低潮气量联合个体化呼气末正压用于胸科手术患者单肺通气效果观察

目的比较低潮气量联合个体化呼气末正压（PEEP）单肺通气（OLV）与常规OLV的通气效果。方法选择44例全麻行食管癌根治术患者随机分为联合组和常规组各22例,两组均先行双肺通气（TLV）30 min,后改行OLV。联合组OLV时潮气量（VT）为6～8 ml/kg,根据动态压力—容积（P-V）曲线目测其呼气支上拐点（最大曲率点,PMC）对应的压力PPMC设置PEEP。常规组为VT 10 ml/kg,PEEP为0。于TLV 30 min（T1）、OLV 30 min（T2）和气管拔管后30 min（T3）时分别记录气道峰压（Peak）、气道阻力（Raw）、胸肺顺应性（CT）和呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）、平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）;并在各时点采集动脉血和中心静脉血标本行血气分析（pH、PaO2、PaCO2）;计算肺内分流率（Qs/Qt）。结果与T1相比,两组T2时HR、Peak、Raw、Qs/Qt均升高,CT、PaO2均降低;与常规组比较,联合组T2时Peak、Raw、Qs/Qt降低,PaO2、CT增加;T3时PaO2增高,Qs/Qt降低,P均〈0.05。结论全麻OLV期间选择6～8 ml/kg潮气量联合PPMC水平的PEEP可明显改善动脉氧合,是临床个体化保护性OLV的理想通气方式。     

自制CPAP装置用于单肺通气对动脉氧分压及肺内分流的影响

目的观察自制持续气道正压通气(CPAP)装置用于单肺通气(OLV)对动脉血氧分压及肺内分流的影响。方法 40例择期肺叶切除术患者,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为CPAP组(A组)和肺萎陷组(B组),每组20例。A组单肺通气时在患侧肺使用自制CPAP装置给予5cm H_2O纯氧持续呼吸道正压通气,B组未予任何干预措施。分别于单肺通气前(T_0)、单肺通气后30min(T_1)、单肺通气后60 min(T_2)测定动脉及混合静脉血进行血气分析,并根据公式计算肺内分流率(Qs/Qt)。结果两组T0时点PaO2相比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),T_1、T2时点A组的PaO_2均较B组高(P0.01),而Qs/Qt两组间各时点对比差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论单肺通气期间,在患侧肺使用该自制CPAP装置给予5 cm H_2O CPAP,可增加动脉血氧分压,但对肺内分流无明显影响。     

肺复张后呼气末正压通气不同模式对腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术肥胖患者呼吸力学和血流动力学的影响

目的探讨肺复张后呼气末正压通气(PEEP)不同模式对腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术肥胖患者呼吸力学和血流动力学的影响。方法 90例拟行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术肥胖患者随机分为传统组、PEEP5组和PEEP10组,设置潮气量(VD)8 ml/kg,分别在肺复张后不给予PEEP、PEEP 5 cm H2O和PEEP 10 cm H2O。观察气腹建立前(T0)、气腹建立后10 min(T1)、气腹后头低足高位20 min(T2)和气腹结束(T3)时的气道峰压(Ppeak)、平台压(Pplat)、有效静态总顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)、氧合指数(PaO_2/FiO_2)、死腔量(VD/VT)和肺内分流量。结果与传统组比较,PEEP5组和PEEP10组T1时Ppeak、Raw、VD/VT和Qs/Qt增加,Cst和PaO_2/FiO_2下降,T2和T3时VD/VT和Qs/Qt下降,PaO_2/FiO_2增加(P<0.05);与PEEP5组比较,PEEP10组T3时Ppeak、VD/VT和Qs/Qt下降,PaO_2/FiO_2增加(P<0.05)。结论肺复张后给予小VD(8 ml/kg)+PEEP可以改善腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术肥胖患者呼吸力学和血流动力学指标,且PEEP 10 cmH2O效果更优。     

可比特雾化吸入对COPD患者单肺通气手术期间呼吸功能的影响

目的探讨可比特雾化吸入对慢性阻塞性肺通气功能障碍(COPD)患者单肺通气(OLV)手术期间呼吸功能的影响。方法对60例伴COPD的贲门癌手术患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组术中在麻醉机吸气回路中同时给予可比特雾化吸入。观察患者在插管后5 min(T0)(未单肺通气)、单肺通气后10 min(T1)、30 min(T2)、60 min(T3)和单肺通气消除后10 min(T4)的动脉p H值、动脉血氧分压(Pa O2),动脉二氧化碳分压(Pa CO2)、血氧饱和度(Sp O2)和气道峰压(Pmax),记录手术时间、苏醒时间和拔管时间。结果与T0和T4时比较,T1^T3时两组Pa O2、Sp O2均降低;Pa CO2、Pmax均升高(P<0.05)。与治疗组比较,T2T3时两组Pa O2、Sp O2均降低;Pa CO2、Pmax均升高(P<0.05)。与治疗组比较,T2^T3时对照组Pa O2、Sp O2降低;Pa CO2、Pmax明显升高(P<0.05);与对照组比较,对照组p H值降低,Pmax明显高于治疗组(P<0.05);与对照组比较治疗组苏醒时间和拔管时间明显缩短(P<0.05)。结论可比特雾化吸入在COPD患者单肺通气手术中应用可以提高患者Pa O2和Sp O2,改善其呼吸功能,术后患者苏醒时间和拔管时间也明显缩短,增加了手术的安全性。     

保护性肺通气模式在结核性毁损肺全肺切除术麻醉中的价值

目的 探讨小潮气量通气和呼气末正压通气(positive end expiratory pressure,PEEP)结合压力控制通气(pressure controlled ventilation,PCV)对结核性毁损肺(tuberculous destroyed lung,TDL)患者全肺切除术单肺通气(one-lung ventilation, OLV)呼吸力学、肺内分流(Qs/Qt)、PaO₂和术后肺部感染等的影响。方法 经首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院医学伦理委员会批准,选取2016年8月至2018年3月在首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院接受择期开胸全肺切除手术的TDL患者为研究对象,共48例。采用随机数字表法将患者分为观察组和对照组,每组24例。观察组OLV期间潮气量6ml/kg,OLV开始即刻给予PCV通气,然后给予7cm H₂O(1cm H₂O=0.0098kPa)的PEEP通气;对照组OLV期间潮气量8ml/kg。记录OLV前(T₁)、OLV开始后30min(T₂)及全肺切除术后5min (T₃)时气道峰压(P_peak)和平台压(P_plat);T₁、T₂、T₃和术后6h(T₄)抽取动静脉血,测血气指标pH、PaCO₂和PaO₂,并计算Qs/Qt 值;术后第1天、第7天行临床肺部感染评分。计量资料组间比较,若方差齐,采用t检验,若方差不齐采用t'检验;组内比较采用重复测量设计的方差分析;计数资料比较采用χ²检验,均以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 T₂时与对照组比较,观察组P_peak明显降低[观察组:(21.0±2.2)cm H₂O;对照组:(22.4±2.2)cm H₂O;t=-2.446,P=0.021];T₂时与对照组比较,观察组 P_plat明显降低[观察组:(19.7±2.2)cm H₂O;对照组:(21.0±2.7)cm H₂O;t=-3.610,P=0.001];T₃时与对照组比较,观察组pH明显降低[观察组:7.3±0.053;对照组,7.37±0.047;t=-3.000,P=0.006];T₂时与对照组比较,观察组PaCO₂明显升高[观察组:(44.0±2.2)mm Hg (1mm Hg=0.133kPa);对照组:(35.7±4.0)mm Hg;t=7.091,P=0.000];T₂时与对照组比较,观察组Qs/Qt 明显降低[观察组:(21.4±5.4)%;对照组:(25.4±6.8)%;t=-0.256,P=0.020];T₄时与对照组比较,观察组PaO₂/FiO₂明显升高[观察组:(181.2±29.0)mm Hg;对照组:(159.1±25.2)mm Hg;t=2.938,P=0.009]。术后第1天,与对照组比较,观察组肺部感染评分明显降低[观察组:(4.7±0.6)分;对照组:(5.2±0.9)分;t=-2.567,P=0.017]。结论 小潮气量和PEEP结合PCV的通气模式,在TDL患者开胸全肺切除手术OLV中可以较好的降低OLV期间气道压力、降低Qs/Qt,改善术后PaO₂,降低术后第1天肺部感染的评分。     

不同单肺通气模式对肺癌手术病人氧合和肺内分流的影响分析

目的 评价不同单肺通气模式对肺癌手术患者氧合和肺内分流的影响.方法 选择行肺叶切除手术的肺癌患者50例,按随机数字表将其分为三组,分别采用不同单肺通气后通气模式,观察和比较各组不同时间点氧合和肺内分流参数的变化.结果 B组T2和T3时刻OI值,显著高于A组和B组（P〈0.05）,与T0时刻无显著差异（P〉0.05）;B组T1和T2时刻Qs/Qt值,显著高于A组、B组和T0时刻（P〈0.05）;T3时刻Qs/Qt值显著高于A组和B组（P〈0.05）,与T0时刻无显著差异（P〉0.05）.结论 呼吸频率17次/min,潮气量6 mg/kg和呼吸末正压5 cmH2O,能显著提高氧分压,减少肺内分流,减轻对肺的损伤,是肺癌手术病人较为理想的单肺通气模式.     

支气管封堵器对老年患者呼吸参数的影响

目的探讨双腔气管导管与支气管封堵器在单肺通气中对老年患者呼吸力学参数的影响。方法选取2013年9月—2015年4月于我院择期行肺叶切除术的老年患者60例作为本次研究的对象并分为A、B组,两组分别使用DLT和支气管封堵器进行单肺通气,记录并分析两组的呼吸力学参数、肺内分流率。结果单肺通气后,两组的吸气阻力、呼气阻力、气道峰压和吸气平台压均上升明显,肺动态顺应性显著下降(P0.05);单肺通气时B组的吸气阻力、呼气阻力、气道峰压和吸气平台压均较A组下降更显著(P0.05或0.01);麻醉后,两组的Pa O2、Pv O2和Qs/Qt较麻醉前均显著上升(P0.05);双肺和单肺通气时相比,两组的Pa O2和Qs/Qt变化显著(P0.05);在单肺通气时B组的Qs/Qt显著低于A组(P0.05)。结论支气管封堵器的使用对老年患者呼吸力学参数的影响较DLT更小,值得在临床上推广使用。     

目标肺萎陷技术对老年开胸患者肺内分流率的影响

目的 观察目标肺萎陷技术对老年开胸患者肺内分流率（Qs/Qt）的影响.方法 选择下段食管癌或贲门癌开胸手术拟行单肺通气患者40例,随机分为两组;A组用支气管堵塞器堵塞左下肺叶支气管,B组用支气管堵塞器堵塞左主支气管.分别于单肺通气（OLV）之前10 min（T1）、OLV后30 min（T2）、OLV后60 min（T3）、双肺通气（DLV） 20 min（T4）,抽取动静脉血行血气分析,计算Qs/Qt.结果 A、B组Qs/Qt在T2、T3时点均较T1、T4时点升高（P均＜0.01）;A组与B组比较,A组T2、T3时点Qs/Qt低于B组（P均＜0.05）.A组与B组PaO2在T2、T3时点较T1、T4时点减少（P均＜0.01）;A组与B组比较,A组T2、T3时点PaO2高于B组（P均＜0.05）.A组与B组PaC02、pH在T1、T2、T3、T4各时点比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 支气管堵塞器行目标肺萎陷技术能减少老年开胸患者的肺内分流、改善术中的氧合.     

芬太尼和雷米芬太尼靶控输注对单肺通气期间肺内分流的影响

目的比较芬太尼和雷米芬太尼靶控输注（TCI）用于单肺通气的效果。方法将58例拟行肺叶切除手术的患者随机分为Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组各29例,分别施行芬太尼-异丙酚和雷米芬太尼-异丙酚TCI的全静脉麻醉。诱导插管成功后分别于平卧位双肺通气20min（T1）、左侧卧位双肺通气20min（T2）及左侧单肺通气20min（T3）、40min（T4）、60min（L）行血气分析,计算肺内分流率（Qs／Qt）,并记录脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）、平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）、HR及拔管时间。结果平卧位转为侧卧位、双肺通气转为单肺通气时两组Qs/Qt均明显增加（P〈0．05）;两组Qs／Qt在T3时均最大、在T1最低,其中T3、L时Ⅰ组少于Ⅱ组（P均〈0．05）;术后Ⅰ组的拔管时间长于Ⅱ组（P〈0．05）;两组术中SpO2均≥92％,MAP、CVP、HR无显著差异。结论与雷米芬太尼比较,芬太尼TCI对单肺通气时肺内分流影响更小,可安全有效地用于时间〈2h的手术。     

体重指数对COPD患者开胸手术单肺通气期间氧合和肺内分流的影响

目的探讨体重指数（BMI）对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者单肺通气（OLV）期间血液氧合及肺内分流的影响。方法24例择期开胸手术的COPD稳定期患者,根据BMI值分为低BMI组（Ⅰ组）和正常BMI组（Ⅱ组）,每组12例,分别于患者右侧卧双肺通气（TLV）10min、OLV10、20、30、40min抽取动、静脉血行血气分析并计算肺内分流率（Qs／Qt）。结果两组患者OLV各时点Pa02较TLV时明显下降（P〈0．05）,Qs／Qt明显增加（P〈0．05）;与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅰ组病人各时点Pa02、Qs／Qt均有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论正常体重指数COPD患者较低体重指数COPD患者OLV期间具有更好的血液氧合趋势,肺内分流增加较少。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.