急性视网膜坏死综合征的荧光素眼底血管造影分析

目的：了解急性多膜坏死综合征荧光素眼底血管造影图像的特征。方法：用荧光素眼底血管造影方法检查16例（21只眼）急性视网膜坏死综合征患者,分析其图像特征。结果：造影结果显示,视乳头均呈高荧光,视网膜主分枝动脉变细、有白鞘,但均显荧光,充盈可迟缓,仅1例主分枝动脉部分闭塞,静脉迂曲、着染、渗漏。视网膜坏死灶多见于周边部,造影早期显不均匀弱荧光,晚期显强荧光,退行萎缩区呈斑驳样荧光,均伴周边小血管闭塞及无灌注区,后极部可见散在脉络膜炎性病变。结论：FFA有助于了解病变的性质和范围,有助于诊断。但应注意与巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎相鉴别。     

Toxicity of intravitreal injection of foscarnet in the rabbit eye

Foscarnet (sodium phosphonoformate) is an antiviral with a high degree of efficacy against members of the herpes simplex virus family. We studied the toxicity of single doses of intravitreally administered foscarnet in the albino rabbit. Eyes were evaluated clinically and by light microscopy. Data demonstrated that doses ranging from 20 to 1000 micrograms per 0.1 milliliter are nontoxic to the retina, suggesting that foscarnet may be useful in the treatment of acute retinal necrosis and cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.     

急性视网膜坏死综合征视网膜脱离的手术治疗

目的 探讨急性视网膜坏死综合征视网膜脱离的手术治疗的方法和效果。方法 回顾性分析1985-2002年6月收治的52例71眼急性视网膜坏死综合征中33例41眼视网膜脱离的患者。结果 接受普通外路视网膜脱离手术治疗13眼中8眼视网膜复位，手术成功率61％；接受玻璃体视网膜手术治疗10眼全部视网膜复位，手术成功率100％。结论 视网膜脱离手术，特别是玻璃体视网膜手术，可有效地使急性视网膜坏死综合征视网膜脱离复位。     

The progressive outer retinal necrosis syndrome

The progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) syndrome is a recently described clinical variant of necrotizing herpetic retinopathy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is caused by varicellazoster virus infection of the retina. Its course and clinical features distinguish it from the acute retinal necrosis syndrome and CMV retinopathy. Early disease is characterized by multifocal deep retinal opacification. Lesions rapidly coalesce and progress to total retinal necrosis over a short period of time. Despite aggressive therapy with intravenous antivirial drugs, prognosis is poor; disease progression and/or recurrence is common, and the majority of patients develop no light perception vision. Total retinal detachments are common. Prophylaxis against retinal detachment using laser retinopexy has not been useful in most cases. PORN syndrome is an uncommon, but devastating complication of AIDS.     

Analysis of Retinal Findings of Acute Retinal Necrosis Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Purpose: To analyze the retinal findings in patients with ARN, optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed. Methods: Seven patients (7 eyes) with ARN were studied using OCT. Results: OCT images depicted highly reflective areas in the inner layers of the retina in all seven cases, corresponding with the yellowish-white lesions of the retina in the acute phase. Disorganization of the retinal structure was also observed in these retinal lesions, especially in cases with severe inflammation. Subretinal changes including retinal exudate and/or fluid were observed in only one case. After regression of the yellowish-white lesions in the retina, a significant reduction in retinal thickness was observed on OCT. Conclusions: OCT permits the detection of full-thickness retinal necrosis in the acute phase and complete absence of retinal structure in the resolution phase, corresponding with the yellowish-white lesions seen in patients with ARN.     

预防性玻璃体手术治疗急性视网膜坏死综合征

目的 报告一组Ⅰ～Ⅱ期急性视网膜坏死综合征患者经预防性玻璃体手术治疗的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2006年2月至2008年7月20例(20只眼)Ⅰ～Ⅱ期急性视网膜坏死综合征患者接受预防性玻璃体手术治疗的临床资料.所有患者接受完全玻璃体切除联合激光光凝及硅油填充,术中用曲安奈德玻璃体腔注射以增加玻璃体可视性,术后常规面朝下体位,术前、术后均给予阿昔洛韦等药物治疗.随防10～12月.结果 20例20只眼中,硅油取出后,18只眼视网膜在位;2只眼出现视网膜脱离,其中1只眼再次行视网膜前膜剥除+硅油注入+激光光凝术,硅油取出后,视网膜在位;另1只眼因术前视网膜坏死广泛,视网膜动脉广泛闭塞,再次手术后,视网膜未能复位.术后视力提高13只眼、不变5只眼、下降2只眼.结论 预防性玻璃体切除联合激光光凝及硅油填充是治疗急性视网膜坏死综合征的有效方法,术后患者能改善或保持视力,减少视网膜脱离的发生率.     

急性视网膜坏死光相干断层扫描图像分析

目的 分析OCT对急性视网膜坏死的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析急性视网膜坏死的眼底照相和OCT图像特征,进行分析总结.结果 炎症急性期OCT显示黄白色视网膜病变的区域视网膜弥漫性水肿渗出呈高反射信号,其下结构反射信号屏蔽;神经上皮层下液体积存,视网膜各层组织结构紊乱.黄斑区OCT图像表现为弥漫性水肿,神经上皮层厚度增加,可见高反射渗出物.炎症消退期坏死区域视网膜与正常视网膜相比厚度明显减少,色素上皮破坏.结论 OCT能提供急性视网膜坏死患者视网膜精细的形态学特征,结合眼底彩照、眼部荧光造影检查对该病能进行较全面而精细的评估.     

玻璃体切除术治疗急性视网膜坏死所致视网膜脱离

目的:观察玻璃体切除术治疗急性视网膜坏死所致视网膜脱离的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2003-01/2008-01期间在我院行玻璃体切除术的急性视网膜坏死所致视网膜脱离患者15例(15眼),分析其视网膜脱离的特点,观察其临床治疗效果。结果:所有患者均行玻璃体切除术,联合行巩膜外环扎术10例,术中均行硅油填充术,术中视网膜出血2眼,术后并发性白内障4眼,高眼压1眼,低眼压1眼,取硅油后视网膜脱离复发1眼。术后6mo患眼最佳矫正视力除1眼放弃治疗外其余14眼均有不同程度地提高。结论:玻璃体切除术是治疗急性视网膜坏死综合征所致视网膜脱离的最佳治疗方法,对于部分病例,需联合行巩膜外环扎术。     

CASE REPORT Vitrectomy and Silicone Oil Tamponade as an Initial Surgery for Retinal Detachment After Acute Retinal Necrosis Syndrome

Purpose: To show the feasibility of vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade as an initial surgical procedure for retinal detachments with multiple tears that develop after the fulminant type of acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Methods: In a prospective noncomparative interventional case series, vitrectomy, silicone oil tamponade, and encircling scleral buckling with a solid silicone, combined with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation (except for one pseudophakic patient [Case 2]), were performed in three consecutive patients during the four-year period from 1999 to 2002. These patients had developed retinal detachment with multiple retinal tears after the resolution of acute retinal necrosis syndrome. As an initial standard treatment for acute retinal necrosis syndrome, all patients received maximum-dose intravenous acyclovir (1500 mg daily) for two weeks combined with intravenous prednisolone tapered from 200 mg daily. Results: Case 1 was a 65-year-old woman who developed retinal detachment 44 days after the onset of acute retinal necrosis syndrome; Case 2, a 79-year-old man, developed retinal detachment 51 days after the onset; and Case 3, a 59-year-old man, developed retinal detachment 70 days after the onset. Before surgery, all patients showed multiple tears scattered on the detached atrophic retina extending over the entire midperipheral fundus with vitreoretinal adhesions and vitreous opacity. The retina was reattached during the initial surgery. The patients showed no recurrence of retinal detachment and maintained a visual acuity of 20/200 or 20/100 during the one- to three-year follow-up period. Conclusions: Vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade could be a treatment option as the initial surgical procedure for retinal detachments that develop after the fulminant type of acute retinal necrosis syndrome.     

晚期急性视网膜坏死综合征的手术效果观察

目的评价急性视网膜坏死综合征视网膜脱离行玻璃体切除、硅油填充联合视网膜光凝术的手术效果。方法对10例（10眼）急性视网膜坏死综合征视网膜脱离进行经睫状体平坦部玻璃体切除和增生膜剥离术，术中氩激光光凝视网膜裂孔和残留的正常视网膜边缘，并行硅油填充术，3眼因晶状体浑浊同时行晶状体切除术，术后5～6个月取出硅油，硅油取出之前3周行赤道部的氩激光光凝，观察硅油取出后视网膜复位及视力状况。结果术后短期内（〈1月）视网膜全复位，随访14～26月，8眼视网膜复位良好，复位率80．00％（8／10），2眼因视网膜表面增生膜形成，视网膜再次脱离。术后视力：光感者1眼，手动者1眼，数指者3眼，0．05～0．1者3眼，0．12者2眼。结论现代玻璃体切除、硅油填充联合视网膜光凝术提高了急性视网膜坏死视网膜脱离的视网膜复位率，但因视网膜坏死结构破坏以致视力恢复较差。     

Viral retinitis: diagnosis and management in the era of biologic immunosuppression: A review

Necrotising retinitis is a rare ocular infection that historically led to high rates of visual morbidity. While acute retinal necrosis occurs in immunocompetent patients, the majority of cases are associated with immunocompromise such as in cytomegalovirus retinitis and progressive outer retinal necrosis. This review summarises the clinical and diagnostic features, management, and outcomes of herpetic retinitis. Iatrogenic immunosuppression is increasingly being utilised for a wide range of indications, and biologic agents especially so due to their targeted nature. While the intended actions are well‐studied, the flow‐on effects and complex interaction with host immunity are not well understood. Furthermore, biologics are frequently used concomitantly with other immunosuppressive agents, potentiating the immunodepression. This article reviews the literature on biologic immunosuppression and viral retinitis, and presents an approach to the vulnerable or affected patient. Early identification, prompt and aggressive treatment, and a multidisciplinary approach to managing immunodeficiency are the cornerstones of management.     

Necrotising herpetic retinopathies: a review and progressive outer retinal necrosis case report

Necrotising retinopathies can be visually devastating. Most often associated with the viral family Herpesviridae and seen in both immune‐competent and immunocompromised hosts, possible complications of necrotising retinopathies include progressive retinal necrosis with or without macular involvement, optic neuropathy and ultimately, secondary retinal detachment. Examples include progressive outer retinal necrosis, acute retinal necrosis and cytomegaloviral retinitis. If diagnosed early and treated aggressively, visual complications can be prevented; however, there is no current consensus on the most appropriate antiviral regimen for each of the different varieties of necrotising herpetic retinopathy. This paper reviews aspects of varieties of necrotising herpetic retinopathy, including pathophysiology, treatment and diagnostic testing.     

Acute Retinal Necrosis

Acute retinal necrosis represents a distinct, recently recognized clinical syndrome. Four patients who presented with rapid visual loss associated with uveitis and coalescent areas of retinal necrosis, followed by development of retinal detachments were examined. This paper emphasizes the following: (1) unilateral involvement does occur, (2) the distribution of lesions can be peripheral or central, and (3) early lesions are not associated with retinal vascular abnormalities either clinically or angiographically. Signs and symptoms are suggestive of an infectious process, possibly viral.     

Acute Retinal Necrosis Presenting in Developmentally-delayed Patients with Neonatal Encephalitis: A Case Series and Literature Review

We report three cases of patients with developmental-delay from neonatal herpetic encephalitis and/or meningitis who presented years later with acute retinal necrosis due to herpes simplex virus. The diagnosis was delayed in all cases due to the patients’ inability to verbalize their ocular complaints and cooperate with eye examinations. This case series documents the clinical course, pathophysiologic mechanism, and treatment of acute retinal necrosis in this patient population. Clinicians should understand the importance of prudent consideration of acute retinal necrosis in patients with a history of neonatal herpetic encephalitis and/or meningitis presenting with a red eye.     

Correlation of Clinical Outcomes with Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Copy Number in Patients with Acute Retinal Necrosis

Purpose: To correlate visual acuity outcomes and clinical features with quantitative PCR DNA copy number in patients with acute retinal necrosis (ARN).

Methods: Retrospective, consecutive case series.

Results: In total, 14 eyes of 13 patients were diagnosed with ARN, based on the American Uveitis Society criteria, and were followed for a mean of 324.5 days (median 250.5 days, SD ± 214 days). Anterior chamber fluid analyzed by quantitative PCR identified viral DNA in 11 of 14 eyes (78.5%). Varicella zoster virus (VZV) was identified in seven eyes (50%) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in four eyes (28.5%). Mean DNA copy number was 7.9 × 10⁶/mL (median 2.10 × 10⁶/mL, range: 0–5.60 × 10⁷/mL). Eyes with quantitative PCR DNA copy number of ≥5.0 × 10⁶/mL (n = 6 eyes) had worse baseline visual acuity (logMAR 1.48 ± 0.71 vs 0.94 ± 0.76, p = 0.196) and final visual acuity (logMAR 2.10 ± 0.60 vs 0.82 ± 0.81, p = 0.007) compared with patients with a DNA copy number <5.0 × 10⁶/mL (n = 8 eyes). Patients with a DNA copy number of ≥5.0 × 10⁶/mL were more likely to have at least 5 clock hours of retinitis on funduscopic exam (p = 0.03) and developed retinal detachment more frequently (p = 0.08).

Conclusions: Quantitative DNA copy number of ≥5.0 × 10⁶/mL is associated with more extensive retinitis, worse visual acuity, and development of retinal detachment in patients with acute retinal necrosis.     

程序性坏死与视网膜疾病相关性的研究进展

程序性坏死是由分子受体相互作用蛋白激酶1、分子受体相互作用蛋白激酶3和混合系激酶区域蛋白介导的一种不同于凋亡及传统坏死的细胞程序性死亡方式,可由肿瘤坏死因子受体或模式识别受体调控启动。越来越多的研究发现,程序性坏死在视网膜疾病发生和发展中起关键作用。本文将对程序性坏死的分子机制及程序性坏死与视网膜疾病相关性的研究进展进行综述,以帮助寻找治疗视网膜疾病的新靶点。     

急性视网膜坏死综合征的玻璃体手术治疗

目的 研究急性视网膜坏死的玻璃体手术治疗的时机和疗效.方法 对13例(14只眼)伴有或将会发生视网膜脱离的ARN患者行玻璃体手术治疗.其中5只眼加行巩膜外加压或环扎术,3只眼行晶状体切除,4只眼行30～360度视网膜切开,10只眼注入硅油,2只眼注入C3F8.结果 随访3月至3年,术后有2只眼复发视网膜脱离,其中1只眼发生黄斑前膜、牵拉性视网膜脱离;另1只眼为取出硅油后出现视网膜裂孔、视网膜脱离.术后视网膜复位率为85.7%(12/14).术后6只眼(42.9%)视力有提高.结论 对于并发视网膜脱离或具有视网膜脱离危险因素的ARN患者行玻璃体手术疗效肯定,可保存和提高视功能.     

Journal Watch

Purpose: To report a case of multiple delayed recurrence of acute retinal necrosis syndrome occurring in the same eye following initial herpetic encephalitis. Methods: Case report and review of literature. Results: An otherwise healthy 67-year-old woman experienced three episodes of acute retinal necrosis in the left eye 3 months, 3 years, and 12 years, respectively, following initial herpes simplex-1 encephalitis. This is the first case report of more than one such recurrence, moreover in the same eye, and with such long interval. Conclusion: This case illustrates that extremely long intervals between initial herpetic encephalitis and acute necrosis syndrome recurrence can occur, thus warranting a long follow-up of these patients.     

Acute retinal necrosis in the United Kingdom: results of a prospective surveillance study

Background

To determine the incidence of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) in the United Kingdom and to describe the demographics, management, and visual outcome in these patients.

Methods

This was a prospective study carried out by the British Ophthalmological Surveillance Unit (BOSU) between September 2007 and October 2008. Initial and 6-month questionnaires were sent to UK ophthalmologists who reported cases of ARN via the monthly BOSU report card system.

Results

In all, 45 confirmed cases (52 eyes) of ARN were reported in the 14-month study period, giving a minimum incidence of 0.63 cases per million population per year. There were 20 females and 25 males. Age ranged from 10 to 94 years. Eight patients had a history of herpetic CNS disease. Aqueous sampling was carried out in 13 patients, vitreous in 27, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 4. Varicella-zoster virus followed by herpes simplex were the most common causative agents. Treatment in 76% of the cases was with intravenous antivirals; however, 24% received only oral antivirals. In all, 47% of patients had intravitreal antiviral therapy. Visual outcome at 6 months was <6/60 in 48% of the affected eyes.

Conclusion

The minimum incidence of ARN in the UK is 0.63 cases per million. Patients with a history of herpetic CNS disease should be warned to immediately report any visual symptoms. There is increased use of oral and intravitreal antivirals in initial treatment.     

急性视网膜坏死综合征视网膜切开的疗效评价

目的　观察玻璃体切除视网膜切开术在急性视网膜坏死综合征 (acuteretinalnecrosissyndrome ,ARN)的临床疗效。方法　 12例急性视网膜坏死伴有增生性玻璃体视网膜病变 (proliferativevitreoretinopathy ,PVR)的视网膜脱离 ,使用常规的玻璃体切除术不能使视网膜得以复位 ,对坏死的视网膜及呈网状裂孔的视网膜进行 2 0°～ 3 60°切开并行全氟化碳液体填充、眼内激光光凝、硅油填充等治疗。结果　术毕 12例均取得视网膜解剖复位 ,其中 1例因继发性青光眼中途取出硅油而放弃治疗 ,10例 6～ 8月后取出硅油 ,随访 6月 8例视网膜完全复位 ,2例取硅油后视网膜脱离复发 ,1例因并发性白内障无法观察眼底情况。结论　视网膜切开术对急性视网膜坏死有一定的疗效。