上置法植骨技术与种植修复

目的：为了恢复缺牙后重度吸收牙槽嵴的三维骨量,继而行种植体植入,探讨上置法植骨技术及结果。方法：３３例重度吸收牙槽嵴患者接受了上置法槽骨术,平均３个月植入了４５颗种植体。术后６个月行种植体暴露术,暴露后６周行烤瓷冠修复。结果：所有病例修复后平均追踪１１个月,未见种植体脱落。结论：上置法植骨技术简单,效果可靠。     

下颌骨取骨onlay植骨改善种植骨量不足的临床研究

目的:评价应用下颌骨取骨onlay植骨改善种植术前重度萎缩牙槽嵴的手术方法及疗效。方法:18例患者接受了下颌骨来源的onlay植骨术,手术同期或术后4～6个月共植入22颗种植体,并于术后4～6个月暴露种植体,最终完成烤瓷冠修复。结果:植骨术后无并发症发生,2例骨吸收较明显,其余均顺利植入种植体,二期手术时骨吸收平均20%。所有病例均最终完成种植修复,观察6～28个月,无种植体脱落。结论:下颌骨取骨onlay植骨修复重度萎缩的牙槽嵴操作简便,效果可靠。     

上颌前牙区牙槽嵴骨劈开增量同期种植术的临床研究

目的 :评价骨劈开增宽上颌前牙槽嵴 ,同期植入种植体的临床效果。方法 :15例患者 ,缺失上前牙1～4颗 ,有充足的牙槽嵴高度 (>13mm) ,但牙槽嵴骨厚度仅2～3mm ,采用骨劈开术 ,形成唇侧骨瓣。在唇侧骨瓣与腭侧骨板间植入3.4～4.5mm直径的Frialit-2种植体共25枚,骨板间隙充填Bio -Oss骨粉 ,覆盖Bio -Gide胶原膜或纯钛膜 ,无张力下缝合黏骨膜瓣。术后第10天和6个月时拍X线根尖周片观察种植体骨结合状况 ,并于术后6个月时行Ⅱ期手术 ,翻开软组织瓣 ,检查骨增量效果和种植体稳固性 ,测量牙槽嵴骨的宽度和拆除钛膜。结果 :1枚种植体术后1个月脱落 ,其余种植体稳固 ,且完全被骨质包埋 ,X线根尖周片证实种植体骨结合良好 ,牙槽嵴宽度增加达3～5mm ,平均增宽4.4mm。Ⅱ期手术时种植体成活率96 %。24枚种植体完成金属烤瓷修复 ,经2年的追踪观察,无一种植体松动或脱落。结论 :当前牙区牙槽嵴骨厚度2～3mm时 ,采用骨劈开术增宽牙槽嵴 ,使植种植体获得同期植入是一种行之有效的方法。     

即刻种植修复的临床研究

目的评价种植术后即刻修复的临床效果。方法单颗牙缺失,牙槽嵴高度及宽度足够的患者12例,植入种植体,要求种植体植入扭力大于40Ncm,即刻取模,术后3d戴入临时冠,3～6个月后改为烤瓷冠永久修复,定期进行临床及X线片观察,观察种植体的动度、种植体周骨结合情况及边缘骨吸收量。结果12颗种植体均已完成金属烤瓷冠修复,经15～26个月的追踪观察,种植体无一松动或脱落,X线显示种植体骨结合良好,种植体植入后1年种植体周骨高度丧失(0.75±0.22)mm。结论若缺失区骨质情况良好,单牙种植即刻修复可获得满意的近期临床效果。     

帐篷螺丝技术在上前牙区连续缺失种植修复中的疗效评价

目的:评价帐篷螺丝植骨技术在上前牙区连续多牙缺失水平向骨增量术中的临床应用效果。方法:使用帐篷螺丝技术(screw-tent technique)对9例上前牙连续缺失(21个位点),骨缺损严重的患者进行水平向骨增量,6~9个月后行种植体植入术,植入术后6个月行种植修复,并追踪观察修复后12个月的修复效果。结果:9例患者共植入21枚种植体,无一松动或者脱落,并获得较满意的修复效果。术前牙槽嵴宽度为(2.41±0.49)mm,术后6个月牙槽嵴宽度为(8.27±0.79)mm,对比植骨术前和术后,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。修复完成后12个月牙槽嵴宽度为(7.74±0.52),对比种植术后和修复后12个月,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:螺丝技术在上前牙连续缺失的水平向骨增量中,可获得较理想的水平向骨增量效果及修复效果。但由于观察时间较短,其远期效果仍需要进一步的观察研究。     

珊瑚骨粉、口腔修复膜应用于即刻种植的临床研究

目的:选择合适的适应征进行微创拔牙后行即刻种植术,观察人工珊瑚颗粒、海奥生物膜行GBR技术,应用于前牙区即刻种植成骨效果.方法:25例前牙冠根折伴骨吸收患者进行即刻种植手术.微创拔除残根,牙槽窝嵴周少量骨缺损或伴唇侧骨壁洞穿,常规预备后植入种植体,种植体与牙槽窝骨壁间隙内、骨缺损处植入人工珊瑚颗粒(天博骨粉),盖海奥口腔修复膜,种植体均为潜入式愈合,二期手术后常规修复.观察二期手术及修复后6月或1年植骨区外形及牙龈状况.结果:二期手术时牙槽嵴成骨明显,包绕种植体颈周,二期手术修复后6月或1年牙槽外形均较植骨前丰满,牙龈质地、色泽良好.结论:珊瑚骨粉颗粒联合海奥生物膜应用于即刻种植修复少量骨缺损,成骨效果可靠.     

骨劈开技术在上颌前牙区种植的临床效果观察

目的 评价上颌前牙区牙槽骨水平宽度不足的种植牙患者应用骨劈开技术增宽牙槽嵴的临床效果。方法 选择19例上前牙缺失患者,有充足的牙槽嵴高度(≥12 mm),但牙槽嵴骨宽度仅3~5 mm,行骨劈开术同期植入种植体治疗。共植入种植体29枚,其中ITI种植体21枚,Replace种植体8枚。根据骨劈开术后间隙及唇侧骨壁厚度等不同情况选择植入或不植入人工骨粉修复手段,术后6个月暴露种植体,完成上部修复,定期随诊。结果 术后无明显并发症发生,修复完成后经过6~24个月追踪观察,种植体行使功能良好,无松动或脱落。结论 当上颌前牙区牙槽嵴宽度为3~5 mm时,通过使用骨劈开术来增加牙槽嵴的宽度,是一种使种植体能够获得同期植入的有效方法。     

自体富含血小板血浆复合倍骼生用于牙槽骨增量的临床研究

目的 评估自体富含血小板血浆复合倍骼生用于牙种植术骨量不足时骨增量的临床效果.方法 17例存在骨量不足的种植牙患者,其中3例行上颌窦提升术, 14例种植区牙槽骨骨缺损,采用富含血小板血浆复合倍骼生进行骨增量,植入24颗种植体.结果 17例患者中,愈合期无1例感染,有3例伤口裂开,经处理后延期愈合,其余患者伤口均一期愈合.术前牙槽嵴平均宽度为(3.99±1.86) mm,骨增量后牙槽嵴宽度平均增加3.36 mm,二期手术时牙槽嵴宽度为(7.37±0.91) mm.植骨前与二期手术时牙槽嵴宽度差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),植骨后和二期手术时相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).无种植体脱落, 6～8个月后X线检查提示种植体周围的骨结合好,修复效果好.结论 富含血小板血浆复合倍骼生可以较好地修复种植区的骨缺损,扩大种植牙的适应证,使种植体获得较好的轴向和位置.     

ITI种植体即刻负重与延期负重行永久修复前牙槽嵴骨吸收变化的比较研究

目的:比较ITI种植体即刻负重与延期负重行永久修复前牙槽嵴的吸收变化.方法:选择上前牙区植入时最大扭矩大于35的种植体20颗.随机分为两组:即刻负重组10颗,种植体植入后连接临时基台并行临时冠修复;延期负重组10颗,种植体植入放置愈合螺丝延期修复.在两组种植体植入时及1周,2周,4周,8周,16周后,进行X线检查,测量牙槽嵴骨吸收量并时结果进行统计学分析(ANOVA).结果:种植体无一失败.牙槽嵴的吸收随时间逐渐增加,即刻负重组和延期负重组之间无统计学差异.讨论:对即刻负重的长期效果应对两组种植体行永久修复后继续观察牙槽嵴的吸收变化.结论:ITI种植体行即刻负重与延期负重于永久修复前牙槽嵴骨吸收量不存在显著性差异.     

环状自体骨在严重牙槽骨吸收同期种植中的应用

目的:探讨应用环状自体骨移植对严重牙槽骨吸收同期种植的骨增量手术方法。方法:9例重度牙槽骨吸收患者接受了环状自体骨移植,同期植入12枚种植体。结果:所有种植体均成功植入,初期稳定性好,全部Ⅰ期愈合,术后X线片显示骨愈合良好,垂直骨骨高度增量3.68-6.17mm。平均骨增量高度4.70mm。结论:环状自体骨用于严重牙槽嵴的吸收并同期植入种植体手术方法简单,周期短,疗效可靠,值得临床推广。     

Cortical tenting grafting technique in the severely atrophic alveolar ridge for implant site preparation

OBJECTIVES: Alveolar ridge augmentation using intraoral autogenous block grafts to augment localized alveolar ridge defects before implant placement is a predictable method. However, large severely atrophic edentulous segments may require extraoral donor sites. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using intraoral cortical block grafts in combination with particulate human mineralized allograft, in a "tenting" fashion, to augment large atrophic alveolar ridge defects for implant placement. MATERIALS: This prospective case study evaluated augmentation in 10 consecutive patients with severely resorbed alveolar ridges missing a minimum of 4 adjacent teeth. Before augmentation, all grafted sites were deemed inadequate for placement of a standard 4-mm-diameter implant. Horizontal ridge augmentation was performed using autologous membranous cortical bone grafts from an oral donor site to tent out the soft tissue matrix and periosteum for the adjacent particulate allograft. The ridges were clinically evaluated 4 to 5 months after augmentation, and 42 implants were placed at that time. RESULTS: Implants were successfully placed at all grafted sites 4 to 5 months after the original graft date. Clinical evaluation of the grafted sites upon re-entry revealed uniform ridge anatomy. All edentulous segments had at least 2 implants placed of at least 4.0 mm diameter. In all, 42 implants were placed into grafted sites in the 10 patients. Implants were checked for osseointegration by using a counter torque of 35 N.cm. One implant failed to integrate. Mean follow-up was 22 months after implant placement. All augmented ridges had retained their functional and esthetic integrity at 1 year after original augmentation. CONCLUSION: Tenting of the periosteum and soft tissue matrix using a cortical bone block maintains space and minimizes resorption of the particulate allograft volume. In addition, bridging the cortical blocks with particulate bone avoids unaesthetic ridge defects between cortical block grafts in larger ridge defects. The result was a more uniform and esthetic alveolar ridge, capable of maintaining an implant-supported prosthesis. The technique offers predictable functional and esthetic reconstruction of large-volume defects without extensive amounts of autogenous bone. This offers a superior functional and esthetic result than with either cortical or particulate grafting alone.     

自体植骨上颌窦底提升同期种植体植入术近期疗效观察

目的:评价自体骨开窗式上颌窦提升术对上颌后牙区牙槽骨高度严重不足(高度4～6mm)的患者种植治疗的近期疗效。方法:对4例上颌后牙骨量不足(高度4～6mm)而需种植修复的病例,实施自体植骨的开窗式上颌窦提升术,并同期植入种植体共9枚。自体移植骨来自种植窝制备时中空钻取骨,在需做牙槽嵴修整处的牙槽骨棘取骨,如不够再用刮骨器取骨或从颏部手术取骨,将所取之骨碾碎备用。结果:术后7个月拍片,均显示骨性愈合;冠修复后行使功能18～24个月效果理想。结论:自体取骨植骨用于上颌窦提升,可扩大种植手术适应证,降低种植成本。     

The outcome of intraoral onlay block bone grafts on alveolar ridge augmentations: A systematic review

Aim: The purpose of this study was to systematically review clinical studies examining the survival and success rates of implants placed with intraoral onlay autogenous bone grafts to answer the following question: do ridge augmentations procedures with intraoral onlay block bone grafts in conjunction with or prior to implant placement influence implant outcome when compared with a control group (guided bone regeneration, alveolar distraction, native bone or short dental implants.)? Material and Method: An electronic data banks and hand searching were used to find relevant articles on vertical and lateral augmentation procedures performed with intraoral onlay block bone grafts for dental implant therapy published up to October 2013. Publications in English, on human subjects, with a controlled study design –involving at least one group with defects treated with intraoral onlay block bone grafts, more than five patients and a minimum follow-up of 12 months after prosthetic loading were included. Two reviewers extracted the data. Results: A total of 6 studies met the inclusion criteria: 4 studies on horizontal augmentation and 2 studies on vertical augmentation. Intraoperative complications were not reported. Most common postsurgical complications included mainly mucosal dehiscences (4 studies), bone graft or membrane exposures (3 studies), complete failures of block grafts (2 studies) and neurosensory alterations (4 studies). For lateral augmentation procedures, implant survival rates ranged from 96.9% to 100%, while for vertical augmentation they ranged from 89.5% to 100%. None article studied the soft tissues healing. Conclusions: Survival and success rates of implants placed in horizontally and vertically resorbed edentulous ridges reconstructed with block bone grafts are similar to those of implants placed in native bone, in distracted sites or with guided bone regeneration. More surgical challenges and morbidity arise from vertical augmentations, thus short implants may be a feasible option. Key words:Alveolar ridge augmentation, intraoral bone grafts, onlay grafts, block grafts, dental implants.     

Sinus/alveolar crest tenting (SACT): a new technique for implant placement in atrophic maxillary ridges without bone grafts or membranes

An adequate amount of bone, in both width and height, is required for successful implant placement. When alveolar ridges are severely resorbed, the bone volume must be increased before implants may be placed. A variety of grafting techniques that successfully remedy this limitation have been developed, but they often require multiple surgical procedures and a prolonged healing time. This article describes the sinus/alveolar crest tenting technique, which permits successful implant placement in the severely atrophic posterior maxilla without bone grafts or membranes. Clinical healing is complete after 6 months.     

Maxillary alveolar ridge reconstruction with nonvascularized autogenous block bone: clinical results.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the clinical success of bone reconstruction of the severely atrophic maxilla using autogenous bone harvested from the anterosuperior edge of iliac wing and to analyze the clinical success and the marginal bone level of dental implants placed 4 to 5 months after bone grafting and before prosthetic rehabilitation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-six patients (18 men, 38 women) aged 27 to 63 years were included in the study and required treatment for maxillary atrophy. All patients selected were scheduled for onlay bone graft and titanium implants in a 2-stage procedure. The dental implants were inserted 4 to 5 months after grafting. RESULTS: No major complications were observed from the donor sites. A total of 129 onlay bone grafts were used to augment 56 severely resorbed maxillas. Three out of 129 bone grafts had to be removed because of early exposure occurring with bone grafts placed to increase the vertical dimension of the alveolar ridge. One hundred sixty-two implants were placed in the area of bone augmentation. Seven implants failed to integrate and were successfully re-placed without any need for additional bone grafting. The clinical measurements for bone resorption around implants revealed a mean bone loss of 0.05 mm (+/- 0.2); the marginal bone level evaluated with periapical radiographies was 0.3 mm (+/- 0.4) at implant placement and 0.1 mm (+/- 0.3) 6 months after placement. CONCLUSION: The success rate of the block grafts was very good. The clinical and radiographic bone observations showed a very low rate of resorption after bone graft and implant placement. Therefore, on the basis of this preliminary study, iliac bone grafts (from the anterosuperior edge of the iliac wing) can be considered a promising treatment for severe maxillary atrophy.     

Two-stage reconstruction of the severely deficient alveolar ridge: bone graft followed by alveolar distraction osteogenesis

Distraction osteogenesis for the augmentation of severe alveolar bone deficiency has gained popularity during the past two decades. In cases where the vertical bone height is not sufficient to create a stable transport segment, performing alveolar distraction osteogenesis (ADO) is not possible. In these severe cases, a two-stage treatment protocol is suggested: onlay bone grafting followed by ADO. An iliac crest onlay bone graft followed by ADO was performed in 13 patients: seven in the mandible and six in the maxilla. Following ADO, endosseous implants and prosthetic restorations were placed. In all cases, the onlay bone graft resulted in inadequate height for implant placement, but allowed ADO to be performed. ADO was performed to a mean total vertical augmentation of 13.7 mm. Fifty-two endosseous implants were placed. During a mean follow-up of 4.85 years, two implants failed, both during the first 6 months; the survival rate was 96.15%. In severe cases lacking the required bone for ADO, using an onlay bone graft as a first stage treatment increases the bone height thus allowing ADO to be performed. This article describes a safe and stable two-stage treatment modality for severely atrophic cases, resulting in sufficient bone for implant placement and correction of the inter-maxillary vertical relationship.     

The management of a severely resorbed edentulous maxilla using a bone graft and a CAD/CAM-guided immediately loaded definitive implant prosthesis: a clinical report

Functional reconstruction of an occlusion with severe residual ridge resorption is a clinical challenge. Removable prostheses are unsuccessful in situations with severe bone resorption. A patient with an edentulous maxilla received bone grafts from the anterior iliac crest to augment the maxillary alveolar residual ridges. The maxilla underwent bilateral sinus lift in the posterior area and onlay bone graft on the anterior maxilla using platelet-rich plasma. Eight endosseous implants were placed using a CAD/CAM surgical template approximately 6 months after the bone augmentation procedure. A prefabricated definitive implant-supported fixed complete denture was connected immediately after implant placement using a CAD/CAM-guided surgical implant placement protocol.     

The segmental ridge-split procedure

This report details surgical procedures for ridge expansion by means of splitting the crest of an edentulous ridge. Atrophic bony ridges present a unique challenge to the dental implant surgeon. In the past, onlay grafts of bone harvested from the hip, maxillary tuberosity, symphysis of the chin, or external oblique ridge have all been used with success in reconstruction of atrophic ridges. However, bone onlay grafting procedures require a secondary surgical site, which exhibits typical postoperative morbidity associated with bone harvesting performed with chisels and burs. Additionally, onlay grafts often require a healing period of 6 months to a year before dental implants can be placed, and the onlay graft sometimes fails to fuse to the augmented site. The segmental ridge-split procedure provides a quicker method wherein an atrophic ridge can be predictably expanded and grafted with bone allograft, eliminating the need for a second surgical site.