聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症处理临床分析

目的探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的处理方法。方法本组病例12例,注射聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳术后14～51个月,出现乳腺感染脓肿2例,多发性硬结形成或移位8例,有恐惧心理要求取出水凝胶2例。所有患者术前均行彩超或MRI检查定位。经乳晕切口取出9例,其中3例行一期硅胶假体隆乳术,2例乳腺脓肿感染经乳房下皱襞切口切开引流。结果随访3～12个月,患者均对取出术效果满意,乳房外形对称,无明显硬结扪及,无感染复发。术后B超检查仍可见少量水凝胶存在于乳腺组织中。结论水凝胶取出术采用乳晕切口直视下手术较为合理,对于乳腺脓肿选择乳房下皱襞切口。是否一期硅胶假体隆乳取决于胸大肌组织受累程度、患者的要求和术者的经验。水凝胶注射隆乳术后假体很难彻底清除,应加强对患者的术后随访和心理疏导。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射填充术后并发症及处理

目的探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射填充面部及乳房术后取出的原因及处理方法。方法聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出患者169例,分析注射至取出填充物时间、注射部位出现的并发症、术前检查情况、取出方法及术后随访。患者术前行彩超或MRI探查对填充物定位,通过小切口取出填充物后行冲洗引流。随访6个月~2年。结果 169例患者中注射物存留时间为7~18年,其中隆乳102例,面部填充67例;并发感染57例(33.7%),多发硬结20例(11.8%),移位21例(12.4%),心理恐惧71例(42.0%)。患者术后症状缓解,但影像学检查仍可见填充物残留,且存在术区外形多不对称、不自然等。结论聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射术后出现并发症患者逐渐增多,通过手术很难彻底清除,术后外观欠佳,应加强对患者术后随访和心理疏导。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆鼻和隆乳并发症的处理

目的：探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶（PAHG）注射隆鼻和隆乳并发症的处理策略。方法：对注射PAHG隆鼻19例，注射隆乳58例术后并发症就医者的临床资料及诊治方法进行总结分析，其中6例同期植入鼻假体，3例同期植入乳房假体。结果：注射隆鼻取出术后，切口Ⅰ期愈合好，同期植入鼻假体就医者的鼻部外形满意，术后随访3～15月，局部无红肿，假体无晃动及外露；注射隆乳取出术后，有3例切口延迟愈合，其余Ⅰ期愈合良好，术后一年内随访，乳房未触及明显硬结。同期植入就医者的乳房形态好，乳房外形及手感均感满意。结论：在MRI扫描照片引导，手术直视下清除PAHG及切除变性组织，才是最大限度地取出PAHG的方法。在就医者有强烈要求且术中清除较彻底，局部组织较为完整的前提下可考虑同期行假体植入。否则取出至少3个月后重新评价局部情况，判断是否行假体植入。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳术后并发症分析及其处理

目的:分析56例注射聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶隆乳术后并发症发生的原因和诊疗方法.方法:根据患者临床并发症分类进行分析,对于常见的并发症乳房肿块、硬结和乳房变形进行经乳晕切口注射物的取出,病变组织的切除,并I期经腋路胸大肌后行双平面法假体法隆乳手术.结果:经6-12个月随访,患者对手术后效果均满意.结论:聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶用于隆乳手术可能带来很多术后并发症,选择注射物取出并Ⅰ期行假体法隆乳术是一种非常安全和可靠的治疗方法.     

双平面法隆乳术治疗聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症

目的探索治疗聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的最佳方法。方法对15例水凝胶注射隆乳术后出现严重并发症者，于注射物取出及残腔灌洗后，应用乳腺下平面与胸肌下平面双平面隆乳术进行治疗。结果随访12例术后患者，随访时间3个月-1年，平均6．8个月，无假体移位及畸形出现，10例（20只）乳房形态良好，2例（3只乳房）可触及假体边缘，1例（1只）乳房轻度硬化达BakerⅡ级。结论双平面隆乳术是治疗水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症切实有效的方法。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后取出方法探讨

目的：对聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后取出方法进行探讨分析，以便对聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症采取有效的治疗，使注射物残留降至最低，同时避免因治疗出现新的并发症。方法：对我中心1999—2007年诊治的126例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症患者，包括曾在外院行抽吸法取出和未作过取出的患者，全部采用切开取出、切除病变组织，术中观察注射物及组织病变情况，并对既往取出经过及临床表现、术中所见、处理时间进行分析总结。结果：35例曾在外院行1次以上抽吸法取出后，临床症状加重或无改善，或出现新的并发症；手术难度增加，手术时间延长。125例经我院手术取出后，临床症状缓解，1例无改善。结论：单纯用抽吸法，不能将注射物最大限度地取出，且可能导致新的并发症。一旦出现并发症，即应手术切开，取出聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳后的并发症分析及其处理

目的：探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶（PAHG）注射隆乳后并发症的处理策略。方法：对注射PAHG隆乳112例术后并发症患者的临床资料及诊治方法进行总结分析。结果：分析112例PAHG注射隆乳后出现并发症的患者并进行处理,注射隆乳取出术后,有1例切口延期愈合,1例置入假体形成包膜挛缩,其余I期愈合良好,术后1年内随访,乳房未触及明显硬块。同期置入假体者的乳房形态好,乳房外形及手感均感满意。结论：在彩超照片引导,手术直视下清除PAHG及切除变性组织,才是最大限度地取出PAHG的方法。若就医者有强烈要求且术中PAHG清除较彻底,局部组织较为完整的前提下可考虑同期行假体置入。否则取出至少3个月后重新评价局部情况,判断是否行假体置入。     

超声对聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的诊断价值

目的分析聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的乳腺超声表现,并探讨其应用价值。方法超声检查2003年5月至2006年6月在外院行聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术,术后出现并发症到我院取出者101例(202个乳房),将其超声结果与手术结果相对照。结果注射层次紊乱98例195个乳房;急性血肿1例1个乳房;乳腺炎和乳腺脓肿5例7个乳房;注射隆乳合并纤维腺瘤3例3个乳房;注射隆乳合并乳腺癌2例2个乳房。结论乳腺超声在聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的检测中有较大的应用价值。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳并发症90例

目的对聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症进行讨论分析，适时采取正确治疗，避免进一步损伤。方法对我科1999年至2006年诊治的90例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症患者的临床资料进行分析总结。结果90例179只乳房（1例为单侧注射隆乳）并发症主要为疼痛、硬结、形态异常、注射物移位、低热、上肢活动受限、溢乳溢血、破溃、乳头凹陷、感染，处理方法全部采用开放式手术取除。结论聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶本身特性、注射操作不规范均可导致注射隆乳术后并发症的发生；出现并发症时反复抽吸取除会使注射物分布更加混乱，损伤加重。开放式取除手术能最大限度地取除注射物，是目前处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的较好方式。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的处理

目的　探讨处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的最佳方法。方法　分析 4 8例行聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术者术后出现的多种并发症 ,采取手术取出加残腔灌洗以及病变组织切除术等综合治疗手段。结果　本组 4 8例术后效果均感满意 ,辅助检查显示无肉眼可见的聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶残留。结论　手术取出加残腔灌洗以及病变组织切除术是处理聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后并发症的一种切实有效的可行方法。     

红外线治疗对自体脂肪颗粒注射移植隆乳临床效果的影响

目的:探讨红外线治疗对自体脂肪颗粒注射移植隆乳临床效果的影响。方法:选择68例小乳就医者,施行自体脂肪颗粒注射隆乳,随机分组,每组34例,治疗组就医者术后24h开始给予红外线照射,每天2次,每次30min,连用5～7天;对照组不予照射。记录两组就医者手术前后乳房体积、乳房形态学变化、医患双方满意度、手术并发症等,进行综合评价。结果:两组就医者手术前后乳房体积变化差值、满意度比较,治疗组均优于对照组(P0.05),差异有统计学意义。治疗组无明显并发症,经2次脂肪注射移植后乳房形态良好;对照组就医者术后疼痛较明显,有3例5侧乳房出现局部红肿,1例脂肪液化,2例纤维结节。结论:自体脂肪颗粒注射移植隆乳术后配合红外线治疗,疼痛轻,并发症少,乳房增大效果好些,就医者满意度高,值得临床推广应用。     

内窥镜辅助下乳房聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出术

目的探讨内窥镜辅助下取出隆乳术后注射物的整形修复的临床应用与操作要点。方法N2006年1月至2012年10月,应用内窥镜辅助取出聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后35例70侧。行双侧腋窝切口或乳晕切口,内窥镜直视下取出注射材料,21例I期放置乳房假体。结果随访1年,术后恢复良好,无明显包块,无包膜挛缩。所有患者术后乳房无明显注射物残留,无血肿及感染。结论采用内窥镜辅助下行注射隆乳术后注射物取出整形修复术,手术在直视下进行,去除注射物较彻底,创伤较小;I期假体置入无明显影响,术后效果好,无明显并发症发生,是值得推广应用的辅助技术。     

Complications of breast augmentation with injected hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel

Since 1997, the hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel (PAAG), an injectable alloplastic biomaterial, imported from the Ukraine has been used for augmentation mammaplasty in China. There were twelve patients with various complications visiting our hospitals after breast augmentation with injected hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel by other clinics, even though such procedures are not performed in our clinical practices. The complications included four cases of PAAG-induced multiple induration and lumps, and one with lactation, three cases of hematoma, two cases of inflammation (infection), and persistent mastodymia, unsatisfactory contour results and abnormal skin sensations in each case. All patients have been treated by removing the injected gel and giving antibiotics. Other procedures included replacement by silicon breast prostheses, mammotomy, and segmental mastectomy. We suggest that the injectable hydrophilic polyacrylamide gel be contraindications for breast augmentation in any young female who is not married, or without a child, with a tendency to hemorrhage, and with little mammary tissue. Some considerations to prevent and manage these complications are discussed.     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆鼻术后并发症的治疗

目的探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶（polyacrylamidehydrogel,PAHG）注射隆鼻术后并发症产生的原因及相应的处理。方法分析和总结52例PAHG注射隆鼻术后并发症产生的原因,处理方法全部采用切开取出术。结果52例并发症中有感染、肉芽肿、皮肤破溃、外形不良、疼痛和严重的心理负担等。每例有1～4种并发症。根据不同情况采取相应的处理方法,并选取适当病例在取出PAHG的同期或兀期置人硅胶或膨体聚四氟乙烯假体,多数病例能取得较满意的效果,少数病例遗留后遗症和长久的心理负担或鼻部隐痛。结论PAHG注射隆鼻术后并发症种类多样,与PAHG的固有性质、鼻部软组织解剖特点有关。切开取出术能最大限度地清除注射物。是目前处理PAHG注射隆鼻术后并发症的较好方式。     

Polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for augmentation mammaplasty: loss of ability for breastfeeding

Polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) has been widely used for injection augmentation mammaplasty in Russia, China, and Iran for more than 2 decades. In recent years, it has been advocated as a safe permanent filler for soft-tissue augmentation. However, the complications associated with PAAG injection in soft-tissue augmentation have not been extensively investigated. Augmentation mammaplasty through PAAG injection is associated with some complications. The incidence of infection during breastfeeding was reported to be higher than 50%. Herein, we report 58 cases of infection in breastfeeding women receiving PAAG injection, including 50 with unilateral injection (36 on the right, 14 on the left) and 8 bilateral injection. They experienced large breast autoinflation and some severe symptoms, such as local and systemic fever, breast swelling, nipple bulging, tenderness, and pain, which lead to surgical removal of galactocele or intraprosthetic collection of sterile pus resulting in deformity. Operation and comprehensive measures including removal of the injected material, clearing residual cavity, and pharmacotherapy were carried out to control infection and inflammation for 1 to 2 weeks. In the following 12 months, no relapse or recurrence of residual cavity was noted. Therefore, we do not recommend PAAG injection for augmentation mammaplasty, especially in women intending to breastfeed. Patients undergoing PAAG injection for augmentation mammaplasty should avoid breastfeeding. PAAG injection will cause serious consequences resulting in tissue atrophy and breast resection if inappropriately handled.     

Analysis of local complications following explantation of silicone breast implants

A study was undertaken to analyse local complications in patients with breast implants and the total number of implant-related interventions when silicone breast implants were explanted. We studied 53 patients who had received breast implants for cosmetic augmentation or breast reconstruction following surgery for breast cancer at the time of explantation. The clinical records of all these patients were analysed, and clinical information on reason for implantation, implant properties, number and kind of implant-related interventions and reason for explantation was elicited. A complication was defined as a surgical procedure performed for any of the following reasons: capsular contracture, loss of implant integrity, haematoma or seroma, infection of the implant site, extrusion or wound dehiscence, and dissatisfaction with the result. The mean numbers of implant-related operations were 3.1 in patients who had undergone breast reconstruction and 2.3 in patients who had cosmetic augmentation (P < 0.03). We found a total of 35 complications in 28 patients, 21 patients (75%) each had one complication, five patients (18%) had two and two patients (7%) had three complications. A significantly higher incidence of early complications in patients who had undergone breast reconstruction (P < 0.03) marks the difference from complications in the cosmetic group, most of which arose after a longer time (P < 0.02). A complication analysis is presented. At the time of explantation, 78% of the patients decided to have a new implant, while 12% requested permanent removal of the implant without replacement. In the present study we saw no patients with connective tissue or other autoimmune disorders. When breast reconstruction or augmentation with silicone devices is considered, patients must be informed of the possible complications and of the potential choices in later implant-related revision surgery.     

Immediate extended latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction after skin-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer associated with paraffinoma: Report of a case

Paraffin oil injection into the breast, which had been used for breast augmentation in the past, can cause various complications. Complete removal of paraffinoma lesions with immediate breast reconstruction using autogenous tissue is a very satisfactory treatment option. However, diffuse random distribution of paraffin oil through the subdermal layer makes it impossible to remove all of the lesions with overlying skin without resulting in a shortage of available skin and poor cosmesis. We herein report the case of a patient with breast cancer associated with paraffinoma, treated with skinsparing mastectomy and axillary node dissection with immediate extended latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction, resulting in good cosmetic outcome, and showing no complications during the wound-healing process.     

自体颗粒脂肪注射隆乳应用研究

目的:研究自体皮下脂肪颗粒注射隆乳的方法和效果。方法:用注射器法吸取皮下脂肪,经处理注射到乳房后间隙,每次每侧不多于100ml,一般注射2次~3次,两次间隔至少3个月。结果:本组66例,随访6个月到18个月,其外形、手感及动态观察,效果良好,术后无移位、感染、包膜挛缩等并发症。但手术次数多、间隔时间长、工作量大,最后也有3例遗留较软的卵圆形结节。结论:自体脂肪是良好的隆乳填充材料之一,自体脂肪注射隆乳是人们容易接受、较理想的丰乳方法之一,也是较适合在基层医院开展的美容手术。     

聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶软组织填充并发水凝胶移位的分析处理

目的探讨聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶软组织填充并发水凝胶移位的原因及处理方法。方法总结50例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶软组织填充并发水凝胶移位的临床资料,对其进行分析,针对不同情况进行相应的处理。结果本组隆乳并发水凝胶移位的38例患者中,25例经穿刺抽吸处理后治愈;13例经切开取出水凝胶的同时,置入硅胶假体治愈,疗效满意。面部填充并发水凝胶移位者9例。臀部、下肢等部位填充并发水凝胶移位者3例。其多数者采用切开取出或经破溃处冲洗取出水凝胶后治愈,或在行其他手术的同时,取出水凝胶后治愈。结论聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶软组织填充并发水凝胶移位的原因主要是操作方法、术后处理不正确和受术者保护不当的结果,及时正确地处理,均能获得满意的疗效。