腺苷脱氨酶诊断结核性胸膜炎价值的再评价

目的 探讨胸腔积液和血清中腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)对鉴别结核性胸膜炎及恶性胸腔积液的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析91例经内科胸腔镜胸膜活检病理确诊为结核性胸腔积液(结核组49例)和恶性胸腔积液(恶性组42例)患者的胸腔积液及血清中ADA活性,应用受试者工作曲线(ROC曲线)确定结核性胸膜炎患者胸腔积液ADA的最佳临界值.结果 结核组胸腔积液ADA活性和胸腔积液ADA与血清ADA比值分别为(46±26)U/L和4.1±4.0,明显高于恶性组的(16±8)U/L和1.7±1.2,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为7.383和3.852,均P＜0.01),结核组和恶性组的血清ADA活性分别为(13±5)U/L和(12±6)U/L,差异无统计学意义(t=1.582,P＞0.05).应用ROC曲线确定胸腔积液ADA诊断结核性胸膜炎的最佳临界值为28.7 U/L,灵敏度为75.5%,特异度为95.2%.结论 胸腔积液ADA活性可以作为鉴别结核性和恶性胸腔积液的重要指标,对结核性胸膜炎有较高的临床诊断价值,而血清ADA活性对鉴别两者无临床意义.     

血清及胸液C-反应蛋白对胸腔积液病因诊断的研究

目的探讨血清及胸液C-反应蛋白(CRP)对类肺炎性胸腔积液、结核性胸腔积液和癌性胸腔积液的价值。方法选取胸腔积液患者80例,其中类肺炎性胸腔积液35例,结核性胸腔积液13例,恶性胸腔积液32例,比较所有患者血清和胸液中CRP的测量值。结果类肺炎性胸腔积液血清及胸液中CRP含量显著高于结核性胸腔积液,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);结核性胸腔积液血清及胸液中CRP含量显著高于癌性胸腔积液,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血清和胸液中CRP对胸腔积液病因诊断具有一定的临床价值;可以作为良恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断的参考指标。     

降钙素原与CA125联合检测对结核性胸腔积液的诊断价值

目的探讨联合检测血清和胸腔积液降钙素原(PCT)、CA125对结核性胸腔积液的诊断价值。方法 30例结核性胸腔积液、20例肺炎旁积液、30例恶性胸腔积液,采用化学发光法测定血浆和胸腔积液中的PCT水平,快速发光免疫分析测定CA125的水平。结果结核组、肺炎组血清PCT水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),结核组和肺炎组胸腔积液中PCT的表达均较对照组明显升高(均P<0.05)。结核组和恶性组血清及胸腔积液中CA125水平较肺炎组显著升高(P<0.01)。结论联合检测血清及胸腔积液中PCT与CA125水平可提高结核性胸腔积液诊断的敏感性和特异性。     

白介素18和腺苷脱氢酶联合检测鉴别结核性和恶性胸腔积液的价值

目的 探讨白介素18(IL-18)和腺苷脱氢酶(ADA)联合检测鉴别结核性和恶性胸腔积液的价值.方法采用ELISA法、酶速率法检测19例结核性和25例恶性胸腔积液患者胸水中IL-18及ADA水平,并利用SPSS11.0软件进行ROC曲线分析得出它们在鉴别结核性和恶性胸腔积液中的最适临界值,并计算出相应的敏感度、特异度、准确度.结果结核性胸腔积液患者IL-18及ADA水平明显高于恶性胸腔积液(P＜0.01),以358 pg/ml、33 U/L为IL-18、ADA为鉴别诊断结核性和恶性胸腔积液的最适临界值,其敏感度、特异度及准确度均＞80%.结论 IL-18和ADA可作为诊断结核性和恶性胸腔积液的有效参考指标.     

IL-31在结核性胸腔积液中的表达情况及其诊断价值

目的观察IL-31在结核性胸腔积液中的表达情况以及诊断价值进行探讨。方法选择在我科进行胸腔积液检查治疗且病例完整的患者共计89例进行研究,对患者使用标准胸腔穿刺术抽取胸水,进行IL-31测定,观察结核性胸腔积液和非结核性胸腔积液中IL-31、低密度脂蛋白(LDH)、腺苷脱氢酶(ADA)的浓度比较,观察结核性胸腔积液和类肺性胸腔积液、恶性胸腔积液、心源性胸腔积液患者之间的IL-31、LDH、ADA浓度差异。使用ROC曲线分析方法判断IL-31在结核性胸腔积液中的诊断价值。结果检查发现结核性胸腔积液的IL-31、LDH、ADA浓度均明显高于非结核性胸腔积液(P0.05)。分别于类肺性胸腔积液、恶性胸腔积液、心源性胸腔积液患者之间的IL-31、LDH、ADA浓度进行比较后发现结核性胸腔积液的各项数值均明显增高(P0.05)。结核性胸腔积液诊断的敏感度为82.5%,特异度为100.0%。IL-31对胸腔积液的表达准确性为89.2%。结论 IL-31在结核性胸腔积液中的表达明显升高,具有显著的诊断价值。     

PCT、TNF-a、IL-6、IL-8在胸腔积液诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨降钙素原(PCT)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及白细胞介素-8(IL-8)在胸腔积液及血清中的表达及在胸腔积液中的诊断价值。方法肺结核并发胸腔积液患者56例,肺癌并发胸腔积液患者58例;用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定PCT、TNF-a、IL-6、IL-8在胸腔积液及血清中的水平。60例健康人的外周血作为对照。结果肺结核组患者血清TNF-a、IL-6、IL-8的水平均高于肺癌组(P0.05),两组患者血清PCT水平无统计学差异(P0.05);肺结核组胸腔积液TNF-a、IL-6、IL-8水平均高于肺癌组(P0.05),两组患者胸腔积液PCT水平无统计学差异(P0.05);同时收集胸水和血清标本的肺结核组和肺癌组114例患者的胸腔积液TNF-a、IL-6、IL-8水平均高于血清水平(P0.05),但胸腔积液与血清TNF-a、IL-6、IL-8均无明显相关性,而两者PCT水平存在正相关性(r=0.742,P0.01)。血清及胸腔积液中3种相关因子联合检测灵敏性、特异性与各单项相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论通过检测胸腔积液及血清中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的表达水平将有助于鉴别诊断肺癌及肺结核患者,但PCT在胸腔积液的鉴别诊断中无重要的参考价值。     

腺苷脱氨酶和癌胚抗原检测对结核性与恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)和癌胚抗原(CEA)检测对结核性与恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断价值。方法用氨试剂法和ELISA法对118例胸腔积液的ADA和CEA进行检测分析。结果结核组与恶性组ADA活性有显著差异(P0.01)。恶性组与结核组CEA活性有显著差异(P0.01)。结核组和恶性组中ADA的阳性率分别为94.3%和8.7%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。恶性组和结核组中CEA的阳性率分别为69.6%和6.9%,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。ADA≥40 U/L诊断结核性胸腔积液的灵敏度为94.3%,特异度为90.3%。CEA≥10μg/L诊断恶性胸腔积液的灵敏度为69.6%,特异度为93.7%。以ADA≥40 U/L和CEA10μg/L为阳性界值诊断结核性胸腔积液的灵敏度为87.8%,特异度为95.3%。以CEA≥10μg/L和ADA40 U/L为阳性界值诊断恶性胸腔积液的灵敏度为63.5%,特异度为99.2%。结论胸腔积液ADA及CEA检测对结核性与恶性胸腔积液有鉴别诊断价值。     

γ-干扰素诱导蛋白10在结核性胸膜炎辅助诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨胸腔积液γ-干扰素诱导蛋白10（IP-10）在结核性胸膜炎中的诊断价值。 方法 选择2010年10月至2011年10月在北京胸科医院门诊及收住入院的胸腔积液患者195例,其中结核性胸腔积液患者112例(结核性胸腔积液组),恶性肿瘤胸腔积液患者83例（恶性胸腔积液组）,采用双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测患者胸腔积液IP-10浓度,研究两组患者IP-10浓度的差异。 结果 结核性胸腔积液组IP-10浓度［196 855（4518～1 512 550） pg/ml］明显高于恶性胸腔积液组［7432（173～97881）pg/ml］,差异有显著统计学意义（U=575.00,P<0.001）;结核性胸腔积液组IP-10阳性患者构成比为82.14%（92/112）,恶性胸腔积液组IP-10阳性患者构成比为6.02%（5/83）,两组比较差异有显著统计学意义（χ²=110.49,P<0.001）。ROC曲线分析结果显示,胸腔积液中IP-10的诊断临界值为10 964 pg/ml,诊断敏感度为82.14%（92/112）,特异度为93.98%(78/83),准确度为87.18%(170/195)。 结论 胸腔积液IP-10水平检测对结核性胸膜炎的早期诊断与鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

联合测定分泌型白细胞蛋白酶抑制因子和腺苷脱氨酶在结核性胸腔积液中的诊断意义

目的探讨联合测定胸腔积液中分泌型白细胞蛋白酶抑制因子（SLPI）和腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）浓度对结核性胸腔积液的诊断价值。方法收集103例胸腔积液及其同源外周血,其中结核性胸腔积液组为45例,恶性胸腔积液组31例,细菌性胸腔积液组16例,漏出液组11例。应用ELISA法测定胸水上清液和血清中SLPI的浓度,用比色法测定ADA水平,并对结果及意义进行分析。结果 （1）结核组SLPI浓度（193790±15476）pg/ml,与恶性组（121700±13101）pg/ml、细菌组（92885±26962）pg/ml、漏出液组（109360±21619）pg/ml相比差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;恶性组、细菌组及漏出液组间相比差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结核组及细菌组ADA水平与恶性组及漏出液组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。（2）受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）结果显示,胸腔积液SLPI浓度对于诊断结核性胸腔积液的最佳阈值为236071pg/ml,曲线下面积（AUC）为69.9%（95%可信区间为58.2%～81.6%）,灵敏度和特异度分别为43.2%和91.4%（P〈0.05）;ADA对于诊断结核性胸腔积液的曲线下面积、灵敏度、特异度、诊断阈值分别是71.9%（可信区间60.9%～82.8%）、75%、64.2%和29.5（P〈0.001）;SLPI和ADA同时高于各自的诊断阈值,得出最佳诊断特异度为95%;SLPI或ADA高于诊断阈值,得出最佳诊断灵敏度为89%。结论单独测定SLPI及ADA均有助于诊断结核性胸腔积液,但联合测定更能提高诊断效能。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.