低密度脂蛋白受体基因型检测及其应用

为分析低密度脂蛋白受体基因多态性对血脂水平的影响,用聚合酶链反应－限制片长多态性技术检测了８１例血脂正常者和５１例高胆固醇血症患者的低密度脂蛋白受体、载脂蛋白Ｅ基因型,并测定其血清脂质水平。结果表明“＋”等位基因与高总胆固醇和高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇有关。在同一载脂蛋白Ｅ基因型背景下,低密度脂蛋白受体基因多态性对血脂水平影响模式不变。结果提示,低密度脂蛋白受体基因多态性影响人群的血清胆固醇水平,低密度     

ApoE基因多态性与中国人2型糖尿病及其心血管并发症的关系

目的为研究载脂蛋白Ｅ（ＡｐｏＥ）基因多态性与２型糖尿病及其心血管并发症的关系。方法以载脂蛋白Ｅ（ＡｐｏＥ）基因为候选基因，运用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性（ＰＣＲＲＦＬＰ）方法检测了１１２例２型糖尿病患者及６０例正常对照者的ＡｐｏＥ基因型。结果两组研究对象其ε３、ε２和ε４等位基因的分布频率分别为０．８４４，０．０９３，０．０６３和０．８６７，０．０８３，０．０５０（Ｐ＞０．０５），说明ＡｐｏＥ基因多态性与中国人２型糖尿病发病无相关性，通过比较２型糖尿病患者不同ＡｐｏＥ基因型与其血脂指标的关系发现：ＡｐｏＥ基因多态性与血总胆固醇水平（Ｐ＝０．００２９）及血低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）Ｃ水平（Ｐ＝０．００２１）相关，携带ε４等位基因的个体具有较高的ＴＣ及ＬＤＬＣ水平，而携带ε２等位基因的个体具有较低的ＴＣ及ＬＤＬＣ水平。ＡｐｏＥ基因多态性与２型糖尿病伴高血压无相关（Ｐ＝０．１１１）。携带ε４等位基因的患者冠心病发病率明显较携带其他等位基因患者为高（Ｐ＝０．００８）。结论ε４等位基因可能是２型糖尿病合并冠心病的一个危险因子     

反义寡脱氧核苷酸抑制大鼠肝细胞载脂蛋白B的表达

为研究载脂蛋白Ｅ基因多态性在冠心病发生发展中的作用及其对血脂水平的影响，应用聚合酶链反应－ 限制片长多态性检测法，测定２２０ 例冠心病患者和１８０ 例正常对照者的载脂蛋白Ｅ基因型；并按常规方法测定血脂水平。结果发现中国汉族人群中存在５ 种载脂蛋白Ｅ基因型，分别为Ｅ３３、Ｅ３２、Ｅ４３ 、Ｅ４２ 及Ｅ４４。冠心病组载脂蛋白Ｅ４３ 基因型和ε４ 等位基因频率（ 分别为２５．０％ 和１４．３％ ） 均显著高于对照组（１３ ．３％ 和８．１％ ）（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）， 载脂蛋白Ｅ３３ 基因型频率（５９．５ ％） 则低于对照组（７０ ．０ ％）（Ｐ＜０．０５）；冠心病组总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平显著高于对照组（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）；在冠心病组的各亚型之间，总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平之间存在统计学差异（ Ｐ＜０ ．０５） 。上述实验结果说明，载脂蛋白Ｅ基因多态性与冠心病的发生发展密切相关并影响血脂的代谢水平；ε４ 等位基因可能是冠心病重要的遗传易患因素之一。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性对血脂水平的影响及与冠状动脉狭窄的关系

为探讨载脂蛋白E基因多态性对血脂水平的影响及与冠状动脉狭窄程度的关系 ,采用聚合酶链反应—限制片段长度多态性对 95例冠心病患者和 46例正常对照者载脂者蛋白E基因型进行分析 ,同时测定血脂及载脂蛋白B水平。并根据冠状动脉受累支数不同将冠心病患者分为冠状动脉多支病变组和单支病变组。结果显示 ,5 5例冠状动脉病变多支组和 40例冠状动脉单支病变组E3/ 4基因型和ε4等位基因频率均高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,且多支病变组E3/ 4基因型和ε4等位基因频率高于单支病变组 (P <0 .0 5 )。与E3/ 3及E2 / 3基因型比较 ,E3/ 4基因型者有较高的总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和载脂蛋白B水平及较低的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平。与对照组比较 ,冠心病组E3/ 4基因型升高总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和载脂蛋白B的作用及降低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的作用更明显。表明载脂蛋白E基因多态性影响血胆固醇代谢 ,ε4等位基因与冠心病危险性增加有关 ,ε4等位基因频率升高的冠心病者冠状动脉受累支数加重 ,推测ε4等位基因可能与冠状动脉狭窄程度存在内在联系。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与健康人群血脂谱改变的关系

目的 :研究载脂蛋白E(apoE)基因多态性与健康人群血脂谱改变的关系。方法 :随机选择 16 8例江苏地区无血缘关系健康汉族人群 ,用聚合酶链反应 限制性片段长度多态性技术检测其apoE基因型。分析各基因型及等位基因对血脂、载脂蛋白及脂蛋白 (a)的影响。结果 :apoE各等位基因血清总胆固醇 (TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL C)及apoB水平由高到低依次为ε4 >ε3>ε2 。ε2 等位基因具有明显的降低TC、LDL C和apoB的作用 ;而ε4 等位基因的作用正相反。结论 :apoE基因多态性是个体间血脂谱差异的独立遗传因素。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与血脂代谢和脑梗死的关系

载脂蛋白E（ApoE）在血浆脂质代谢中起重要作用。人apoE基因具有多态性，3种等位基因（ε2、ε3和ε4）编码3种异构体（E2、E3和E4）。与ε3等位基因相比，ε2等位基因与较低的ε4等位基因和较高的血浆总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇相关。     

中国人Ⅱa型高脂蛋白血症载脂蛋白E基因多态性的研究

为探讨中国人Ⅱa型高脂蛋白血症患者载脂蛋白E基因多态性及其与血脂和载脂蛋白水平的关系,采用聚合酶链反应－限制片长多态性法,分别对87例Ⅱa型高脂蛋白血症患者及230例血脂正常者的载脂蛋白E基因型、空腹血脂及载脂蛋白AⅠ、AⅡ、B100、CⅡ、CⅢ和E进行了全面分析。结果发现,Ⅱa型高脂蛋白血症患者的血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,以及载脂蛋白B100、CⅡ、CⅢ和E水平较对照组显著升高（P＜0．01）;;血清载脂蛋白E／CⅢ比值显著降低（P＜0．05）;Ⅱa型高脂蛋白血症组与对照组载脂蛋白E基因型及等位基因频率分布均以E3／3和ε3最高,Ⅱa型高脂蛋白血症组的ε4等位基因有增高的趋势,而ε2等位基因有降低的趋势（P＞0．05）。携带ε2等位基因组血清载脂蛋白E水平较E3／3基因型组显著升高,而携带ε4等位基因组血清载脂蛋白E水平较E3／3基因型及携带ε2乘位降低基因组显著（P＜0．001）。此结果提示,ε2及ε4等位基因与Ⅱa型高脂蛋白血症患者的血清载脂蛋白E水平有关。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与血脂代谢和脑梗死的关系

载脂蛋白E(ApoE)在血浆脂质代谢中起重要作用。人apoE基因具有多态性,3种等位基因(ε2、ε3和ε4)编码3种异构体(E2、E3和E4)。与ε3等位基因相比,ε2等位基因与较低的ε4等位基因和较高的血浆总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇相关。     

心脑血管疾病与载脂蛋白E基因多态性及其血脂水平的相关性探究

目的探讨中国喀什地区心脑血管疾病与载脂蛋白E基因多态性及其血脂水平的相关性。方法应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术和限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)及血脂检测技术,在195名正常对照人群和心脑血管疾病患者203例中观察其载脂蛋白E基因多态性的分布并记录血脂水平。结果在受试人群中,Apo E基因多态性分布有所差异,Apo Eε3在对照组中所占比例较多,而Apo Eε2和Apo Eε4则在实验组中所占比例较多,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。而在血脂水平上,甘油三酯在携带Apo Eε2的患者中较高,总胆固醇在携带Apo Eε4的患者中较高。结论在中国喀什地区,载脂蛋白E2及E4等位基因在心脑血管疾病患者中的比例较高,在血脂上,Apo Eε2与甘油三酯水平及Apo Eε4与总胆固醇水平呈相关趋势,Apo Eε2和Apo Eε4可能是导致心脑血管疾病发病的危险因素。     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性与Alzheimer病的相关性研究

目的：研究中国老龄人群ＡｐｏＥ等位基因与Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ病（ＡＤ）发病危险性的关系。方法选取２２例散发性ＡＤ患者和６４例正常老年人做为研究对象,采用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）和限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）方法鉴定载脂蛋白Ｅ（ＡｐｏＥ）基因型,分析ＡｐｏＥ等位基因及ε４基因剂量与ＡＤ发病的关系。结果ＡｐｏＥε４等位基因与ＡＤ发病关系密切,ＡＤ患者中ε４基因频率较正常对照明显增高,且随着ε４基因剂     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.