生物样品中普鲁托品的HPLC测定方法和普鲁托品在大鼠体内药代动力学

本文建立了反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定大鼠血浆、尿、粪、肝组织匀浆中药物浓度的方法。流动相为甲醇、水和10％冰醋酸,以C_(18)柱分离,紫外检测波长为285um,生物样品在碱性条件下经两次乙醚处理可获得良好分离。血浆样品最低检测浓度为50ng/ml,组织样品最低检测浓度为25ng/ml,日内精密度为2.08％～3.06％,日间精密度为1.04％～3.92％,平均方法回收率为96.00％～103.81％。为全面了解普鲁托品(protopine)在大鼠体内代谢过程,给大鼠尾静脉注射protopine 10mg/kg后,测定不同时间各组织和体液中protopine的含量。结果表明,protopine在大鼠     

高效液相色谱法测定独角莲膏中连翘苷的含量

目的建立用高效液相色谱（HPLC）测定独角莲膏中连翘苷的含量的方法。方法采用Hypersil ODS2（5．0×200mm）色谱柱,乙腈与水（24：76）的混合液为流动相;流速为1．0ml／min,柱温为30℃,检测波长227ml。结果连翘苷进样量在0．1424μg～0．712μg时线性良好（r=0．99998）,平均回收率为99．22％,RSD为2．16％。结论该方法准确、简便、重现性好、专属性强,可用于该产品中连翘苷含量的测定。     

拜阿司匹林加维C泡腾片中两种有效成分及有关物质的HPLC法测定分析

目的 探讨使用HPLC法测定和分析拜阿司匹林加维C泡腾片中两种有效成分及有关物质.方法 色谱柱采用HypersilC18,流动相是四丁基氢氧化铵,甲醇的含量为5mmol/L,给予梯度洗脱,274mm为检测波长.结果 阿司匹林的浓度范围为40～800ug/ml,维生素C的浓度范围为24～480ug/ml,在此浓度范围内线性关系良好,阿司匹林和维生素C的平均回收率为99.8％和100.2％.结论 在测定和分析拜阿司匹林加维C泡腾片中两种有效成分及有关物质时,使用HPLC法简单、快速、精确.     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器分析红霉素

目的建立一种无需校正因子，直接测定红霉素原料中红霉素A组分的测定方法，满足红霉素质量控制之需要。方法色谱柱为依利特BDS Hypersil C18（4．6mm 25cm）；流动相为0．1mol／L甲酸铵溶液（pH7．5）-乙腈（60：40）；流速为0．6ml／min；柱温为40℃；蒸发光散射检测器的飘移管温度为60℃；气体流速为20psi。结果方法具有较高的专属性；精密度日内RSD为1．2％，日间RSD为1．6％；线性范围为40～1．0μg（r=0．9978）；最低检测限（LOD）与最低检测量（LOQ）分别为0．40μg与0．80μg。结论建立了一种专属、较灵敏、快速、简便的测定红霉素原料中红霉素A组分绝对含量的反相高效液相色谱方法。     

氟康唑滴眼液滴眼的眼内药代动力学研究

本研究以0.5％氟康唑局部应有给兔眼后,观察氟康唑在角膜的透性及其在角膜和房水中的药动学行为。采用新西兰大白兔,双侧眼准确滴入0.5％氟康唑后,分别于不同时间处死家兔,取出房水和角膜并对其定量(定容及称重)。组织中的药物浓度采用反相高效液相色谱法(HPLC)定量测定,色谱条件:色谱柱为Spherisorb C18,5μm200×4.6mm,流动相:0.05M磷酸二氢钾-甲醇(65:35);流速为1ml/min,检测波长为265um,柱温为45℃。药动学参数采用非线性最小二乘法进行计算机拟合求得。采用反相HPLC法可以将氟康唑同其他杂质很好分离,最低定量浓度为0.lμg/ml,氟康唑在组织中的回收率平均为90.6％。测定不同时间组织中药物浓度结果表明氟康唑滴眼后能造入角膜和房水,角膜氟康唑浓度在2分钟时最高(15.20±1.95μg/     

HPLC测定全血中环孢素A的浓度

目的：采用HPLC法测定肾移植患者全血中环孢素A(CsA)的浓度，进行血浓监测。方法：全血经乙醚提取后，吹干，用甲醇、盐酸复溶，正已烷脱酯后，乙醚反提，吹干，以流动相100μl定容，20μl进样。结果：CsA在50-800μg／ml的血浓范围线性关系良好，C-413．38R 4．33，r=0．9998，日内和日间变异系数分别为2．73％-5．61％和4．70％-8．92％，最低检测浓度为10μg／ml。结论：本法能提高全血中CsA萃取率，灵敏度高，可广泛用于临床血药浓度监测。     

以532nm激光为光源的HMME-PDT对人类乳腺癌细胞的杀伤作用

目的：探讨532nm激光不同光剂节参数及血卟啉单甲醚（HMME）不同浓度参数对体外培养的乳腺癌细胞（MCF-7）的光动力学杀伤作用。方法：MCF-7细胞用浓度分别为5μg／ml、10μg／ml、20μg／ml的HMME孵育2h后，以532nm半导体激光照射，能量密度分别为0．3J／cm^2、0．6J／cm^2、1．2J／cm^2,2．4J／cm^2、4．8J／cm^2，24h后用CCK-8检测细胞存活率，并在光镜及电镜下观察细胞的形态变化。结果：随着激光剂景的增大，在一定的范围内，细胞的抑制率呈现上升趋势；能量密度为2．4J／cm^2．HMME浓度为20μg／ml时，达到最大的抑制率为55．5％；并且细胞的抑制率也和HMME浓度呈剂量依赖型；光镜下可观察到细胞坏死和凋亡样改变。结论：以532nm激光为光源的HMME-PDT对MCF-7细胞有明显的杀伤作用．并在一定范围内呈光剂量和HMME浓度剂最依赖型。     

HPLC法测定溶栓通脉胶囊中山柰素的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定溶栓通脉胶囊中山柰素含量的方法。方法采用Eclipse XDB—C18色谱柱,甲醇-水（52：48）为流动相;流速1．0mlomin-1：检测波长367nm。结果山柰素在0．0586-1．465μg范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为98．40％,IKSD=0.95％（n=6）。结论本方法操作简便,专属性强,结果准确,可用于溶栓通脉胶囊的质量控制。     

家兔血浆中替拉扎明的HPLC测定及药动学研究

建立家兔血浆中替拉扎踢（Tirapazaming，TPZ）测定的高效液相色谱法（HPLC），并进行TPZ在家兔体内的药代动力学研究。血浆样品用甲醇沉淀蛋白后进样；流动相为甲醇-50mmol／L磷酸二氢钠溶液（10：90，磷酸调pH6．5），在266nm波长处检测，按外标法进行血药浓度计算。在此色谱条件下，TPZ峰形良好，血浆内源性成分对药物测定无干扰；检测限为0．5ng，在血药浓度0．150～59．98mg／L范围内，浓度与峰面积有良好的线性关系，r=0．9995；方法回收率〉95％（n=3），日内精密度和日间精密度的RSD〈6%（n=5）。TPZ在家兔体内的血药浓度-时间曲线符合二室模型。该法灵敏、简便、准确，适用于TPZ在家兔体内的药代动力学研究。     

C-肽化学发光免疫分析方法学研究

目的：建立人血清C-肽化学发光免疫分析法。方法：采用两株高特异的抗C-肽单克隆抗体，以一株包被微孔板制成固相抗体，另一株标记碱性磷酸酶，以金刚烷衍生物为底物，双抗体夹心法测定人血清C-肽浓度。结果：以5μg/ml单克隆抗体包被微孔板，酶结合物以1：5000稀释，在C-肽浓度0．1～15ng／ml范围内线性良好，线性方程为y=0．9575x-0．0869，相关系数0．99；灵敏度为0．01ng／ml，批内、批间变异系数分别为5．8％、8．4％；平均回收率98．4％，范围91．5％～105．0％。结论：文中建立的人血清C-肽化学发光免疫分析法，首次建立小分子人血清C-肽双抗体夹心化学发光免疫法测定。线性好，灵敏度较常规高出一个数量级，准确度和精密性高，能够满足一般临床诊断和科研的应用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.