Combined small cell carcinoma and sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma in the renal pelvis

We report here a case of combined small cell carcinoma and sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma in the renal pelvis. A 61-year-old female presented with right flank discomfort, microhematuria and progressive renal dysfunction. Following diagnosis of right renal pelvic carcinoma, radical nephroureterectomy with lymph node dissection was performed through a midline incision. The tumor was pathologically diagnosed to be combined small cell carcinoma and sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma in the renal pelvis. The patient had no evidence of recurrence or metastasis, 16 months postoperatively. Small cell carcinoma or sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis is very rare. We believe this is the first such case to be reported in the world.     

Small Cell Carcinoma of the Kidney: Case Report

An 83-year-old female diagnosed with small cell carcinoma of the kidney is reported on. The clinical picture was similar to that seen with transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. A right nephroureterectomy was performed and a histological examination revealed similar morphological features to those of small cell carcinoma of the lung. Neuroendocrine differentiation was proven by a positive immunoreaction to neuron-specific enoiase. A review of the literature indicated that in the urinary tract, most of the cases of small cell carcinoma occurred in the urinary bladder, with this case being the eleventh reported case of small cell carcinoma originating in the kidney. As with many of the other cases of small cell carcinoma of the urinary tract, this patient's tumor was associated with both adenomatous and squamous differentiation. The patient died 2 months after surgery, prior to any chemotherapy administration.     

鹿角形肾结石合并肾盂癌的诊治

目的:提高鹿角形肾结石合并肾盂癌的诊治水平。方法:回顾性分析16例鹿角形肾结石合并肾盂癌患者的临床资料。结果:16例患者中,13例行CT检查,确诊4例;2例行MRI检查,确诊1例。术前确诊的5例患者行根治性肾输尿管切除加膀胱袖状切除。5例分别于开放手术或PCNL术中发现新生物,活检证实后行根治性肾切除加输尿管部分切除。1例行经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)者后2个月再次手术时发现转移而被迫放弃手术。5例无功能肾者于肾切除术后常规病检发现合并肾盂癌。病理检查证实为鳞状细胞癌12例,移行细胞癌3例,腺癌1例。获随访10例,随访时间1~35个月,死亡7例,术后生存时间1~27个月。结论:鹿角形肾结石合并肾盂癌诊断困难,预后差。对结石病史长、合并感染或肉眼血尿者,术前应考虑合并肾盂癌的可能。CT与MRI检查对诊断鹿角形肾结石合并肾盂癌有重要价值;对术前未确诊而又怀疑结石合并肾盂癌患者,建议行开放手术,勿选PCNL。     

Urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis with renal vein and inferior vena cava tumor thrombus: case series and literature review

BackgroundUrothelial carcinoma (UC) of the renal pelvis with renal vein and inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombus (TT) was extremely rare. We aimed to explore the clinical and pathological characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of renal pelvis UC with renal vein and IVC TT.MethodsFrom March 2016 to January 2019, eight patients of renal pelvis UC with renal vein and IVC TT were diagnosed and underwent operation in our hospital. Clinical features, operative details, pathological outcomes, and prognosis data were reviewed and collected.ResultsThere were five males and three females (52–84 years old). Their main symptoms were flank pain and hematuria. According to the Mayo classification, the TT was 4 level-0 (1 left and 3 right), 2 level-I (right), and 2 level-II (right). Half the patients underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy with thrombectomy, and the other underwent open procedures. The mean operative time was 298.9 minutes. Pathological outcomes revealed high-grade UC, with positive lymph nodes in 6 cases. Four patients received adjuvant chemotherapy, one target therapy and one adjuvant chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy after surgery. The mean follow-up time was 11.1 months. Three patients are alive, and two of them developed recurrence and lung metastasis.ConclusionsPreoperative differentiation between renal pelvis UC and renal cell carcinoma with venous TT was very important for the management. Radical nephroureterectomy with thrombectomy might be a reasonable method for renal pelvis UC with venous TT. The prognosis of such cases was poor even if adjuvant therapy was scheduled.     

肾盂鳞状细胞癌临床特点分析

目的 探讨肾盂鳞状细胞癌的诊治特点.方法 回顾性分析1991年10月至2009年5月收治8例肾盂鳞状细胞癌患者资料.临床表现血尿8例,腰痛7例,腹部包块1例.B超检查8例,IVU检查8例,CT检查4例.术前诊断为肿瘤3例,诊断为肾结石5例,结石术中发现肿瘤并经冰冻病理确诊2例.8例患者均经手术治疗,行根治性肾输尿管切除4例、单纯性肾切除3例、姑息性切除术1例.结果 8例病理诊断均为鳞状细胞癌.中分化6例,高分化和低分化各1例;pT1 1例,pT2 1例,pT3 3例,pT4 3例;淋巴结转移2例.获随访7例,失访1例.术后生存时间2～42个月,中位时间6个月,患者均死于肿瘤复发及转移.结论 肾盂鳞状细胞癌恶性程度高,常合并结石,术前诊断困难,确诊时多为中晚期,术后短期内易复发转移,预后极差.

Abstract：

Objective To review the diagnosis and treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of renal pelvis. Methods The clinical data from October 1991 to May 2009 of eight cases of squamous cell carcinoma of renal pelvis were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively. The symptoms of the patients were hematuria (eight cases), pain (seven cases) and abdominal mass (one case). All patients underwent B-ultrasound and IVU examination and four cases underwent CT scan. Three cases were diagnosed as having a tumor before surgery. Five cases were diagnosed as renal calculus, two of the five cases were diagnosed by intraoperative frozen section. Radical nephroureterectomy were performed in four cases, nephrectomy in three cases and palliative resection in one case. Results Histological classification revealed that six cases were moderately differentiated, one case was well differentiated and one case was poorly differentiated. Two cases had stage pT1/pT2 and six cases had stage pT3/pT4. 2 cases had regional lymph nodes metastasis. Seven cases were followed-up. All patients died of tumor recurrence or metastasis. The median tumor specific survive time was six months (range from two months to 42 months). Conclusions Squamous cell carcinoma of renal pelvis is often occurs concurrently with urolithiasis which could lead to difficulty in diagnose before operation. As the most of the patients were diagnosed with advanced stage disease, squamous cell carcinoma of renal pelvis tended to early recurrence and metastasis and the prognosis was very poor.     

肾结石并发肾盂癌的诊治

目的 提高肾结石并发肾盂癌的诊治水平.方法 肾结石并发肾盂癌患者21例.病史10 d～24年,平均27个月,临床表现反复寒战、发热、消瘦3例;全程肉眼血尿17例,其中2例有典型的血尿、疼痛、腹部肿块表现.CT检查17例,提示肾盂肿瘤9例,疑肾下极肿瘤4例,肾门淋巴结肿大2例.MRU检查10例,诊断为肾结石并发肾盂癌9例.21例IVU检查.患肾显影浅淡13例,其中3例显示肾盂内充盈缺损,不显影8例.术前确诊9例,行患肾根治性肾切除及局部淋巴结清扫术;5例因脓肾先行肾造瘘术,二期行包膜下肾切除术,其中2例术后证实为肾盂移行细胞癌,加行残端输尿管全切加膀胱袖状切除;3例因肾多发结石无功能术中黏连严重,行包膜下肾切除术;3例术前诊断为肾脏复杂多发性结石,因肾脏无功能或功能差行患肾切除加输尿管部分切除,其中2例术后证实为肾盂移行细胞癌,加行残端输尿管全切加膀胱袖状切除;1例B超引导下行微创经皮肾镜取石术,发现肾盂肿物,术中病理切片考虑为肾盂黏液腺癌,二期行根治术及肾门淋巴结清扫术. 结果 21例均经术后病理诊断证实,其中移行细胞癌4例、鳞状细胞癌16例、黏液腺癌1例.21例均顺利出院.获随访9例,随访时间4～28个月.死亡6例,术后生存时间3～21个月,其中死于心肌梗死2例,癌肿转移4例. 结论 高龄、结石病史长、患肾积液及感染明显的肾结石,术前应考虑合并肾盂癌的可能;CT与MRU检查对诊断肾结石合并肾盂癌有重要价值;早期诊断、早期处理肾结石并发肾盂癌可延长患者存活期.     

Multifocal metastases of recurrent renal cell carcinoma successfully treated with a combination of low dose interleukin-2, α-interferon and radiotherapy

A 59-year-old man presented with a 2-month history of left flank pain and a possibility of gross hematuria. Left renal cell carcinoma stage II was diagnosed and radical left nephrectomy was performed. Twenty-two months postoperatively, lung metastases were demonstrated and 6 x 10(6) units of alpha-interferon (IFN-alpha) were administered for 9 months, only to keep the sizes of the metastases unchanged. Thirty-four months after the operation, liver metastases and bone metastasis in the left sacroiliac joint were revealed. The combination cytokine therapy was performed with 1.4 x 10(6) U of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and 3 x 10(6) U of IFN-alpha for 16 weeks, and the left sacroiliac joint metastasis was treated with radiation therapy of 4 Gy per day for 7 days. Six months after the 16 weeks of immunotherapy, computed tomography and bone scintigraphy revealed that the metastases of the lung, liver and bone substantially disappeared and this complete response is still kept after 16 months.     

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor producing squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis: a case report

We report a case of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-producing squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. A 71?year-old woman presented with gross hematuria and leucocytosis of 21,300/mm3 (neutrophil : 86%) in the peripheral blood, but with no focus of infection. Right renal pelvic mass was found at a nearby hospital and she was referred to our hospital for examination and treatment. We performed right nephroureterectomy for a right renal pelvic tumor. Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and tumor cells stained strongly positive for G-CSF. According to these histopathological findings, we diagnosed this case as G-CSF-producing squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. She is presently alive without any new recurrent lesions for 12 months.     

Prolonged complete remission of multiple organ metastases after radical nephrectomy induced by interferon-alpha therapy: a case report

We experienced a case of advanced renal carcinoma that showed complete remission to interferon-alpha therapy. A 76-year-old male underwent radical nephrectomy for left renal cell carcinoma (pT3b pN0 M0, stage III). Two and a half months later, chest X-ray, computed tomographic (CT) scan and ultrasonography revealed multiple lung metastases and a hepatic metastasis simultaneously. We started the intramuscular administration of natural interferon-alpha (OIF, 5 MIU) combined with cimetidine everyday. It caused leukopenia, a possible side-effect of interferon-alpha. We reduced the dose to three times a week. The lung metastases and hepatic metastases disappeared after 5 and 12 months, respectively. After we reduced the dose to once a week, there was no evidence of disease for 21 months.     

Cyclophosphamide-induced renal pelvic tumor--a case report

We report a case of transitional cell carcinoma in the left renal pelvis, which occurred in a 24-year-old man. He had been treated with cyclophosphamide (CPM) for a period of 27 months for retroperitoneal rhabdomyosarcoma diagnosed at the age of 10. At first 1.2 g CPM had been given twice intravenously for 3 months, followed by oral administration of 41 g CPM for 23 months. Drip infusion pyelography revealed a filling defect in the left renal pelvis. A left renal pelvic tumor was strongly suspected on computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Left nephroureterectomy was then performed. Histological diagnosis of the left renal pelvic tumor was transitional cell carcinoma, grade 2, pT1N0M0. No recurrence was defected 17 months later. This case seems to be the second case of cyclophosphamide-induced upper urothelial carcinoma reported in Japan.     

后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜治疗上尿路移行细胞癌(附83例报告)

目的 探讨后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的效果和安全性. 方法 2003年3月～2006年7月,我院采用后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜治疗83例上尿路移行细胞癌.经尿道袖状电切患侧输尿管口周围1.5 cm范围膀胱壁达膀胱外脂肪组织,采用后腹腔镜切除肾及全长输尿管.术后留置导尿管7 d.11例术后辅助放疗. 结果 83例手术均成功.手术时间115～205 min,平均156 min.术中出血50～150 ml,平均80 ml.无术中并发症.术后住院7～11 d,平均8.5 d.病理报告：82例上尿路移行细胞癌,1例肾盂上皮中～重度不典型增生.术后随访3～38个月,平均10.8月.术后12个月内行膀胱镜检查发现膀胱肿瘤6例,其中5例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切,1例行腹腔镜根治性膀胱全切术、左侧输尿管皮肤造口术.2例肾盂肿瘤（pT3 G3和pT2 G3）于术后3个月肝转移.2例输尿管中段肿瘤（pT3 G3和pT3 G2～3）术后6个月原位复发并肺转移.1例输尿管下段肿瘤（pT3 G3）术后6个月骨转移.失访1例.其余71例均未发现肿瘤复发、切口转移及远处转移. 结论 对于上尿路移行细胞癌,采用后腹腔镜联合经尿道电切镜行肾、输尿管全切及膀胱袖套状切除具有创伤小、安全、恢复快等优点,值得临床推广应用.     

非气腹手助腹腔镜肾盂癌根治术(附4例报告)

目的　探索非气腹手助腹腔镜肾、输尿管、部分膀胱切除术治疗肾盂癌的方法。　方法　自 2 0 0 1年 7月至 2 0 0 1年 11月使用自制非气腹装置实施非气腹手助腹腔镜治疗肾盂癌 4例。　结果　手术时间平均 170分钟 ,失血量 195ml。术后未使用镇痛剂 ,平均恢复进食时间 2 8天。术后随访 1～ 4个月 ,未见肿瘤复发。　结论　手助非气腹腹腔镜肾输尿管膀胱部分切除术治疗肾盂癌具有手术时间短、对病人心肺功能损害小、出血少、病人术后恢复快、操作简单易学等优点     

A case of primary urotherial carcinoma with glandular differentiation of the renal pelvis with high serum level of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9)

A 63-year-old man visited our hospital with body weight loss. Laboratory examination revealed a high serum level of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and LDH. There were no abnormal findings in the gastrointestinal tract. Enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a renal tumor, 5×3 cm in diameter, in the right lower pole and multiple lymph node swelling. The right renal tumor was not a typical renal cell carcinoma, so we considered the presence of bellini duct carcinoma and renal pelvis carcinoma, we performed right nephroureterectomy. Histopathological diagnosis was urothelial carcinoma with glandular differentiation of the renal pelvis. Post operation chemotherapy with GC (gemcitabine/cisplatin: 3-cycle), MVAC (methotrexate/vinblastine/doxorubicin/cisplatin: 1-cycle), TS-1 + CBDCA (tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil potassium/carboplatin: 3-cycle) was performed for lymph node metastasis, but he died of cachexia 18 months after operation.     

Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the renal pelvis

Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC), best known to occur in the nasopharynx, can arise in a variety of sites, such as the salivary gland, thymus, lung, stomach, skin and uroepithelium. Primary LELC of the uroepithelium is very rare and there is only limited information in the published reports. We managed a case of a 75-year-old woman who presented with nausea and gross painless hematuria. She was treated with laparoscopic nephroureterectomy and was diagnosed with a T1N1M0 LELC of the renal pelvis. Unlike nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma, immunohistochemical analysis of this urinary LELC was negative for the Epstein-Barr virus. Herein we report on one more case of primary LELC of the renal pelvis and review of the published reports, particularly those concerning Epstein-Barr virus expressions. Recognition of this tumor and complete resection are essential for saving patients.     

Choriocarcinoma of the renal pelvis: a case report

A 68-year-old male presented to our hospital complaining of gross hematuria. Intravenous pyelography subsequently demonstrated a left non-visualized kidney, and he was admitted for further evaluation. Cystoscopy revealed a bladder tumor around the left ureteral orifice and retrograde pyelography showed a filling defect in the left renal pelvis. The urinary cytology from the left renal pelvis indicated class IV, and the microscopic findings of a bladder biopsy demonstrated grade 1 transitional cell carcinoma. We performed transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-BT) followed by left nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff. The pathological diagnosis was high grade transitional cell carcinoma with choriocarcinomatous component. After the operation, the serum human chorionic gonadotropin-beta (hCG-beta) level was slightly elevated, and the combination chemotherapy with methotrexate, vinblastine and cisplatin (MVC) was administered. Although the serum hCG-beta level fell to 0.1 ng/ml, after two courses of MVC chemotherapy, bilateral pulmonary metastases appeared in the chest X-ray with increasing hCG-beta levels. Salvage chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide and bleomycin (PEB) was performed. After two courses of PEB chemotherapy, the serum hCG-beta level fell to within the normal range and all pulmonary metastases disappeared.     

Successful treatment of chemo-refractory pulmonary metastases of renal pelvic cancer by second-line chemotherapy including gemcitabine followed by salvage surgery

A 51-year-old woman developed multiple pulmonary metastases after receiving nephroureterectomy and two cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy for the treatment of renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma. All metastases disappeared after four cycles of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin (M-VAC) chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy; however, 8 months later two pulmonary metastases recurred. The patient was entered into a phase I study of combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine, etoposide and cisplatin, designed for chemorefractory urothelial cancer. The lung masses showed significant reduction after two cycles of this chemotherapy; following salvage surgery, the patient has been well with no evidence of recurrence for more than 3 years.     

Ipsilateral synchronous renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature

A case of ipsilateral transitional cell carcinoma of left renal pelvis and left-renal cell carcinoma is presented. A 75-year-old male consulted our hospital with the complaint of painless gross-hematuria which had persisted for four years. Excretory urography revealed left non-visualized kidney. Retrograde pyelography demonstrated the filling defect, which had an irregular border, in the left renal pelvis. The selective left renal arteriography revealed the hypervascular region in the left renal cortex. Intraarterial chemotherapy with CDDP, MTX and ADR was performed preoperatively. Then, total left nephroureterectomy and segmental resection of the bladder was done. The surgical specimen was pathologically diagnosed as transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and renal cell carcinoma of the left kidney. This case is the 23rd reported case of ipsilateral synchronous renal malignancy in Japan.     

内镜下钬激光治疗早期上尿路上皮肿瘤特殊病例1O例报告

目的探讨内镜下钬激光治疗特殊早期上尿路上皮肿瘤的安全性及有效性。方法2002年4月～2010年5月,对10例不适合行根治性。肾输尿管切除术的早期上尿路上皮肿瘤患者行内镜下钬激光治疗,其中输尿管肿瘤7例（1例合并膀胱肿瘤）,肾盂肿瘤3例。单发7例,多发3例。术前肿瘤分期cTa～cT1。3例对侧已行肾输尿管全长切除,2例孤立肾,3例肾功能不全,1例2～3级心功能不全,1例肿瘤小（〈1cm,位于。肾盂,单发且表浅）。输尿管硬镜治疗7例,软镜1例,微通道经皮肾镜2例。术后行丝裂霉素上尿路及膀胱灌注化疗。结果10例术后随访2年,无肿瘤死亡。1例术后6个月输尿管狭窄,其余均未出现大出血、严重感染、周围脏器损伤及全身肿瘤转移。复发4例,其中1例输尿管合并膀胱肿瘤者膀胱内复发,1例为肾盂内单发肿瘤复发,2例为输尿管单发肿瘤复发。该4例随访5年,1例未见肿瘤复发与转移,3例复发3—4次,且为尿路多处复发,行肾盂输尿管癌根治术,其中2例术后血液透析1年内肿瘤转移死亡。结论对不适合行根治性肾输尿管切除术的早期上尿路上皮肿瘤,内镜下钬激光治疗短期内是安全有效的。     

重复肾合并同侧肾盂癌的诊治特点分析

目的:探讨重复肾畸形合并同侧肾盂癌的诊治特点。方法:回顾性分析2008~2013年我院收治5例重复肾合并同侧肾盂癌患者的临床资料。其中男3例,女2例,平均年龄63(42~83)岁。5例均行泌尿系B超、CT、MRI、IVU及CTU检查,2例行膀胱输尿管逆行造影检查,2例行泌尿系CTA检查。完全性重复肾畸形2例,不完全性3例;肿瘤发生在上位肾4例,下位肾1例。结果:2例行后腹腔镜半肾输尿管切除术,3例行后腹腔镜肾盂癌根治术。术后病理报告均示肾盂浸润性尿路上皮癌。5例患者术中术后均未出现明显并发症,术后30d复查SCr平均94.3(62.1~125.0)μmol/L,5例患者平均随访25(6~57)个月,均未出现肿瘤复发及转移。结论:重复肾畸形合并肾盂癌临床少见,肿瘤多发生于重复肾上位肾盂内,确诊需结合多种检查手段。手术仍是主要的治疗手段,应根据患者肾功能情况选择手术方案。     

Simultaneous occurrence of renal cell and transitional cell carcinoma in the same kidney and ureter. A case report

An unusual case of 2 concurrent primary renal tumors within the same kidney is reported. A 70-year-old woman presented with gross hematuria when she was in the hospital for cerebral infarction. Excretory urography revealed a marked expansion of the right kidney with no renal function. CT scan showed a mass arising from the right kidney, the hydronephrotic right renal pelvis, and a mass in the lower right ureter. Selective renal angiogram showed marked neovascularity of the mass. There was an encasement of the intrarenal artery to the lower pole. Angiographic findings were highly suggestive of a renal cell carcinoma with a second neoplasm in the renal pelvis. Subsequently, the patient underwent right radical nephroureterectomy and partial cystectomy. Section of the removed specimen revealed a 4.0 X 3.8 cm solid tumor confined to the kidney in the upper pole and a transitional cell carcinoma arising from the renal pelvis. In addition, transitional cell carcinoma was present in the distal ureter.