Reconstruction of the sellar floor in transsphenoidal surgery: our experience of 818 patients

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Transsphenoidal microsurgery (TSS) is the method of choice for resection of most pituitary tumors. Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea is one of the most frequent complications of TSS. Its incidence ranges from 1.3 to 9.6%. Failure to close a cerebrospinal fistula can result in life-threatening complications e. g. meningitis or tension pneumocephalus. Therefore sellar closure has to be done properly certainly and has to be watertight. The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of reconstruction of the skull base after TSS with autologous material (fascia lata and fat or muscle). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our operative experience of reconstruction of the sellar floor during transsphenoidal surgery is described. We report the well known method of the sellar closure using autologous tissue (fascia lata and fat or muscle). We did not use other materials e.g., fibrin glue, titanium mesh etc. This technique has been performed in 316 patients. RESULTS: The postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in 7 patients. Four of them underwent early reoperation. Three others were treated successfully with lumbar drainage. In another patient, a cerebrospinal fistula occurred during chronic pharmacotherapy of the giant PRL-secreting adenoma. Transsphenoidal reconstruction of the skull base according to the described method was performed in that case. Lethal meningitis occurred in one patient in our group. CONCLUSION: In our opinion the described method of reconstruction of the sellar floor is easy, safe and very effective.     

鞍底重建在单鼻孔经蝶窦手术中的应用

目的 评估不同人工材料鞍底重建技术在单鼻孔经蝶窦手术中的作用.方法 2003年1月全2006年12月应用显微镜下单鼻孔经蝶安入路手术治疗垂体腺瘤和鞍Ⅸ病变86例,切除病变后,根据不同情况,选择不同方法封闭鞍底.结果 本组86例中35例(41%)选用不同材料重建鞍底.术后3例脑脊液漏,经腰池引流脑脊液治愈,无颅内感染及其他并发症发牛.结论 单鼻孔经蝶窦入路切除病变后如发生腑脊液漏和(或)骨质广泛破坏,鞍底重建是必要的.不同人工材料的效果及安全性需要长期随访.     

Complications of the transsphenoidal approach to sellar lesions.

Transsphenoidal surgery is currently performed extensively for lesions of the sella turcica. The mortality and morbidity of this surgical approach are minimal, and the results satisfactory overall. Only a few studies have addressed the complications of this approach. The authors present a retrospective study of 200 transsphenoidal procedures in 196 patients over an eleven year period. There was one death due to meningitis. Major morbidity consisted of intraventricular hemorrhage in three patients, false aneurysm of the internal carotid artery in one patient and thalamic infarction in another patient. Minor morbidity details are presented. The pathogenesis of the most serious of these complications along with possible preventive measures are discussed.     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术中鞍底重建

目的比较神经内镜下经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术中两种鞍底重建方法的临床效果。方法 2011年8月至2013年8月神经内镜下经鼻蝶垂显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤患者134例,采用带血管蒂的鼻中隔黏膜瓣技术进行鞍底重建69例（对照组）,使用国产医用诱导骨基质为主要支撑材料的改良多重加固新技术重建65例（观察组）。结果观察组术后脑脊液漏发生率及术后并发症发生率与对照组无显著差异（P〉0.05）。但观察组术中修补时间[（21.7±4.8）min]较对照组[（43.7±6.4）min]显著缩短（P〈0.05）,术后住院时间[（6.8±2.3）d]较对照组[（10.1±3.7）d]显著缩短（P〈0.05）。结论以医用诱导骨基质为主体的鞍底重建新技术具有安全、有效、方便、快捷的特点,能够取得良好的重建效果。     

单鼻孔直达蝶窦入路垂体瘤切除术鞍底的精确定位

目的 探讨经单鼻孔直达蝶窦入路垂体瘤切除术鞍底定位.方法 77例垂体瘤术前行蝶窦矢状位、冠状位CT扫描,并测量前颅底鞍底夹角(简称颅鞍角)、鞍底斜坡夹角(简称鞍斜角)的大小,前鼻棘到颅鞍角、鞍斜角的距离,在头颅MRI上测量颈内动脉海绵安段之间的最短距离;术中在正中矢状位先找到颅鞍角,向后下绕过鞍底找到鞍斜角,通过两个夹角,正确定位鞍底.结果 ≥90°颅鞍角61例,<90°颅鞍角16例,≥190°鞍斜角48例,<90°鞍斜角29例,前鼻棘到颅鞍角的平均距离(64.90±7.41)mm,前鼻棘到鞍斜角的平均距离(71.74±7.70)mm;所有患者都正确找到鞍底,切除肿瘤,手术顺利.结论 蝶窦欠状位、冠状位CT扫描可以正确了解蝶窦、鞍底的形态和位置;头颅正中矢状位上的前颅底鞍底夹角和鞍底斜坡夹角可直接应用于经鼻蝶安入路垂体瘤切除术鞍底的精确定位.     

经鼻蝶入路垂体瘤切除术与鞍底修复的应用及疗效

目的 探讨经鼻蝶入路垂体瘤切除术与鞍底修复在临床上的应用及效果.方法 回顾性分析320例经鼻蝶入路行垂体腺瘤切除术患者的临床资料,所有患者均行单侧鼻孔经蝶窦入路切除术,术后根据鞍膈膜损坏程度使用自体鼻软骨材料及止血棉纱、明胶海绵、生物胶等生物材料分别进行单纯鞍底修复术和严密鞍底修复术.修复后若仍有脑脊液外漏者,则延迟撤除鼻腔填塞物并给予颅内降压治疗.结果 所有患者初次全切除患者占93.1％,患者术前临床症状2周内显著改善.术中脑脊液外漏发生率为18.1％(58/320),术后1.88％(6/320).垂体及靶腺激素低下发生率为0.94％(3/320),尿崩症0.94％(3/320),电解质紊乱1.56％(5/320),颅内感染1.25％(4/320).经延迟鼻腔填塞时间并配合颅内降压处理后,术后仍有脑脊液外漏的6例患者均得到有效控制,其他并发症经及时临床处理及药物治疗后消除.结论 经鼻蝶入路垂体切除术是目前手术切除垂体腺瘤的最好方法,鞍底修复能有效减少术后脑脊液外漏发生率,且能明显降低其他不良反应的发生率.     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤手术的鞍底解剖复位技术及其早期预后

目的介绍神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路制作可解剖复位的鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣的手术方法。初步探讨其使用范围及早期预后。方法回顾性分析2015年4月~11月在南京军区南京总医院神经外科应用鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣进行鞍底解剖复位的病例38例。术中暴露鞍底后仔细辨认双侧颈内动脉隆起、视神经隆起及颈内动脉视神经隐窝。在上述解剖结构内侧马蹄形切开鞍底粘膜,磨开鞍底骨质并向下翻开,形成鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣。肿瘤切除以后,复位鞍底粘膜骨瓣并用生物蛋白胶固定,实现鞍底的解剖复位。结果 32例患者完成鞍底解剖复位。9例术中脑脊液漏患者,无一发展为术后脑脊液漏。所有病例术后均未发生粘膜骨瓣相关并发症。结论鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣是一项安全、有效的鞍底解剖复位方法。     

颅底硬膜缝合技术在内镜经鼻蝶入路鞍区肿瘤切除中的应用

目的 探讨颅底硬膜缝合技术在内镜经鼻蝶入路切除鞍区肿瘤后颅底重建中的可行性和可靠性。方法 分析安徽医科大学第一附属医院2019年1月—2021年7月在内镜下经鼻蝶入路切除鞍区肿瘤后采用颅底硬膜缝合技术处理的28例患者临床资料,并进行相关文献复习。结果 28例患者均存在术中脑脊液漏（CSFL）,参照Esposito分级法,术中发生1级CSFL 14例,2级CSFL 10例,3级CSFL 4例。术中均采用了硬膜缝合技术修补鞍底,27例患者一期颅底重建成功,无术后CSFL发生,1例Rathkes囊肿患者术后出现CSFL,再次接受内镜下CSFL修补术,术后未再出现CSFL。结论 颅底缝合硬膜,可以对颅底产生较大的支撑力,重建效果确切,值得临床应用。     

额下经蝶入路显微手术切除鞍区肿瘤20例报告

目的　报告２０ 例鞍区肿瘤采用额下经蝶入路显微手术的体会, 确立一种手术方法,评价其利弊。方法　额部骨瓣开颅后, 先切除肿瘤的鞍上部分, 而后磨除鞍结节、蝶骨平台及蝶鞍前壁骨质, 显露并切除鞍内及蝶窦内肿瘤。结果　全切１８ 例, 近全切除２ 例。脑脊液鼻漏３ 例, 无颅内感染及死亡。结论　该入路适于一期手术全切除鞍内及鞍上的肿瘤, 尤其适于肿瘤侵入蝶窦内并且合并视交叉前置的患者, 值得重视和推广。     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路鞍区肿瘤的手术治疗

目的报道神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路切除59例鞍区肿瘤的方法和效果,探讨其优缺点和手术适应证。方法全部病人采用神经内镜下经鼻内-蝶窦标准入路和改良入路切除肿瘤。其中常规的神经内镜下经单侧鼻内-蝶窦入路36例,简化的神经内镜下经蝶窦入路16例,扩大的神经内镜下经蝶窦入路7例。4例手术中利用了神经导航技术。结果全切除肿瘤42例,次全切(>80%)7例,大部切除5例,引流3例,活检2例;本组病例术后1例死亡,7例有一过性脑脊液鼻漏;19例术后出现一过性多尿,术后3d-1周恢复正常,5例术后出现较长时间的多尿,4例经治疗术后3-6个月恢复正常,1例目前维持用药。随访3个月-3.5年,视力不同程度改善20例,异常增高的激素水平降至正常22例;4例手术后再接受了伽玛刀治疗,21例手术后3个月行普通放疗,1例垂体瘤1年后复发,再次接受导航辅助下内镜手术。结论神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路(包括标准入路和改良入路)适用于大多数鞍区肿瘤的切除,如垂体腺瘤、颅咽管瘤、鞍结节脑膜瘤等,可以获得满意的手术效果。     

鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣复位联合带蒂粘膜瓣进行鞍底重建在垂体腺瘤术中的应用

目的 探讨鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣复位联合鼻中隔粘膜瓣进行鞍底重建在垂体腺瘤经鼻蝶入路神经内镜切除术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年3月至2021年11月经鼻蝶入路神经内镜手术治疗的36例垂体腺瘤的临床资料,术中应用鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣复位联合鼻中隔粘膜瓣重建鞍底。结果 36例完成鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣制作、复位,其中10例切除肿瘤过程中鞍隔破裂,术中出现脑脊液漏,结合鼻中隔粘膜瓣完成鞍底重建。肿瘤全切除31例,次全切除5例;肿瘤全切除率为86.1%(31/36)。术后无脑脊液鼻漏、颅内感染。术后随访3～12个月,无鞍底粘膜骨瓣移位,无迟发性脑脊液鼻漏、颅内感染。结论 鞍底带蒂粘膜骨瓣复位联合鼻中隔粘膜瓣重建鞍底,方法简单,可有效预防垂体腺瘤经鼻蝶入路神经内镜切除术后脑脊液漏。     

内镜下扩大经鼻蝶鞍区解剖学研究进展

鞍区位于中颅底中心部位,其解剖结构复杂、功能重要,是垂体瘤、颅咽管瘤、脑膜瘤等肿瘤的好发部位.对于手术治疗此区病变,经鼻蝶入路利用鼻腔、蝶窦等自然腔隙,能缩短手术入路,较常规开颅创伤小,现对内镜下扩大经鼻蝶窦鞍区手术所涉及的解剖结构进行综述.     

内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦人路鞍区手术的解剖研究

目的 研究内镜下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路中各解剖标志的辨认,探讨如何确认和根据不同的鞍区肿瘤生长方式扩大显露蝶窦前壁.方法 对甲醛固定的成人尸头标本(10例)和新鲜成人尸头标本(5例)经颈内动脉灌注红色乳胶、颈内静脉灌注蓝色玻璃胶后,经单侧鼻孔人路导入内镜,再剖开一侧鼻腔进行解剖观察和测量.结果 腭咽弓到蝶窦开口下缘距离为(15.13±1.99)mm.中鼻甲后部下缘到鞍底中心距离为(10.20±0.15)mm,去除蝶窦内分隔后蝶窦容量为(8.73±2.90)mL,鞍底厚度为(3.68±1.96)mm;鼻中隔和蝶窦前壁之间在不同平面的夹角差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 对难以找到蝶窦开口者,可根据蝶窦前壁特有的橄榄状隆起、蝶窦前壁和中鼻甲位置关系及蝶窦开口和腭咽弓距离确定蝶窦前壁;犁骨居中可为鞍底中线的定位标志;扩大入路适用于往鞍区各个不同方向生长的肿瘤手术.     

经鼻-蝶鞍区病变手术安全性探讨

目的提高经鼻蝶鞍区病变手术的安全性。方法回顾性分析经鼻蝶显微手术切除的196例鞍区病变的临床资料,结合文献加以讨论。结果病变全切168例,次全切26例,2例未切除。术后永久性尿崩2例,术后出血3例,脑脊液鼻漏21例,脑膜炎8例。视力障碍加重5例。本组死亡5例（2．55％）。结论准确的术前诊断、细致的影像学资料分析、术中神经导航的应用、娴熟的显微手术技术以及术后并发症的积极防治可以大大提高经鼻蝶鞍区病变手术的安全性。     

Sandwich technique using fibrin-coated collagen fleece for sellar reconstruction in large dural defects during transsphenoidal surgery

PurposeVarious surgical methods to prevent intraoperative and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks during transsphenoidal approach (TSA) surgeries have been reported, but surgical techniques to address large dural defects have been less thoroughly investigated in the literature. The authors retrospectively evaluated the usefulness of the sandwich technique using fibrin-coated collagen fleece (TachoSil) to prevent intraoperative CSF leakage from large dural defects in TSA surgery.MethodsIn total, 101 cases of intraoperative CSF leaks were observed among 465 patients who underwent TSA surgery at a single university hospital between 2002 and 2014. Among them, cases with Grade 3 intraoperative CSF leakages and large diaphragmatic/dural defects were reconstructed via the sandwich technique using TachoSil or via the conventional technique using simple intrasellar packing with fat or synthetic materials, and these cases were enrolled in this study.ResultsA total of 28 cases with Grade 3 intraoperative CSF leakages were identified and analyzed. The sandwich technique using TachoSil was applied in 13 cases, and the conventional technique was applied in 15 cases. The postoperative CSF leakage was significantly decreased by the sandwich technique as compared to the conventional technique (retrospectively, 0 cases vs. 4 cases (30.8%); P = 0.044).ConclusionThe sandwich technique using TachoSil can effectively prevent CSF leakage in cases with large dural defects during TSA surgery.     

无框架MRI导航下的内镜经蝶鞍区肿瘤切除术

目的探讨无框架MRI导航系统在内镜经蝶垂体腺瘤和颅咽管瘤切除术中的作用.方法对8例垂体腺瘤和2例颅咽管瘤病人在无框架MRI影像导航引导内镜下经蝶入路切除肿瘤.结果机器定位误差平均1.5mm,重要结构和病变定位满意,导航注册时间平均5 min,手术时间平均50min,术后病人症状均减轻.结论在内镜经蝶鞍区手术治疗中,无框架影像导航使重要结构及病变定位准确,可在手术中发挥重要作用.     

Clinical efficacy of radiation-sterilized allografts for sellar reconstruction after transsphenoidal surgery

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of radiation-sterilized allografts of iliac bone and fascia lata from cadaver specimens to repair skull base defects after transsphenoidal surgery.

Methods

Between May 2009 and January 2010, 31 consecutive patients underwent endonasal transsphenoidal surgery and all patients received sellar reconstruction using allografts following tumor removal. The allografts were obtained from the local tissue bank and harvested from cadaver donors. The specimens used in our approach were tensor fascia lata and the flat area of iliac bone. For preparation, allografts were treated with gamma irradiation after routine screening by culture, and then stored at -70℃.

Results

The mean follow-up period after surgery was 12.6 months (range, 7.4-16 months). Overall, postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks occurred in three patients (9.7%) and postoperative meningitis in one patient (3.2%). There was no definitive evidence of wound infection at the routine postoperative follow-up examination or during re-do surgery in three patients. Postoperative meningitis in one patient was improved with the use of antibiotics and prolonged CSF diversion.

Conclusion

We suggest that allograft materials can be a feasible alternative to autologous tissue grafts for sellar reconstruction following transsphenoidal surgery under selected circumstances such as no or little intraoperative CSF leaks.     

经蝶窦鞍内手术的颅内血管损伤性并发症

目的 通过回顾性总结分析经蝶窦鞍内手术中发生的8例血管损伤性并发症病例的临床资料,从而提高对这种少见并发症的认识.方法 1964年～2000年间经蝶窦鞍内手术中发生颅内血管损伤性并发症共8例,包括6例蛛网膜下腔出血、1例前海绵间窦出血、1例颈内动脉血栓形成;分析了病人的临床表现、诊断、出血原因,探讨了预防和治疗方法.结果 出血原因为肿瘤残体出血2例,损伤鞍膈或蛛网膜出血4例,前海绵间窦过渡发育1例;手术操作刺激引起颈内动脉血栓形成1例;死亡2例,治愈5例,1例术后肢体偏瘫.结论 经蝶窦鞍内手术并发颅内血管损伤是-种少见的手术并发症,其发生原因复杂,熟悉鞍区解剖结构和熟练操作技术可明显减少该并发症,一旦发生出血应给予综合性治疗.     

蝶窦内间隔与经单鼻孔-蝶窦-鞍区肿瘤切除术效果分析

目的 对蝶窦内间隔特点及经蝶窦-鞍区肿瘤手术的关系进行探讨.方法 分析北京军区总医院附属八一脑科医院自2008年1月至2010年12月收治的107例经单鼻孔-蝶窦-鞍区肿瘤切除术患者的术前蝶窦内间隔资料,并用以指导术中操作.结果 本组肿瘤全部切除67例(62.6%),大部切除21例(19.6%),部分切除19例(17.8%).其中47例根据蝶窦间隔的指示,迅速确定肿瘤所在鞍底位置,或保留无关间隔,并根据间隔确认颈内动脉位置,避免损伤;11例存在复杂蝶窦内间隔者,根据影像学提示得以快速判定鞍底与间隔的关系并确定蝶窦内骨质切除范围与方向,顺利完成手术.手术相关并发症:左侧颈内动脉破裂1例,海绵窦破损4例.结论 术前仔细判读蝶窦内间隔影像学资料,用以指导经蝶窦-鞍区肿瘤手术操作,可以预防和减少并发症.

Abstract：

Objective To study the relationship of sphenoidal intersinus septa with transsphenoidal resection of sellar area tumor. Methods The pre-operative MRI and CT images of the sphenoid intersinus septa and its importance in transsphenoidal resection of sellar area tumor were studied in 107 patients, admitted to our hospital from January 2008 to December 2010. The amounts, locations, anatomic specialties of the septa and its relationships with the floor of selle, the internal carotid artery canals and the tumors were analyzed to guide the operative procedures during the operation. Results Total removal of the tumors in seller region was obtained in 67 patients, subtotal removal in 21 and partial removal in 19. According to the MRI and CT images of the sphenoid intersinus septa, the location of the tumor and the carotid artery in 47 patients were quickly determined; complex sphenoid intersinus septa was noted in 11 patients, and the relation of sellar floor with the septa was quickly determined and the scope and direction of removal were determined too. Rupture of the internal carotid artery occurred in 1 patient, and damages of the cavernous sinuses occurred in 4. Conclusion Careful study of the pre-operative MRI or CT images of the sphenoidal intersinus septa and its relationship with the floor of seller, the internal carotid artery and the tumor will assure the transspenoidal surgery more precisely and safely, and the complication can be efficiently prevented and decreased.     

内镜经蝶手术治疗鞍区病变的视力保护简

目的探讨内镜经蝶手术治疗伴视觉障碍鞍区病变的手术操作技巧,提高治疗视觉障碍的疗效。方法回顾性分析68例内镜经蝶手术治疗伴视觉障碍鞍区病变病人的临床资料,分析术前病人的病史、体征和影像学资料,术中操作技巧和所见鞍膈形态。及术后视觉障碍改善情况。结果肿瘤全切除60例,次全切除8例。随访6-36个月,术前病人视力下降、视野缺损者,术后1个月均基本恢复;未发现肿瘤复发。结论对鞍区病变的视力保护,术前预估鞍膈的病理形态非常重要,术中避免直接对视神经及血管结构的操作,可减少手术并发症,促进病人视觉障碍恢复。