神经导航辅助显微手术治疗脑功能区肿瘤

目的探讨神经导航系统辅助下脑重要功能区肿瘤显微手术的治疗效果和应用价值。方法1999年12月～2002年6月应用StealthStation神经导航系统辅助切除邻近脑重要功能区肿瘤10例,对神经导航系统术中应用的优越性、精确性等进行分析。结果本组平均注册误差为(2.8±0.9)mm,肿瘤和重要解剖功能结构定位准确,肿瘤全切除率77.8%。术后神经功能未受明显影响,无手术并发症及死亡。结论神经导航系统对于切除邻近脑重要功能区肿瘤具有定位准确,动态示踪和实时导航,侵袭性小,安全、可靠等特点,有助于提高肿瘤全切率及降低手术并发症。     

神经导航在颅内功能区微小病变手术中的应用

目的探讨神经导航辅助下颅内功能区微小病变显微手术的治疗效果和应用价值。方法自2012年4月至2015年2月应用复旦数字医学Excelim-04神经导航系统辅助手术切除脑功能区微小病变45例,对神经导航系统术中应用的优越性、精确性等进行分析。结果本组平均注册误差为2.1 mm,病变与重要的解剖功能结构定位准确,病变全切除率91.1%。术后有10例患者出现一过性神经功能障碍加重,经康复后已基本恢复,余病例神经功能障碍未受明显影响,手术并发症较以往有明显的减少。结论神经导航对于切除邻近脑功能区微小病变具有定位准确、动态示踪和实时导航、侵袭性小、安全、可靠等特点,能明显提高病变全切率及降低手术并发症。     

脑胶质瘤的神经导航手术治疗

目的 介绍神经导航系统在切除脑胶质瘤手术中的初步应用体会。方法 应用Brain-LAB公司VV2导航系统辅助切除大脑半球胶质瘤62例,并对神经导航用于胶质瘤手术的疗效,以及其优越性和注意事项进行分析。结果 本组病例中,平均注册误差为1.2±0.5 mm,术后近期复查CT或MRI证实肿瘤影像学全切除率为57％,患者临床症状均得到改善,肢体活动等重要神经功能较术前未受明显影响,无手术并发症,短期随访期间3例复发。结论 神经导航系统对于切除邻近重要功能区胶质瘤具有定位准确、动态示踪、微侵袭等特点,有助于提高胶质瘤的全切除率及降低手术并发症的发生。     

神经导航在锁孔入路手术切除邻近重要功能区病变中的应用

目的 探讨神经导航系统在切除邻近重要功能区病变手术中定位的精确性和锁孔显微手术的治疗效果。方法 2005年6月～2006年10月，应用Stryker公司导航系统辅助切除邻近重要功能区病变32例，并对神经导航在手术中应用的优越性、精确性、注意事项以及锁孔显微手术的治疗效果进行分析。结果 本组病例中注册误差为（1．6±0．5）mm，术后近期复查CT或MRI证实病变全切除比例为29／32，患者临床症状均得到明显改善，手术效果良好。结论 神经导航辅助锁孔显微手术对于切除邻近重要功能区病变具有定位准确、动态示踪、创伤轻微、安全可靠等特点，有助于提高病变的全切除率及降低手术并发症的发生。     

神经导航在邻近功能区恶性脑瘤术中的应用

目的探讨神经导航系统在邻近功能区恶性脑肿瘤显微手术切除中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院应用神经导航辅助显微手术切除的18例邻近功能区恶性脑肿瘤的临床资料。结果本组18例,15例全切,3例次全切。平均注册误差为(2.04±0.6)m m。除4例术后出现一过性对侧肢体偏瘫、1例发生短暂中枢性高热,经治疗好转外,其余患者术后恢复好,症状明显改善。无手术死亡。结论神经导航辅助显微神经外科手术,具有定位准确,入路设计合理,创伤小及术中能即时观察切除范围等特点,用它切除邻近功能区的脑肿瘤能提高全切率,减少并发症。     

神经导航系统辅助切除邻近重要功能区神经胶质瘤

目的 观察神经导航系统对脑重要功能区附近的神经胶质瘤手术定位的意义。方法2000年6月～2001年10月,在神经导航系统辅助下完成19例邻近脑重要功能区(额后、额顶交界、额颞交界、顶叶和基底节区)神经胶质瘤的切除手术。结果 导航系统对19例患者肿瘤病灶的定位误差为1.2～2.3mm,平均1.7 mm。肿瘤全切除者16例(84.21％),次全切除者3例(15.79％)。术后病理学分类为星形细胞瘤(9例),间变性星形细胞瘤(5例),多形性胶质母细胞瘤(3例),少突胶质细胞瘤(1例),星形-少突混合性胶质细胞瘤(1例)。手术未对患者重要神经功能造成不良影响。结论 借助神经导航系统可明显提高脑神经胶质瘤手术的准确性和安全性,并可显著提高肿瘤的切除程度。     

神经导航辅助显微手术切除脑功能区胶质瘤的术中配合

目的 总结神经导航辅助显微手术切除脑功能区胶质瘤的术中配合经验。方法 应用神经导航辅助显微手术治疗脑功能区胶质瘤15例,总结术中配合经验。结果 15例手术在神经导航下,避开脑运动区、语言区和视觉区,肿瘤顺利全切。术中配合熟练未发生失误。结论 神经导航技术能精确定位脑皮层下病变,避免重要脑功能区损伤,保护病人神经功能;神经导航仪的熟练应用、术前做好充分准备、术中的熟练配合是手术顺利进行的重要保证。     

神经导航辅助锁孔手术切除脑功能区小病灶32例临床分析

目的 探讨应用 Stryker LEIBNGER 神经导航指导锁孔显微手术切除重要功能区小病灶的手术效果和精确性以及提高手术疗效及降低并发症的作用.方法 32例患者应用神经导航辅助锁孔显微手术切除重要功能区小病灶.病变直径0.5～1.8cm.对其注册精度、术中导航精度、手术效果进行分析.结果 神经导航系统平均注册误差0.5mm.术中脑移位的平均水平误差0.8mm,平均垂直误差0.7mm.所有病例均顺利寻找到病灶并作显微镜下全切除.骨窗面积平均为2.5cm×2.5cm.术后神经系统功能保留良好.无严重并发症.无手术死亡.结论 神经导航引导下采用锁孔开颅显微手术切除脑重要功能区小病灶具有定位精确,动态示踪和实时导航,侵袭性小,安全、可靠等特点.     

神经导航系统辅助切除邻近重要功能区神经胶质瘤

目的：观察神经导航系统对脑重要功能区附近的神经胶质瘤手术定位的意义。方法：2000年6月-2001年10月 ，的神经导航系统辅助下完成19例邻近脑重要功能区（额后、额顶交界、额颞交界、顶叶和基底节区）神经胶质瘤的切除手术。结果：导航系统对19例患肿瘤病灶的定位误差为1.2-2.3mm，平均1.7mm。肿瘤全切除16例（84.21%），次全切除3例（15.79%）。术后病理学分类为星形细胞瘤（9例），间变性星形细胞瘤（5列），多形性胶质母细胞瘤（3例），少突胶质细胞瘤（1例），星形-少突混合性胶质细胞瘤（1例）。手术未对患重要神经功能造成不良影响。结论：借助神经导航系统可明显提高脑神经胶质瘤手术的准确性和安全性，并可显提高肿瘤的切除程度。     

荧光导航技术在颅内恶性胶质瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨荧光导航技术在切除恶性脑胶质瘤的应用价值。方法应用荧光导航技术对14例大脑半球恶性胶质瘤患者进行手术切除。结果术后行头颅CT或MRI复查,见肿瘤全切除11例(78·6%)。患者一般情况均得到改善,无并发症发生,所有病例手术时间和住院日均较常规开颅手术缩短。结论荧光导航技术对于切除邻近重要功能区的恶性胶质瘤具有定位准确、微侵袭等特点,有助于提高恶性胶质瘤的全切除率,降低手术的并发症。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.