2010—2012年中山市孕产妇艾滋病哨点监测情况分析

目的了解中山市孕产妇艾滋病感染情况及艾滋病防治相关知识水平,为预防控制工作提供依据。方法按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案》要求,2010—2012年对1198名孕产妇进行问卷调查和血清学检测。结果监测的1198名孕产妇中,仍存在孕产妇受教育程度低、有多性伴以及其配偶有吸毒、多性伴等高危行为。艾滋病知识知晓率可能与调查对象的文化程度、怀孕次数、生育次数有关（P〈0．001）,即文化程度越高、初次怀孕及尚未生育,艾滋病知识知晓率越高;2010、2011、2012年监测对象的艾滋病防治知识知晓率分别为45．48％（181／398）、82．25％（329／400）、78．25％（313／400）,3年知晓率比较差异有统计学意义（X2=150．93,P〈0．001）。艾滋病防治总知晓率为68．70％,孕产妇艾滋病HIV阳性率为0。结论中山市孕产妇艾滋病感染率还处在较低水平,但艾滋病防治相关知识仍存在误区,应加强健康教育和行为干预、艾滋病HIV筛查工作,预防艾滋病母婴传播。     

Serological detection of human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II among pregnant women in Ilorin,Nigeria

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I/II (HTLV-I/II) is endemic in some parts of the world including Nigeria. Reported prevalence rates in Nigeria have largely focused on blood donors. This study aims at determining the prevalence of HTLV infection among pregnant women in Ilorin North-central Nigeria. Serum samples from 276 pregnant women who were antenatal clinic attendees at General and Civil Service Hospitals in Ilorin were tested for the presence of HTLV-I/II antibodies using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay test kits from Diagnostic Automation INC., USA. Out of the 276 women tested, 3 tested positive giving a prevalence rate of 1.1%. The result was analyzed on the basis of age, marital status, nature of family, educational status, occupation, religion, parity, and gestational stage of the women. There was no statistical association of HTLV positivity with any of the variables. Although relatively lower than prevalence rate recorded among similar study groups in other parts of the country, the 1.1% prevalence in this study underscores the need for proper education and creation of awareness among antenatal clinic attendees, so as to reduce viral transmission and incidence of HTLV-related diseases.     

Sero-epidemiologic study of several sexually transmitted diseases (including HIV infection) in a rural zone of the Central African Republic

A study of several sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (HIV1, HIV2, hepatitis B and syphilis) was performed among high school students and hospitalized patients in Bozoum, a rural town in the Central African Republic (CAR). The rate of injection for each disease (HBs + : 20.9%, TPHA + : 13.5%, HIV1: 7.3% and HIV2 + : 0%) are similar to the figures obtained in Bangui. The STD's, such as syphilis and hepatitis B, as well as HIV infection, are well established among the population studied. HIV infection in the CAR is no longer limited to Bangui but has filtered out to certain rural centers.     

Retrospective study of the prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus-type 1/2, HIV, and HBV in pregnant women in Argentina

This study shows first data on HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence among pregnant women in the non-endemic region of Argentina. In a retrospective study a representative sample (n = 3,143) of the pregnant women registered in the health public service in the province of Córdoba was evaluated. HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence was 0.191% +/- 0.0857 [IC 0.022-0.359]. This prevalence was 10 times higher in pregnant women than in blood donors [0.019 (4/21.183)]. The pregnant women would reflect the epidemiology of the general population more accurately since it constitutes a more heterogeneous group than that of blood donors. The prevalence of infection with HIV was 2.8 times higher than that of HTLV-1/2 (P < 0.05) and the presence of any of these two viruses was not a subrogating indicator of the presence of the other (Goodman and Kruskal's Tau coefficient = 0.0092). The prevalence of HBV was not significantly different from that of HTLV-1/2 (P > 0.05). We consider that it is necessary to carry out continuous studies in order to define the main risk factors for infection of these women. Thus, a decision could be made to apply the best policy in public health to prevent vertical transmission of the virus in Argentina.     

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus infection in rural and urban populations,Tunisia

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the leading agents of acute hepatitis. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of HEV infection in the Tunisian adult general population, either in blood donors (n = 687) or in patients hospitalized for acute hepatitis (n = 202). The mode of transmission differed between these two populations: contact with animals and living in a rural habitat were the main risk factors for being in contact with HEV in asymptomatic blood donors, while HEV was contracted through contaminated water in symptomatic cases. HEV seroprevalence in adult blood donors in Tunisia was relatively low (5.4%) and increased with age.     

Voluntary HIV counseling and testing: experience among the sexually active population in Bangui,Central African Republic

OBJECTIVES: In July 1997, the National Reference Center for Sexually Transmitted Diseases of Bangui, Central African Republic (CAR), was expanded by the creation of an anonymous and voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) unit for HIV infection, the Anonymous Surveillance Unit (Unité de Dépistage Anonyme [UDA]). The goal of the UDA was to initiate and promote voluntary HIV testing in the general adult population of Bangui. We carried out an observational and comprehensive survey over a 4-year period to document and analyze the experience of VCT in the UDA, with special attention to risk factors associated with HIV infection. METHODS: All clients for VCT were given adequate pretest counseling by trained counselors focused on knowledge about HIV infection and sexually transmitted infections, individual risks of acquiring HIV, and anticipation of the client's attitude about test results. After consent was obtained, a blood sample was drawn and tested for HIV by two ELISAs in parallel. The client paid a standard cost of $1.20 at the initial visit. After a week, test results were given to the client during the posttest visit, at which time HIV-seropositive individuals received emotional support and were referred to specific social or medical structures. Seronegative clients received reinforcement of prevention messages and were asked to come back for serologic follow-up free of charge after 3 (M3) and 12 (M12) months. RESULTS: From July 1997 to March 2001, 5686 individuals aged 14 to 65 years (mean age, 27 years) had an initial visit for VCT (V1). Peaks of UDA visitation (250-450 clients) were observed on the annual AIDS Day in the CAR, at which time HIV serologic testing was offered free of charge. A total of 5060 (89%) clients came back for a second visit (V2) to receive test results. Among those, 18.3% were infected with HIV type 1. Multivariate analysis of risk factors demonstrated marked association of HIV seropositivity with age, female gender, widowed/divorced women, poor or low education level, occupations such as civil servants or merchants, presence of symptoms of sexually transmitted infections, and lack of systematic condom use. Single young women were at higher risk for HIV infection compared with men of the same age (OR = 7.7 for women aged 15-24 years, 95% CI: 4.0-14.0; OR = 2.8 for women aged 25-34 years, 95% CI: 1.7-4.5). Widowed women older than 44 years of age were more likely to be HIV-seropositive than men (OR = 10.0; 95% CI: 1.7-83.6). A total of 885 (21%) HIV-seronegative individuals returned for follow-up at 3 months (M3; 0.45% rate of seroconversion). Seventy-nine (9%) individuals returned at 12 months (M12), without any new cases of HIV infection. HIV-negative clients consulting at M3 and M12 showed a significant reduction in unprotected intercourse with occasional sexual partners. CONCLUSION: This experience demonstrates that VCT for HIV infection is feasible in Central Africa.     

Viral etiology of respiratory infections in children under 5 years old living in tropical rural areas of Senegal: The EVIRA project

Acute respiratory infection is one of the leading causes of child morbidity, especially in developing countries. Viruses are recognized as the predominant causative agents of acute respiratory infections. In Senegal, few data concerning the causes of respiratory infections are available, and those known relate mainly to classical influenza infections. Clinical and virological surveillance of acute respiratory infections was carried out in a rural community in children less than 5 years old. A standardized questionnaire was used and a nasopharyngeal swab sample was collected from each patient. These samples were tested for the detection of 20 respiratory viruses by multiplex RT‐PCR or by viral culture. A total of 82 acute respiratory episodes were included, and 48 (58.5%) were found to be positive, with a total of 55 viral detections; several samples were positive for two (n = 5) or 3 (n = 1) viruses. Ten different viruses were identified: influenza viruses A, B, and C (n = 25), human respiratory syncytial virus type A (n = 13), rhinoviruses (n = 8), human coronaviruses type 229E and NL63 (n = 6), parainfluenza viruses 3 and 4 (n = 2), and bocavirus (n = 1). These results provide evidence on the importance and the diversity of viruses as causative agents of acute respiratory infections in children living in a rural community in Senegal. The establishment of sentinel surveillance sites could help estimate the burden of acute respiratory infection in the pediatric population and should help prepare the health care systems to identify and respond to new viral respiratory emergencies. J. Med. Virol. 82:866–872, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Seroprevalence and risk factors of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C infections among pregnant women in the Asante Akim North Municipality of the Ashanti region,Ghana; a cross sectional study

BackgroundViral hepatitis is a serious public health problem affecting billions of people globally with maternal-fetal transmission on the rise.ObjectivesThis study sought to determine the prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among pregnant women in the Asante Akim North Municipality, in the Ashanti region of Ghana.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study 168 pregnant women were recruited from the Agogo Presbyterian hospital. Blood samples were collected for the detection of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies. A pretested questionnaire was used to obtain demographic data and identify the risk factors associated with the two infections.ResultsOf the 168 participants studied, 16 (9.5%) tested positive for HBV and 13 (7.7%) tested positive for HCV representing 9.5% and 7.7% respectively. A participant tested positive for both HBV and HCV co-infection representing 0.6%. Undertaking blood transfusion, tattooing and sharing of needles were associated with hepatitis C infection (P=0.001). HBV was not associated with any of the risk factors (P>0.05).ConclusionOur findings suggest a high prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among pregnant women; blood transfusion, tattooing and sharing of hypodermic needles were associated with hepatitis C infection. Measures to reduce the disease and transmission burden must be introduced.     

Cryptosporidium infection and diarrhea in rural and urban areas of Jiangsu, People''s Republic of China.

Screening of infants and children under age 15 years for Cryptosporidium oocysts in their stools was carried out in the suburb of Xuzhou City and six rural areas of Jiangsu Province. The infection rate varied from 0.7 to 5.06%. Of the total of 5,089 children examined, 89 (1.75%) were oocyst positive. The incidence was evidently higher in the group of children under age 4 years than it was in children from 4 to 15 years (P less than 0.01). Routine blood examination and immunoassay performed on blood samples from some of the infected children indicated that more than half of them had anemia and lower cellular immunity. Diarrhea was the main symptom of cryptosporidiosis. It was intermittent or persistent and was present in 57 of the 89 children positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts, while the other 32 children were asymptomatic carriers. Examination of stool specimens of adult members and domestic animals of about half of the infected families showed that two mothers, one pig, and one dog were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts.     

许昌市2002-2010年吸毒哨点艾滋病性病监测情况

目的了解许昌市吸毒人员的高危行为和艾滋病及性病的感染状况,为制定艾滋病性病的预防控制措施提供依据。方法按照国家艾滋病哨点监测实施方案的要求,对监测期间新入所的吸毒人员进行行为学调查和艾滋病、梅毒、丙肝血清抗体检测。结果口吸毒者及注射吸毒者分别占吸毒人员总数的93.2%和6.80%;该吸毒人群中HIV抗体阳性率为0.41%,梅毒感染率为1.04%。结论许昌市吸毒人员艾滋病、性病感染危险因素广泛存在,应加强针对该人群的高危行为干预。     

Hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women in Yaounde,Cameroon: prevalence,viremia, and genotypes

Central Africa is considered to be an area of high endemic hepatitis C infection. To determine the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies, HCV RNA, and the genotype distribution in Cameroon, 1,494 pregnant women attending antenatal care units in Yaounde, Cameroon were screened for HCV infection. Anti-HCV antibodies were detected with a 3rd generation ELISA (Monolisa anti-HCV plus version 2, BioRad, Richmond, CA). All anti-HCV antibody-positive sera were then tested with another 3rd generation ELISA (AxSYM) HCV version 3, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) and subsequently for HCV RNA (Amplicor HCV, Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). Genotype was determined by phylogenetic analysis of the NS5b gene. Seventy-three pregnant women were found to be anti-HCV antibody positive by the first ELISA, but only 28 were anti-HCV positive by both ELISA. The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was thus 1.9% (28/1,494) (95% CI: 1.3-2.7%). 21/28 (75%) of the positive samples by both ELISA were HCV RNA positive. The 45 samples that were HCV antibody negative by the second ELISA were also HCV RNA negative. The HCV subtypes identified were 1a (24%), 2f (38%) and 4f (38%). In contrast to previous studies, anti-HCV antibodies were rare among pregnant women in Cameroon. The percentage of HCV seropositive pregnant women who had circulating HCV RNA was similar to that observed in Europe. Several HCV genotypes were found in Cameroon.     

Cocirculation of measles virus genotype B2 and B3.1 in Central African Republic during the 2000 measles epidemic

Many African countries have begun implementation of national programs to eliminate measles by the year 2015. However, measles continues to be endemic in Africa. This study describes the first molecular epidemiological study of measles virus circulating in Central African Republic. Two hundred and ten blood samples were tested for measles IgM. Sixty-seven urine samples were collected during measles outbreak in Bangui in 2000 and 2004 and used for genotyping studies. Two different methods were used to determine measles virus genotypes; the recently described real-time PCR-based method and the nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis methods. These tests revealed the cocirculation of two distinct viruses in Bangui. The proposed subgroup of the B3 genotype, B3.1 was found in 14 samples. This virus has been found in other neighboring countries. More surprising, genotype B2 was found in samples from four patients. The first measles genotype B2 viruses were isolated in Gabon in 1984, but have not been detected until recently when they were identified during a measles outbreak in 2003 in South Africa. This suggests that the circulation of measles genotype B2 has continued in Central Africa during the last 20 years. This study provides the baseline for genetic surveillance of measles virus in Central African Republic. Knowledge of currently circulating measles virus genotype in Central African Republic will help in monitoring the success of measles elimination program.     

Group B streptococcus prevalence in pregnant women from North-Eastern Italy: advantages of a screening strategy based on direct plating plus broth enrichment

AIMS: To assess the sensitivity of a combined selective broth enrichment technique plus selective plating for the detection of group B streptococcus (GBS) colonisation in a large cohort of pregnant women from North-Eastern Italy. METHODS: During 2002-2005, 5020 pregnant women were screened between the 35th and the 37th week of gestation. A lower vaginal sample and a rectal sample were collected and inoculated onto LIM broth and a selective colistin aztreonam blood agar plate (CAP). Direct agar plates were examined after 18-24 hours and, if negative, after 48 hours. LIM broth was subcultured after 18-24 hours onto a Columbia blood agar plate. All colonies suggestive for GBS were submitted to phenotypic identification. RESULTS: 901 Women (17.9%) were positive for GBS. On 728 positive samples, corresponding to patients enrolled between 2003 and 2005, the results of selective direct plating and selective broth enrichment were compared. A total of 561 (77.1% of positive samples, corresponding to 13.9% of patients) were positive on direct selective agar; an additional 167 isolates (22.9% of samples, 4.1% of patients) were recovered from the LIM broth subculture. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of GBS carriage in this population-based study is a reliable estimate considering the sensitivity of the microbiological methods used, the rate of attendance of pregnant women to clinical and laboratory settings and the compliance to the protocol. Results confirm that the combination of selective enrichment broth and selective direct plating is a time-saving and sensitive method.     

Worldwide prevalence of human papillomavirus among pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of cervical cancer and a suspected agent for ovarian and endometrial cancers in women. It is associated with adverse outcomes during pregnancy. To date, there is no estimate of the prevalence of HPV infection in pregnant women at the regional and global levels. This study evaluated the global prevalence of HPV infection based on all observational studies that had reported the prevalence of HPV among pregnant women between January 1980 and December 2021 in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and SciELO databases. We utilised a random-effect model to determine the global prevalence and related risk factors of HPV infection. Between-studies heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistic. Moreover, subgroup and meta-regression analyses were employed to assess the source of heterogeneity and the relationship between HPV prevalence and socio-demographic factors, respectively. Among 144 eligible studies comprising 189 datasets, the overall prevalence rates of HPV at the 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated as 30.38% (26.88%–33.99%), 17.81% (9.81%–27.46%), 32.1% (25.09%–39.67%), 2.26% (0.1%–8.08%) and 25.5% (23.3%–27.8%) in cervico-vaginal, placenta, serum, amniotic fluid and urine samples, respectively. The highest prevalence rates were estimated for countries in the African region, while countries in the European and Eastern Mediterranean regions showed the lowest prevalence rates. HPV-16 and -18 were the most prevalent isolated strains. The pregnant women living with HIV and those with pregnancy disorders had significantly higher prevalence rates than general pregnant women (p < 0.05). The younger ages for first intercourse and pregnancy, multiple lifetime sexual partners, and lower education levels were primary risk factors for HPV infection. In conclusion, although the overall HPV prevalence varied markedly based on sampling sites and geographical locations, the highest prevalence rates were observed in less-developed countries. Our findings imply that implementing behavioural and therapeutic interventions as well as vaccination programs are crucial to prevent and reduce the current burden of HPV infection among pregnant women.     

新冠肺炎流行期间北京市孕妇的焦虑抑郁症状及睡眠状况

目的:评估新冠肺炎流行期间孕妇的焦虑抑郁症状与睡眠问题及其相关因素。方法:2020年2月28日-4月26日,通过网络问卷平台调查北京四家助产机构就诊的885例孕妇的焦虑抑郁症状及睡眠问题。采用广泛焦虑量表(GAD-7)评估焦虑症状,采用患者健康问卷抑郁症状群量表(PHQ-9)评估抑郁症状,采用失眠严重程度指数量表(ISI)评估失眠症状。结果:本样本中焦虑症状、抑郁症状及失眠症状检出率分别为12.2%,24.6%和13.6%。缺少照顾(OR=1.73)、有分娩担忧(OR=3.95)及心理弹性差(OR=4.57)是焦虑症状的危险因素;家庭收入高(OR=1.94)、有分娩担忧(OR=2.39)及心理弹性差(OR=3.04)是抑郁症状的危险因素;除已婚外其他婚姻状况(OR=4.95)、孕周较长(13～27周,OR=2.03;28周及以上,OR=2.13)、有躯体疾病史(OR=1.77)、存在分娩担忧(OR=2.78)及心理弹性差(OR=1.67)是失眠症状危险因素。结论:新冠肺炎流行期间北京市孕妇焦虑症状、抑郁症状及失眠症状常见,尤其是存在分娩担忧及心理弹性差的孕妇。     

Rapid screening for co-infection of HIV and HCV in pregnant women in Benin City,Edo State,Nigeria

Background

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) are both major global health concerns as they cause high mortality and morbidity in the developing countries. However, while data exists for the co-infection in other countries, little or no information can be found with regard to the sero-prevalence of HIV and HCV co-infection in Nigeria, albeit in pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics in Benin City, Nigeria.

Objective

The objective of the study was to determine the sero-prevalence of HIV and HCV among pregnant women seeking antenatal care in Benin City.

Methods

In determining the sero-prevalence in a cross-sectional study, 200 pregnant women, aged between 15 and 49 years were screened for HIV and HCV using rapid screening test kits. Using closed ended structured questionnaires; the respondents volunteered socio-demographic information associated with risk factors of HIV and HCV acquisition.

Results

Results indicated sero-prevalence of HIV and HCV in the sampled population was 3% and 5% respectively. Thirty three percent of the pregnant women that were HCV positive were co-infected with HIV-1 infection. HIV sero-prevalence was highest in the age group, 25–29 representing 5.1%, while HCV sero-prevalence was noted highest among the women in the age group 30–34 years, representing 7.9%. Two percent of the pregnant women had equivocal (ambivalent) HIV-1 results.

Conclusion

The study has shown a prevalence of HIV-HCV co-infection among the tested pregnant women in Benin City and more epidemiological surveys are needed in larger scale to decipher the prevalence in other states of Nigeria.