成人型多囊肾病的基因诊断：PKD1基因与其两侧四种基因…

采用位于ａ３＇ＨＶＲ同侧与成人型多囊肾病基因更加接近的ＰＧＧＧ１及另一侧的２４－１和２１ＥＰ６等探针对正常人基因组ＤＮＡ进行限制性片段长度多态性分析，分别检测各等位片段的频率，在此基础上，应用这三个基因探针与３＇ＨＶＲ一起对２个成人型多囊肾病家系成员进行单体型分析，在在这个家系中，５个ＡＰＫＤ患者的ＲＦＬＰ单体型被证明与ＰＫＤ１基因相连锁，发现一个重组体，并检测出二个症状前个体。     

七个成人型多囊能病家系基因的诊断

应用ＰＫＤ１两侧四种探讨（３′ＨＶＲ，ＰＧＧＧ１和另一侧的２４－１，２１８ＥＰ６）通过Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交，ＲＦＬＰ连锁分析，对成人型多囊肾病进行基因诊断的研究，在７个ＡＰＫＥ家系共４１个成员中，进行了基因单体型分析，１６个ＡＰＫＤ的患者的ＲＦＬＰ单体型被证明与ＰＫＤ１基因相连锁，检测６个症状前个体，发现２个重组体，结果表明用ＰＫＤ两旁侧基因探针进行联合分析，可极有效地检出重组体，避免误诊，提     

七个成人型多囊肾病家系基因的诊断

应用ＰＫＤ１两侧四种探针（３’ＨＶＲ、ＰＧＧＧ１和另一侧的２４－１、２１８ＥＰ６），通过Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交、ＲＦＬＰ连锁分析，对成人型多囊肾病进行基因诊断的研究。在７个ＡＰＫＥ家系共４１个成员中，进行了基因单体型分析，１６个ＡＰＫＤ患者的ＲＦＬＰ单体型被证明与ＰＫＤ１基因相连锁，检测出６个症状前个体，发现２个重组体，结果表明用ＰＫＤ１两旁侧基因探针进行联合分析，可极有效地检出重组体，避免误诊，提高诊断的准确性。     

用SSLP连锁分析进行成人多囊肾病快速基因诊断的研究

目的为了探索一种简便、快速的成人多囊肾病（ａｄｕｌｔｐｏｌｙｃｙｓｔｉｃｋｉｄｎｅｙｄｉｓｅａｓｅ，ＡＰＫＤ）基因诊断方法。方法应用ＰＣＲ技术结合ＳＲＳ－ＳＳＬＰ，对成人多囊肾病进行研究。结果ＰＣＲ扩增ＰＫＤ１近端微卫星序列ＳＭ７，观察了中国人群ＳＭ７的多态性，在６７名非血缘关系正常人中发现７种等位片段，杂合子频率５２．２％，ＰＩＣ值０．６２。以ＳＭ７为遗传标记，对２个ＡＰＫＤ家系进行ＳＳＬＰ连锁分析，和３′ＨＶＲ／ＰｖｕⅡＲＦＬＰ连锁分析进行对照，结果二者相符。结论ＳＭ７在中国人中具有较高的多态性，用ＳＳＬＰ连锁分析进行成人多囊肾病的基因诊断切实可行。     

应用多个微卫星遗传标记对柳州地区10个APKD家系的基因 …

目的 探讨成人型多囊肾病（ＡＰＫＤ）症状前诊断，方法 应用ＰＣＲ技术扩增ＰＫＤ１位点两侧的微卫星ＳＭ７，ＣＷ２，ＡＣ２．５和ＫＧ８为遗传标记，对广西柳州地区１０个ＡＰＫＤ家系９７名成员（包括２９名ＡＰＫＤ患者）进行基因连锁分析，结果 被检测家系疾病均与ＰＫＤ１连锁，并确定了７名２８岁以下无症状且Ｂ超未发现脏囊肿的个体为ＰＫＤ１基因携带者，从而作出症状前诊断。结论 现阶段应用微卫星遗传标记进行基因连     

应用多个微卫星遗传标记对柳州地区10个APKD家系的基因诊断

目的探讨成人型多囊肾病（ＡＰＫＤ）症状前诊断。方法应用ＰＣＲ技术扩增ＰＫＤ１位点两侧的微卫星ＳＭ７、ＣＷ２、ＡＣ２．５和ＫＧ８为遗传标记，对广西柳州地区１０个ＡＰＫＤ家系９７名成员（包括２９名ＡＰＫＤ患者）进行基因连锁分析。结果被检测家系疾病均与ＰＫＤ１连锁，并确定７名２８岁以下无症状且Ｂ超未发现肾脏囊肿的个体为ＰＫＤ１基因携带者，从而作出症状前诊断。结论现阶段应用微卫星遗传标记进行基因连锁分析对于ＡＰＫＤ症状前诊断仍具有重要意义     

中国汉族群体c—Ha—ras基因3‘端—VNTR位点遗传多态性的初步研究

为了探讨中国汉族ｃ－Ｈａ－ｒａｓ基因３′端ＶＮＴＲ位点遗传多态性，用ＡＦＬＰ－ＰＡＧＥ法对１１２例无亲缘关系的健康个体进行了ｃ－Ｈａ－ｒａｓ基因３′ＶＮＴＲ位点分析，共检出２１个等位基因，其片段大小分布范围在６３５～２６５１ｂｐ之间，基因频率分布在０．００４５～０．５９３８，父权排除率（Ｐｅ）＝０．４４４５；杂合度（Ｈ）＝０．６２５，个体识别力（Ｄｐ）＝０．８４４０，共发现３４种基因型，经Ｘ＾２检     

丙型肝炎病毒血清学分型与基因分型研究

为了解某农村单采浆供血员人群所感染丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）的血清型和基因型构成，并对两种分型方法进行比较，本工作以ＨＣＶＣ区型特异性多肽对抗－ＨＣＶ进行血清学分型，对已确定血清型的血清进行５′非编码区（ＮＣＲ）逆转录套式聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ｎＰＣＲ）和限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）分析以确定基因型，并对６份扩增产物进行序列测定。结果显示１４０份抗－ＨＣＶ阳性血清中，血清Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型分别为４４份（３１．４３％）和１２份（８．５７％），余８４份未能分型。４４株已知血清型的ＨＣＶ中，１ｂ、２ａ和３ｂ等３种基因型分别为３４株（７７．２７％）、９株（２０．４５％）和１株（２．２７％）。两种分型方法一致率为９３．１８％（４１／４４）。对６株ＨＣＶ５′ＮＣＲ的序列分析证实了ＲＦＬＰ分型的正确性。结论认为该人群ＨＣＶ感染以血清Ⅰ型或基因１ｂ型为主；Ｃ区型特异性多肽血清学分型法与ＲＦＬＰ基因分型法符合率高，具有一定应用价值。     

与成人多囊肾病PKD1紧密连锁的四种微卫星DNA在中国人群中的？…

目的 为了评估成人多囊肾病ＰＫＤ１基因内的微卫星ＤＮＡＫＧ８及与ＰＫＤ１紧密连锁的微卫星ＳＭ６，ＣＷ４和ＣＷ２在基因诊断中的有效性。方法 采用ＰＣＲ，聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）和银染法分的了部分无血缘关系的中国汉族人。结果 在中国汉族人群中的ＫＧ８有６种等位片段，其多态性信息量（ＰＩＣ）为０．３１２；ＳＭ６具有２４种等位片段，其ＰＩＣ为０．８０；ＣＷ４有９种片段，ＰＩＣ为０．８５０，ＣＷ２有７     

中国汉族群体c-Ha-ras基因3′端-VNTR位点遗传多态性的初步研究

为了探讨中国汉族ｃ－Ｈａ－ｒａｓ基因３′端ＶＮＴＲ位点遗传多态性，用ＡＦＬＰ－ＰＡＧＥ法对１１２例无亲缘关系的健康个体进行了ｃ－Ｈａ－ｒａｓ基因３′端ＶＮＴＲ位点分析，共检出２１个等位基因，其片段大小分布范围在６３５～２６５１ｂｐ之间，基因频率分布在０．００４５～０．５９３８。父权排除率（Ｐｅ）＝０．４４４５；杂合度（Ｈ）＝０．６２５；个体识别力（Ｄｐ）＝０．８４４０。共发现３４种基因型，经χ２检验（χ２＝２３７．１１，ｄｆ＝２１０，Ｐ＝０．１０２５），符合Ｈａｒｄｙ－Ｗｅｉｎｂｅｒｇ平衡。家系调查表明这一位点的等位基因按孟德尔规律遗传。本遗传标记系统在人类学、法医学和医学遗传学的研究中有重要意义。     

Linkage analysis for the diagnosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, and for the determination of genetic heterogeneity in Italian families

Sixty-eight individuals from six Italian families in which autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is segregating, were typed in DNA polymorphisms linked to the PKD1 locus on chromosome 16. A total of ten probes were used: 3' HVR, HMJ1, EKMDA, GGG1, 26-6, VK5B, 218EP6, 24.1, CRI090, and 41.1. Zmax was 4.502 at theta = 0.082 between ADPKD and 3'HVR, and 4.382, 1.947, and 1.576 between ADPKD and GGG1, 26.6, and 218EP6, respectively, at theta = 0.0. No clear evidence of genetic heterogeneity was found. Multipoint analyses were consistent with linkage to PKD1. Twenty-nine diagnoses and 16 exclusions made by ultrasonography were confirmed by genotype determinations; in two clinically uncertain cases, DNA analysis predicted one individual as being affected and the other unaffected.     

Association of four HLA class III region genomic markers with HLA haplotypes

Abstract: We have studied restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the region 300 kb centromeric to the HLA-B locus. Four probes were used: one was genomic DNA derived from the tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-β gene, one was a cDNA for the BAT3 gene, and two single-copy genomic probes, R5A and M20A. The order of these markers from HLA-B towards the centromere is M20A, R5A, TNF and BAT3. The BAT3 and TNF-β probes each detected two allelic bands with Taq I and Nco I digestion, respectively; the R5A and M20A probes each detected three polymorphic allelic bands with BstEII digestion. To determine if these restriction polymorphisms are preferentially associated with certain HLA-B and -DR haplotypes, a total of 153 HLA haplotypes was analyzed. The haplotypes Al, B8, DR3 and A3, B7, DR2 were each associated with a distinct combination of polymorphisms identified at these four sites, thereby demonstrating that the strong linkage disequilibrium characteristic of these haplotypes extends also to this segment of the class III region. In contrast, haplotypes that are not in positive linkage disequilibrium, such as A1,B8,DR4 and A2,B7,DR3, showed ho preferential association with any of these polymorphisms. The antigens HLA-B27 and B35 were also found to be in positive linkage disequilibrium with RFLP patterns at three of these sites, and HLA-B14,B35,B44,Bw57 and Bw62 were found preferentially associated with polymorphisms at one or two of these sites, independent of the DR antigen present. These data further demonstrate that genetic linkage disequilibrium in the HLA class III region is complex and variable among different HLA halpotypes.     

Genotypes of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in Japanese

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common hereditary disorders. The prevalence of the ADPKD genotype in the Caucasian and Latin populations has been reported. Here, we used linkage analysis to demonstrate the prevalence of the genotype and the correlation between phenotypes and genotypes among 21 Japanese ADPKD families consisting of 96 individuals and including 57 affected members. Six polymorphic markers, each linked to either the polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) or polycystic kidney disease 2 (PKD2) gene, were used for polymerase chain reaction analysis. Seventeen families (81%) showed linkage to PKD1, two families (10%) showed linkage to PKD2, and two families did not show linkage to either PKD1 or PKD2. One of the PKD1-linked families was indicated to have different mutations of PKD1 gene in the same family. PKD2-linked families did not have milder symptoms than PKD1-linked families. Received: October 9, 2001 / Accepted: November 9, 2001     

The germline repertoire of T-cell receptor beta-chain genes in patients with multiple sclerosis

The T-cell receptor (TCR) beta-chain gene repertoire of 40 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients was compared to that of 100 normal individuals. V-beta probes that represent 14 different V-beta subfamilies plus a C-beta probe were used to identify 53 separate beta-chain gene segments. No duplication or deletion of any of these 53 gene segments was found in the MS patients. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) alleles detected by V-beta 8, V-beta 11 and C-beta probes defined 8 different beta-chain haplotypes. The distribution of these haplotypes in Caucasian MS patients and normal individuals was significantly different (p = 0.012). Comparison of the DR2+ subset of MS patients (n = 32) to a second group of 43 Caucasian DR2+ normal individuals revealed that the distribution of these beta-chain haplotypes was significantly different in these two populations (p = 0.015). These results suggest that an MS susceptibility gene(s) may be located in the region of the TCR/beta-chain gene complex.     

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a linkage evaluation of heterogeneity in Italy. Italian Collaborative Group on Polycystic Kidney Disease

A survey of 29 families with Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) was performed to evaluate the genetic heterogeneity of the disease in Italy. The approach was through the linkage between the disease and 2 polymorphic DNA fragments as detected by the probes 3'HVR and 24.1. Linkage between the polymorphic markers and the disease was confirmed, with the following lod scores: between 3'HVR and ADPKD1 = 12.974 at theta = 0.02; between 24.1 and ADPKD = 1.716 at theta = 0.07; between 3'HVR and 24.1 = 2.738 at theta = 0.09. No evidence of significant genetic heterogeneity in the examined Italian regions was detected.     

Molecular-genetic study of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies: deletion analyses of 45 Japanese patients and segregation analyses in their families with RFLPs based on the data from normal Japanese females

This study consisted of 1) molecular deletion analyses in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) using the entire cDNA for the DMD gene as hybridization probes, 2) RFLP analyses in a large number of Japanese normal women using 11 DMD-linked cloned DNAs as probes, and 3) segregation analyses with these RFLP data in 17 DMD families in which prenatal or carrier diagnosis was required. The deletion study showed that 18 (43%) of 42 male DMD patients had a deletion within the DMD gene, while no detectable deletion was found in 3 BMD patients. These deletions were preferentially observed at the 5' end of the DMD gene, while no deletion was found in the 3' portion of the gene. Of a total of 15 RFLPs detected with the 11 probes, one was a new RFLP (probe/enzyme: P20/MspI). In 6 RFLPs, the allele frequencies in the Japanese were statistically different from those in the Caucasian. Based on the RFLP data combined with the result of the deletion study, an estimated diagnostic rate for prenatal diagnosis and/or carrier detection in the Japanese DMD families was 63%. The real diagnostic rate obtained from the prenatal and carrier diagnoses, which were practically performed in 17 families, corresponded to the estimation. A protocol useful for the diagnosis in Japanese DMD families is presented.     

HLA DQA, DQB, and DRB genotyping by oligonucleotide analysis: distribution of alleles and haplotypes in British caucasoids.

A precise method for comprehensive HLA DQA and DQB genotyping using gene amplification and hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probes is described. Twenty-four SSO probes were used to detect all DQ allotypes defined by nucleotide sequence variation in the second exons of the DQ genes, using a standard set of conditions for all probes at each locus. Five hundred individuals were genotyped for 8 DQA1 and 16 DQB1 alleles by using this method and for 33 alleles of the DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, and DRB5 genes by using previously described SSO probes. The 4-locus DQB1-DQA1-DRB1-DRB3/4/5 haplotypes present were characterized on the basis of known linkage disequilibrium between class II alleles. Fifty-two different haplotypes that have previously been described were further characterized at the nucleotide sequence level and two novel haplotypes were identified. The distributions of these alleles and haplotypes in 177 randomly selected healthy Caucasoid controls from the United Kingdom are reported. These results identify further haplotypic diversity in the HLA class II region, even though strong linkage disequilibrium exists between the DR and DQ gene loci.     

HLA-DR-DQ haplotypes defined by restriction fragment analysis. Correlation to serology

Through the analysis of RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) of the HLA-DR beta, -DQ alpha, and -DQ beta genes from 70 serologically well-characterized individuals, we have established unique HLA-DR-DQ RFLP haplotypes correlating to all of the DR1-w14 specificities. The RFLP of DR beta, DQ alpha, and DQ beta genes is very high using the restriction enzyme TaqI and 21 DR-DQ RFLP haplotypes were defined with this restriction enzyme. Our analysis confirms the strong linkage disequilibrium between alleles in the DR and DQ loci. DR beta RFLP indicates a common ancestor for the DR alleles within either of the supertypic DRw52 and DRw53 specificities. The DQ beta gene shows a high degree of RFLP, and the RFLP alleles partly reflect the serologic DQw1-w3 specificities. The results presented here also demonstrate the heterogeneity of DRw6 (DRw13 and DRw14) associated haplotypes, and the DRw13 related Dw18 and Dw19 specificities were found to have distinct DR-DQ haplotypes. The DQw1 positive haplotypes DR1, 2, w10, w13, and w14 are related with regard to DQ alpha and DQ beta RFLPs and the DRw52 positive haplotypes DR3, w11, and w12, as well as the DRw53 positive haplotypes DR4, 7, and w9, are related with regard to DR beta and DQ alpha RFLPs. These findings indicate that polymorphic sequences around the DQ alpha gene are associated with DR beta and DQ beta polymorphism, which suggests a location of the DQ alpha gene between DR beta and DQ beta.     

A study of familial hypercholesterolaemia in Iceland using RFLPs.

We have studied 17 unrelated families from Iceland who have familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), using three different restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the LDL receptor gene. In one family FH was caused by a 2 kb deletion in the LDL receptor gene in the region of exons 9 to 10. The PvuII (intron 15), NcoI (exon 18), and ApaLI (intron 15) RFLPs were used to determine the haplotypes associated with the defective LDL receptor gene in Iceland. Genotypes were determined in 77 subjects from these 17 families, both FH and non-FH. A rare new NcoI RFLP was detected in three subjects. Among the patients, at least four different haplotypes were observed indicating that FH in Iceland is caused by at least four different mutations and is a heterogeneous disease, even in the small, geographically isolated population of Iceland.