织结构.结果：试验中给药组动物未见药物毒性反应,尿生化指标基本无有意义的变化,各时间点血清生化也无明显有意义的改变.各时间点血清样品中未检测到抗HGF抗体.除了注射局部的肌肉组织检测到高表达的HGF外,其他组织未见到高表达的HGF.各脏器病理学检查均未见异常改变.结论：大鼠肌注pUDKH剂量为0.63 mg/kg和2.5 mg/kg两种,分别是大鼠起始有效剂量的3倍和12.5倍,各项观测指标未见明显有意义的改变,故在本试验条件下可视2.50 mg/ kg以下为安全剂量,pUDKH基因治疗大鼠肢体缺血是安全、可行的.     

复方丹参滴丸对大鼠肝CYP450酶系诱导作用的研究

目的观察复方丹参滴丸诱导处理对大鼠肝细胞色素P450及其主要亚型的影响.方法 Wistar大鼠用125、750、4 500mg*kg-1*d-1复方丹参滴丸连续灌胃诱导处理5d,测定微粒体中总CYP450含量和CYP1A2、2B1/2、2E1和3A亚型活性.结果不同剂量复方丹参滴丸诱导处理后大鼠肝脏脏器系数、总CYP450含量及CYP1A2、2E1、3A亚型活性未见明显增高.高剂量复方丹参滴丸诱导后,大鼠肝脏CYP2B1/2活性与空白对照组相比有显著升高(P<0.05),中、低剂量组CYP2B1/2活性未见明显升高.相应的阳性对照剂均导致肝脏CYP450及其亚型活性明显升高.结论复方丹参滴丸对大鼠肝脏CYP450及主要亚型CYP1A2、2E1、3A无诱导效应,高剂量下仅对CYP2B1/2有轻度诱导效应,此种作用无明显临床意义.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.