儿童非惊厥性持续状态的脑电图五例

目的 总结分析儿童非惊厥性癫痫持续状态(NCSE)多种脑电图(EEG)异常放电模式。方法 2016年9月至2020年9月首都医科大学宣武医院儿科收治的5例NCSE患儿,分析患儿的发作诱因、临床表现、EEG异常及治疗反应等情况。结果 报道的5例患儿,男童2例,女童3例。发病年龄1～12岁(中位值4岁2月)。5例均有反应迟钝,不同程度的智力倒退,其中例5有性格改变。NCSE诱因分析发现5例中感染引起惊厥持续状态后出现NCSE 1例(例4),抗癫痫药物调整过程中发作1例(例2),癫痫发作控制不佳1例(例5),突然停用所有抗癫痫药物1例(例3),诱因不明1例(例1)。发作期EEG特征多样,包括反复长时间的发作期放电,局部起始伴扩散和演变,左右反复交替出现(例1);全导高波幅慢波及右侧局灶性(Rolandic区)持续放电(例2);全导弥漫性高幅2.5～3Hz左右慢波、棘慢波长程发放(例3);全导持续周期性高幅慢波、尖慢波呈发放(例4)。双侧前头部(额极、额、中央、顶为主导联)5Hz高幅持续性慢波(例5)。所有患儿发作时静脉推注地西泮,临床症状及EEG均有不同程度的改善。结论 NCSE的临床表现和...     

非抽搐性癫痫持续状态五例及文献复习

目的 探讨非抽搐性癫痫持续状态(NCSE)患者的临床表现及持续脑电监测的脑电图(EEG)特征.方法 对自2008年11月至2009年12月北京大学人民医院急诊科收治的5例NCSE患者行持续EEG监测检查,观察其EEG特征及临床表现.结果 5例均出现发作性意识障碍,其中4例出现烦躁、易怒或躁狂,3例表现出精神运动迟滞和遗忘,2例出现言语自动症和失认,1例出现定向障碍.所有患者的EEG均出现广泛性但一侧明显的异常放电.静脉注射地两泮后,3例患者临床症状迅速改善.结论 NCSE并非罕见,持续EEG监测能查出本病,早期诊断,及时治疗可改善患者预后,临床应注意与其他引起意识紊乱的疾病相鉴别.     

2例非惊厥癫痫持续状态患者的临床特征及脑电图分析

非惊厥性癫痫持续状态（Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus,NCSE）年发病率为5.6～18.3/10万[1],约占癫痫持续状态的一半,并非罕见,以往由于对其认识不足和诊断标准不一致[2],常被误诊或漏诊,得不到及时有效的治疗.不同类型的NCSE,临床表现和脑电图特点各不相同[3].现将首都医科大学宣武医院神经内科2012年7～10月收治的2例NCSE患者的临床特征及脑电图结果报道如下.     

表现为非惊厥性癫痫持续状态的边缘叶脑炎的临床和脑电图特征

目的探讨为非惊厥性癫痫持续状态(NCSE)的边缘叶脑炎(LE)的临床及EEG特征。方法回顾性分析9例表现有NCSE的LE患者的临床资料。结果 4例患者为急性起病,5例为亚急性起病。首发症状为复杂部分性癫痫持续状态(CPSE)7例,轻微发作癫痫持续状态(SSE)1例,简单部分性癫痫持续状态(SPSE)1例。9例患者均有精神症状、记忆障碍及自主神经功能紊乱,肺癌1例。头颅MRI显示脑实质急性炎症,主要集中于边缘系统,呈双侧对称或不对称信号异常改变,T_1WI为略低信号,T_2WI及Flair呈高信号。EEG表现为θ波背景6例,均可见δ波,其中棘慢波或尖慢波4例;α波背景2例,均可见δ波,表现为δ波背景1例。视频脑电图(VEEG)示1例SSE患者呈持续的痫性放电,在病侧蝶骨电极更显著,但无运动性癫痫发作。1例SPSE患者在皮质和颞近中央区有不同频率的局灶性棘波或棘慢综合波持续发放。7例CPSE患者呈颞区为主的各种形式癫痫性电活动广泛持续发放或反复阵发性出现,如节律性的棘波、尖波、δ或/和θ节律,可向邻近区域或对侧半球扩散,或左右交替;在无凝视反应或刻板自动症时呈现扩散至双侧半球的高波幅棘慢综合波或δ节律爆发。结论表现有NCSE的LE的临床和EEG有特征性改变,EEG和VEEG是LE是否存在NCSE的主要诊断依据。左右半球边缘叶病变出现的精神症状并不相同。各型LE对治疗反应不一,非副肿瘤性LE疗效较满意。     

脑电趋势图监护在神经重症监护病房对癫痫及亚临床癫痫的诊断意义

目的 通过连续和动态监护神经重症监护病房(N-ICU)患者的脑电图(EEG)变化,观察脑趋势图改变与癫痫的关系,探讨脑电趋势图对癫痫以及亚临床癫痫的诊断意义. 方法N-ICU 15例癫痫患者,其中癫痫持续状态(SE)10例,予以脑电监护,采用10-20标准电极安装法,8导参考电极导联法(Fp1-A1、C3-A1、T3-A1、01-A1、Fp2-A2、C4-A2、T4-A2、O2-A2)采集脑电趋势图数据,包括振幅整合脑电图(aEEG)、样本包络、波段功率(BP).对同一患者的癫痫发作期和间期的数值分别求出平均值,进行对比分析.采用ROC分析评价3种趋势图对癫痫诊断能力. 结果癫痫在N-ICU的发生率为15/122,15例癫痫患者中癫痫持续状态(SE)10例,全面性惊厥性癫痫持续状态(GCSE)8例,非惊厥性癫痫持续状态(NCSE)7例,GCSE发作后继之NCSE 5例.癫痫发作时aEEG上界和下界分别上升了27.90%和33.53%,形成一明显"波峰",与未发作时比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).参考电极导联样本包络波幅上升了124.09%,与未发作时比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).α和β波段的绝对波段功率(ABP)明显增高,与未发作时比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论癫痫及亚临床癫痫在N-ICU发生率较高,3种趋势图对癫痫发作的诊断都有价值,aEEG诊断能力强于样本包络,BP结果可提供参考.     

持续脑电监测在机械通气和镇静状态下蛛网膜下腔出血患者中的应用

目的 评估镇静和机械通气状态下蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者的非惊厥性癫痫发作(NCSZ)和非惊厥性癫痫发作持续状态(NCSE)的频率。方法 对2019-06—2021-06河南省直第三人民医院重症监护中心需机械通气和镇静并接受持续脑电监测的26例蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,格拉斯哥中位评分8分(范围3～14),Hunt-Hess中位评分为4分(范围1～4)。结果 26例患者共记录约2 600 h的连续脑电图波形,持续脑电监测过程中未见明确临床症状的癫痫发作事件,也未观察到类似癫痫样发作的情况。2例(7.69%)患者在脑电监测记录中发现非惊厥性癫痫发作情况,其中1例持续5 min,另1例持续约5 h。结论 持续脑电监测对镇静状态下的蛛网膜下腔出血患者具有重要价值,持续性镇静、不做唤醒试验是降低需机械辅助呼吸的蛛网膜下腔出血患者亚临床癫痫发作的重要因素。     

520例儿童癫痫与高热惊厥的关系分析

目的 分析癫痫患儿与伴高热惊厥史的临床特点，探讨高热惊厥脑损伤及其与颞叶癫痫的关系。方法 对1990～2001年在本院儿科就诊的520例癫痫患儿进行回顾性分析，包括首发年龄、家族史、持续时间、癫痫发作类型、神经影像学及脑电图改变等。结果 125例(24％)患儿有前期高热惊厥史。伴高热惊厥史的急儿癫痫发作早且易出现癫痫持续状态，与无高热惊厥史的患儿相比，伴高热惊厥史的患儿强直一阵挛发作较多，复杂部分性发作较少。387例患儿曾行影像学检查，4例提示有海马硬化均无高热惊厥史。在伴高热惊厥史的癫痫患儿中脑电图局灶起源的异常放电显低于无高热惊厥史的癫痫患儿。有6．4％(8／125)伴高热惊厥史的癫痫患儿和8．4％(33／395)无高热惊厥史的癫痫患儿脑电图表现为单纯颞叶异常放电，二组相比无明显差异。结论 在癫痫患儿中，高热惊厥可能伴有脑损伤，且可能与后期的癫痫发生有关，伴高热惊厥史不一定发展为颞叶癫痫。     

昏迷患者非惊厥性癫痫持续状态的临床特点

目的 探讨昏迷患者非惊厥性癫痫持续状态(NCSE)的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析6例昏迷NCSE患者的临床资料.结果 6例患者中1例病毒性脑炎,1例大面积脑梗死,2例脑外伤,1例心肺复苏术后缺血缺氧性脑病,1例肾移植后代谢性脑病.其中,2例出现躁动,1例摇头、嘴唇咂动,2例四肢微小抽动,1例颜面抽动.所有患者的持续EEG(CEEG)监测均出现广泛或者局灶并发广泛的异常放电.结论 昏迷患者发生NCSE时多表现为躁动或面部、四肢微小抽动,CEEG监测能发现异常放电,有助于指导临床诊治.     

非惊厥性癫痫持续状态3例病例报告

非惊厥性癫痫持续状态（nonconvulsive status epilepticus，NCSE）的发作形式多种多样，其临床表现主要为不同程度的意识障碍、精神异常，容易造成漏诊、误诊。本病例报告中的3例患者的具体发作表现各自不同（见表1）。     

非惊厥性癫痫的诊断和治疗进展

非惊厥性癫痫指仅有脑电图表现异常和意识障碍,但不伴临床可见惊厥的癫痫发作形式。症状性癫痫、颅脑创伤、开颅手术、脑卒中、颅内肿瘤等均是该疾病诱发因素。由于缺乏特异性症状,该疾病诊断困难,致死和致残率高。持续脑电监测是及时诊断非惊厥性癫痫的重要手段,也是评估治疗效果的重要方法。迅速终止癫痫发作是治疗首要目标,阶梯式疗法是治疗的主要方式。本综述回顾了非惊厥性癫痫持续状态的流行病学、临床诊断、治疗等方面的研究进展。     

MELAS with recurrent complex partial seizures,nonconvulsive status epilepticus,psychosis, and behavioral disturbances: Case analysis with literature review

Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes (MELAS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with polygenetic, maternally inherited, mitochondrial DNA mutations. MELAS has multisystem presentation including neurological, muscular, endocrine, auditory, visual, cardiac, psychiatric, renal, gastrointestinal and dermatological symptoms. Clinical course and prognosis are variable, often leading to cognitive decline, disability, and premature death. Both convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) and nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) are reported with MELAS. This report illustrates a case of MELAS with recurrent complex partial seizures, NCSE, confusion, aggressive behaviors, hallucinations, and paranoid delusions. Rapid video/EEG confirmation of diagnosis and aggressive antiepileptic drug intervention are required. Further education of medical professionals regarding this disorder, its appropriate management, and the significance of NCSE is indicated to avoid delay of treatment.     

Non-convulsive status epilepticus during lithium treatment at therapeutic doses

Abstract The purpose of this study is to report the case of a patient with normal lithium serum levels who developed non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE). A 52-year-old woman with bipolar disorder type I (DSM-IV) treated with lithium experienced bradypsychism and episodes of confusion and spatial disorientation without signs or symptoms of lithium intoxication. Lithium serum levels were in the normal range. A brain MR scan was negative; the electroencephalogram (EEG) revealed a background 3–4 Hz delta rhythm and diffuse spike discharges. Prompt EEG and clinical response to intravenous diazepam therapy was observed. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of NCSE was made and lithium therapy was withdrawn, resulting in symptom remission and EEG normalization. The treatment was resumed after two months to test the correlation between NCSE and lithium therapy. Resumption of therapeutic range lithium induced the same clinical symptoms and EEG patterns; the therapy was thus definitively discontinued. The present data—signalling the temporal correlation of clinical and EEG changes with drug administration and withdrawal—suggest that even in the therapeutic range lithium treatment may trigger NCSE onset in predisposed subjects.     

Nonconvulsive status epilepticus with frontal features: quantitating severity of subclinical epileptiform discharges provides a marker for treatment efficacy,recurrence and outcome

Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is difficult to diagnose but is an important cause of cognitive impairment. Electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring is required for diagnosis and treatment. Little is known regarding the stability of subclinical epileptiform discharges (SEDs) preceding NCSE nor what strategies may optimize patient outcomes. We report extended follow-up of patients with recurrent frontal SEDs, integrating EEG and cognitive findings before and following treatment of NCSE, and show that quantitating SED severity provides an objective marker of treatment efficacy and recurrence.     

Tiagabine-induced non-convulsive status epilepticus in a patient without history of epilepsy

Cases of non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) induced by tiagabine (TGB) were occasionally reported. Almost all had a prior history of epilepsy. We describe here, the clinical and EEG findings in a patient, without history of seizures, who after the start of TGB developed NCSE. A 53-year-old man with history of paranoid schizophrenia, presented with "alteration of his mental state." Three weeks early, TGB was added to his psychiatric regimen. On the second day of admission, he became unresponsive with a blank stare. Concomitant EEG showed abundant sharp and slow wave complexes. The episode lasted for 4 hours and was aborted by the intravenous administration of lorazepam. The TGB was discontinued without recurrence of subsequent seizure activity. This case supports the contention that TGB can induce NCSE in subjects not previously known to have seizures.     

Non-convulsive status epilepticus: usefulness of clinical features in selecting patients for urgent EEG

BACKGROUND: Non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is status epilepticus without obvious tonic-clonic activity. Patients with NCSE have altered mental state. An EEG is needed to confirm the diagnosis, but obtaining an EEG on every patient with altered mental state is not practical. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether clinical features could be used to predict which patients were more likely to be in NCSE and thus in need of an urgent EEG. METHODS: Over a six month period, all patients for whom an urgent EEG was ordered to identify NCSE were enrolled. Neurology residents examined the patients and filled out a questionnaire without knowledge of the EEG results. The patients were divided into two groups, NCSE and non-NCSE, depending on the EEG result. The clinical features were compared between the two groups. The sensitivity and specificity of the features were calculated. RESULTS: 48 patients were enrolled, 12 in NCSE and 36 not in NCSE. Remote risk factors for seizures, severely impaired mental state, and ocular movement abnormalities were seen significantly more often in the NCSE group. The combined sensitivity of remote risk factors for seizures and ocular movement abnormalities was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: There are certain clinical features that are more likely to be present in patients in NCSE compared with other types of encephalopathy. Either remote risk factors for seizures or ocular movement abnormalities were seen in all patients in NCSE. These features may be used to select which patients should have an urgent EEG.     

Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus in the Emergency Room

Purpose: The study reviewed emergent cases of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) to evaluate causes of diagnostic and management delay and examined frequent diagnostic features suggestive of NCSE. Methods: In a retrospective study, we assessed the clinical presentation of 23 patients with one or more NCSE episodes, their medical history, EEG, and antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment. We also evaluated causes of diagnostic delay in patients referred to the emergency room (ER) in confusional states. Results: There was considerable overlap in clinical features of patients with complex partial SE (CPSE) and generalized nonconvulsive SE (GNSE). Delays in seeking medical attention were common. Diagnosis was significantly delayed in 10 patients. Three cases illustrate the possible markedly different presentations of NCSE. Conclusions: NCSE often goes unrecognized or is mistaken for behavioral or psychiatric disturbance. The pleo-morphic clinical presentation of NCSE indicates that EEG and a therapeutic trial of AEDs afford the best diagnostic measures in acute waxing and waning confusional states associated with agitation, bizarre behavior, staring, increased tone, mutism, or subtle myoclonus.     

Clinical characteristics of status epilepticus in an emergency hospital: importance of nonconvulsive status epilepticus]

Although nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is a major neurological emergency, its frequency and clinical course are not well clarified. We investigated the clinical characteristics of status epilepticus focusing on the significance of NCSE. One thousand seven hundred twenty-three patients were admitted as neurological emergency cases in our hospital between October 2003 and September 2006. Of these cases, 94 (5.5%) were diagnosed as status epilepticus of which, 24 (25.5%) were diagnosed with NCSE on admission. Moreover, 8 patients who presented with convulsive status epilepticus on admission had episodes of NCSE during hospitalization. Thus, 32 patients (34.0%) suffered from NCSE during their clinical course. We analyzed the prognostic factors of status epilepticus using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Poor outcome was significantly correlated with NCSE (p = 0.003) and acute cerebrovascular disease (p = 0.010), independent of age, sex, history of epilepsy, and other etiologies. Our study revealed that NCSE is not a rare condition and results in a poor outcome. Careful EEG evaluation of patients with consciousness disturbance might increase the diagnostic accuracy of NCSE, and aggressive treatment of patients with NCSE should be necessary to improve the prognosis of NCSE.     

Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus in the Elderly: A Case Series and a Review of the Literature

Because of age related etiologies and complications, nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) may have a different prognosis in the elderly than in the young. We prospectively studied clinical characteristics and outcomes of 10 patients over age 65 years with NCSE. All underwent continuous video-electroencephalogram monitoring. Patients’ ages ranged between 65 and 95 years (mean = 80). Three patients had complex partial status epilepticus (CPSE), seven had complex partial and secondarily generalized NCSE, and none had primary generalized NCSE. Causes of NCSE were: stroke (four), metabolic derangement (two), brain neoplasia (one), head injury (one), electroconvulsive therapy (one), and preexisting epilepsy (one). One patient with hyponatremia and one patient with a previous seizure disorder recovered. Five patients were discharged with new neurologic deficits due to underlying processes; four of these patients also had infectious complications during hospitalization. Three patients died, all due to infectious complications. We conclude that NCSE in the elderly is associated with a poor prognosis, because of underlying causative processes and medical complications.     

Non-convulsive status epilepticus of frontal origin as the first manifestation of Hashimoto's encephalopathy

Hashimoto's encephalopathy is an often misdiagnosed, life threatening, condition which improves promptly with steroid therapy. Since clinical manifestations are heterogeneous and non-specific, the diagnosis is often difficult. Several case reports of Hashimoto's encephalopathy presenting with partial or generalised seizures are described, but only a few have focused on status epilepticus as the first clinical manifestation. We report two patients presenting with repetitive and prolonged seizures characterised by progressive reduction in contact and reactivity associated with frontal/diffuse polyspike-and-wave activities. This condition, which can be interpreted as a form of non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) of frontal origin, was refractory to antiepileptic drugs but responded promptly to high doses of intravenous steroid treatment. In cases of unexplained encephalopathy with EEG documentation of NCSE, the early recognition and treatment of Hashimoto's encephalopathy may lead to a favourable prognosis. [Published with video sequences].