糖尿病合并肺结核90例临床分析

目的探讨糖尿病合并肺结核患者的临床特点以及血糖控制对疾病治疗的影响。方法对90例糖尿病合并肺结核患者利用胰岛素和降糖药物控制血糖以及抗痨治疗,观察血糖、痰抗酸杆菌涂片转阴率、病灶吸收和空洞闭合,临床症状以及疾病复发等情况。结果 90例患者的临床疗效总有效率为74.4%,血糖控制水平对痰抗酸杆菌涂片转阴率肺结核临床症状改善有一定的影响,其中血糖控制水平较好的患者痰菌转阴率为73.7%,病灶吸收好转率为86.5%、空洞闭合症状好转率为88.5%;血糖控制水平较差者的转阴率为28.6%,病灶吸收好转率为43.8%、空洞闭合症状好转率为33.3%。结论糖尿病合并肺结核的治疗,首先要控制血搪,同时进行抗结核治疗。     

胰岛素不同给药方式治疗肺结核合并2型糖尿病的临床观察

目的观察胰岛素不同给药方式治疗肺结核合并2型糖尿病的临床疗效。方法将80例肺结核合并2型糖尿病患者随机分为对照组与治疗组各40例,对照组采用常规皮下注射胰岛素治疗,治疗组采用胰岛素泵持续皮下注射治疗,治疗后比较临床疗效。结果治疗组糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖及餐后2h血糖控制情况优于对照组(P0.05),治疗组痰菌转阴率、病灶有效吸收率及空洞闭合率高于对照组(P0.05),治疗组血糖达标时间及胰岛素日用量优于对照组(P0.05),治疗组低血糖发生率低于对照组(P0.05),治疗组治愈率高于对照组(P0.05)。结论胰岛素泵持续皮下注射在强化血糖控制的同时有利于肺结核痰菌转阴、病灶吸收及空洞闭合,提高临床疗效,促进肺结核的康复。     

肺结核合并糖尿病76例临床分析

目的对比不同方案治疗肺结核合并糖尿病的治疗效果。方法选择76例肺结核合并糖尿病患者分为A和B组,分别接受口服降糖药和胰岛素治疗,并同期选择40例单纯肺结核患者为对照组,比较治疗前后血糖控制、病灶吸收、空洞闭合和痰菌转阴等指标。结果 B组的空腹血糖和餐后2 h血糖与A组相比差异具有显著性（P〈0.05）;B组患者病灶显效率、空洞闭合率及痰转阴率显著高于A组（P〈0.05）。A、B组在6个月与12个月组间比较痰转阴率均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,结论肺结核合并糖尿病患者采取有效的抗结核治疗的同时尽早首选胰岛素控制血糖。     

胰岛素泵治疗糖尿病合并肺结核近期疗效观察

目的比较胰岛素泵与胰岛素皮下注射2种方法治疗糖尿病合并肺结核近期效果,为临床提供参考。方法为期8周的随机、开放的比较观察。63例糖尿病合并肺结核患者被随机分为胰岛素泵治疗组和胰岛素皮下治疗组,胰岛素泵治疗组采用胰岛素泵入治疗方案,胰岛素皮下治疗组采用每日早、晚餐前2次皮下注射方案,观察2组控制血糖达标所需时间、血糖波动情况、低血糖反应及其他不良反应,观察2组痰菌转阴情况及肺结核病灶吸收好转情况。结果使用胰岛素泵治疗组很快血糖控制达标(平均3.5d)。空腹和餐后血糖波动很小(平均2.0mmol/L),2组第2～7d的血糖值变化差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。胰岛素泵治疗组低血糖发生次数显著低于胰岛素皮下组(χ2=11.67,P0.01),胰岛素用量及其他不良反应差异无统计学意义(t=1.321,P0.05),胰岛素泵治疗组痰菌转阴速度快,治疗4周时痰菌转阴率为79.1%,治疗8周时为91.7%;而胰岛素皮下注射治疗组痰菌转阴率治疗4周时为36.1%,治疗8周时为59.1%,2组差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.67,P0.05;χ2=5.02,P0.05)。2组患者治疗后肺部病灶X线胸片变化差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.57,P0.05)。结论糖尿病合并肺结核患者采用胰岛素泵治疗方案时,血糖控制达标快,血糖波动小,且低血糖反应发生率少,对肺结核痰菌转阴更为有效。     

肺结核合并糖尿病的临床治疗效果观察

目的分析强化降糖治疗对肺结核合并糖尿病患者血糖水平、空洞闭合率及痰菌转阴率的影响。方法选择该院2015年1—12月收治的肺结核合并糖尿病患者120例,随机分为研究组和对照组,每组60例,两组患者均采用相同的肺结核治疗方法,其中,研究组运用强化降糖方案治疗,对照组则运用常规降糖方案治疗,对比分析两组血糖水平、空洞闭合率及痰菌转阴率情况。结果治疗前,两组空腹血糖及餐后2 h血糖水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗3个月末,研究组的空腹血糖及餐后2 h血糖水平均明显低于对照组(P﹤0.05),研究组空洞闭合率及痰菌转阴率均明显高于对照组(P﹤0.05)。结论在抗结核治疗的基础上,运用强化降糖治疗能够够有效提高肺结核合并糖尿病患者的治疗效果,有益于血糖指标的控制及痰菌转阴率的提高,值得应用。     

胰岛素泵用于治疗糖尿病合并初治菌阳肺结核的临床疗效观察

目的探讨胰岛素泵治疗糖尿病合并初治菌阳肺结核的疗效。方法将94例2型糖尿病合并肺结核患者随机分组,除基础治疗外,对照组采用胰岛素皮下注射,观察组采用胰岛素泵,比较其疗效。结果两组治疗4周及12周后空洞闭合及病灶吸收率均明显增高(P0.05)。观察组痰菌阴转率、空洞闭合及病灶吸收率均高于对照组,且观察组胰岛素剂量低,血糖达标时间短,低血糖发生率低(P0.05)。结论在糖尿病合并初治菌阳肺结核的治疗中,胰岛素泵能降低胰岛素剂量,维持血糖稳定,提高疗效。     

糖尿病合并肺结核200例临床分析

目的探讨不同方案治疗糖尿病对肺结核的疗效。方法选择1998年11月~2003年1月沈阳市胸科医院住院200例糖尿病合并肺结核患者不同降糖方案,比较不同方案对肺结核治疗的影响。比较两组治疗前及治疗后1、2、3、6个月病灶吸收、空洞闭合痰菌阴转等指标。结果应用有胰岛素治疗组比口服降糖药组病灶吸收、痰菌阴转率、空洞闭合明显(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论糖尿病合并肺结核应用胰岛素比口服降糖药疗效好。     

不同胰岛素强化治疗围手术期2型糖尿病的疗效比较

目的比较胰岛素泵持续皮下输注（CSII）及多次胰岛素皮下注射（MSII）强化治疗围手术期2型糖尿病的疗效。方法将78例围手术期的2型糖尿病患者随机分成两组,CSII组采用CSII治疗,MSII组采用MSII治疗,观察两组治疗后血糖、血糖达标时间、平均住院天数、降糖费用、切口愈合情况、并发症的差异。结果治疗后CSII组餐前血糖较MSII组低,血糖达标时间较MSII组短,平均住院天数、切口感染率及愈合障碍率均低于MSII组（P均〈0.05）,低血糖发生率两组差异无统计学意义,降糖费用CSII组略高于MSII组。结论 CSII治疗2型糖尿病围手术期患者疗效明显优于MSII。     

短程化疗方案治疗合并糖尿病肺结核的近期疗效分析

目的了解短程化疗方案治疗合并糖尿病肺结核的效果,探讨合并糖尿病肺结核的抗结核疗程。方法回顾性分析1999—2004年在汕头市结核病防治所治疗的符合选例标准的78例合并糖尿病肺结核患者接受短程化疗的疗效。结果满疗程血糖控制良好组(Ⅰ组)痰菌阴转率92.3%,与同期接受短程化疗的单纯肺结核痰菌阴转率94.5%比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。血糖控制不良组(Ⅱ组)痰菌阴转率为66.7%,Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组痰菌阴转结果比较,有显著性差异(P＜0.05)。满疗程Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组病灶吸收好转率分别为89.5%和52.4%(P＜0.01),空洞闭合率分别为67.6%和15.4%(P＜0.01),2组病灶吸收好转率、空洞闭合率结果分别比较均有显著性差异。结论合并糖尿病肺结核患者中血糖控制良好者采用短程化疗方案治疗,近期效果良好,血糖控制差者,疗效较差；对血糖控制不良者或满疗程肺结核仍呈活动性者,应考虑适当延长疗程；早期诊断、早期合理抗结核及合理降糖治疗,对提高治疗效果有积极的意义。     

强化血糖控制治疗肺结核合并糖尿病患者疗效分析

目的探讨强化血糖控制治疗肺结核合并糖尿病患者的效果并进行分析。方法 100例肺结核合并2型糖尿病患者分成研究组与对照组,每组各50例,两组患者均给予2~3HRZE/9~10HRE方案治疗,均给予糖尿病饮食、适量运动、健康教育。研究组给予胰岛素皮下注射控制血糖,对照组给予口服降糖药物控制血糖。结果研究组临床疗效高于对照组(98.0%vs 90.0%,P0.05),痰菌阴转率、病灶吸收好转率、空洞闭合率均明显高于对照组(P0.05);研究组血沉、T淋巴细胞亚群改善情况亦优于对照组(P0.05)。结论血糖水平与肺结核化学治疗效果关系密切,强化血糖控制有益于肺结核合并糖尿病患者的治疗。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.