Quantitative measurement of retinal thickness in patients with diabetic macular edema is useful for evaluation of therapeutic agents

The effect of lisinopril (an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) on diabetic macular edema (DME) was investigated by quantitative measurement of macular thickness. In a nonrandomized clinical trial, 19 normotensive type 2 diabetic patients with DME prospectively received oral lisinopril therapy for 2 months. Another 10 normotensive type 2 diabetic patients with similar DME were prospectively followed for two months without treatment. Central macular thickness was measured with a retinal thickness analyzer (RTA). In the lisinopril group, visual acuity improved by two lines or more in two out of 19 eyes (11%), was unchanged in 15 eyes (78%), and deteriorated by two lines or more in two eyes (11%). The mean central macular thickness was significantly reduced after 2 months of treatment (381.3 +/- 121.1 microm) compared with that before administration (475.2 +/- 171.0 microm, P = 0.0093). In the control group, central macular thickness was not significantly decreased after 2 months (458.5 +/- 113.7 microm, P = 0.2178) compared with the baseline value (464.7 +/- 152.2). Fluorescein angiography showed that macular leakage was decreased in 10 patients from the lisinopril group (53%) and was unchanged in nine patients (47%). There was a significant difference of central macular thickness between the patients with and without improvement of macular leakage (P = 0.0040). Lisinopril therapy may reduce macular thickness in patients with DME, as shown by this quantitative study. In addition, quantitative measurement of retinal thickness is useful when evaluating therapeutic agents for DME.     

Comparison of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of uveitic macular edema

Background: Cystoid Macular Edema (CME) is one of the most common and sight threatening complications of uveitis. Intravitreal injection of corticosteroids and Anti-VEGF are two routine options for treatment. Objective: To compare the effects of intravitreal injections of Bevacizumab and Triamcinolone Acetonide for the treatment of persistent macular edema in non-infectious uveitis. Methods: In a randomized clinical trial, sixty eyes of 55 patients were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into two groups with randomized digits table. 29 eyes received 4 mg of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide, and 31 eyes received 1.25 mg of intravitreal bevacizumab. Two main outcome measures were changes in visual acuity, measured with logarithm of minimal angle of resolution, and central macular thickness, measured with optical coherence tomography. Results: The mean follow-up was 25.3 weeks. The best visual acuities were achieved 6 months after injection in both groups. Improvement in visual acuity at 6 months was achieved in 28/29 (96%) of eyes in Triamcinolone group and in 26/31 (83%) eyes in Bevacizumab group (p=0.196). None of the eyes showed worsening of visual acuity after 6 months. Mean of central macular thickness in the pre-injection time for intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) group was 295.62 μ, and 309.87 μ in intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) group, which were decreased after six months to 199.27 μ and 221.06 μ, respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study shows that IVT and IVB are both effective in improving vision in uveitic CME. Although effects of triamcinolone on Central Macular Thickness (CMT) are more apparent, this superiority is not seen on Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA).     

微脉冲激光或传统格栅光凝联合康柏西普治疗糖尿病黄斑水肿的临床分析

目的观察微脉冲激光或传统格栅光凝联合康柏西普治疗糖尿病黄斑水肿(DME)的有效性、安全性。方法纳入2017年1月—2019年6月DME患者98眼,577 nm阈值下微脉冲联合治疗(A组)32眼、传统格栅光凝联合治疗(B组)30只眼、单纯康柏西普治疗(C组)36眼。观察最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、黄斑中心凹厚度(CFT)、黄斑容积(MV)及视网膜的微结构变化及注射针数。结果所有患者治疗后3、6、9、12个月的BCVA、CFT、MV均较前改善,差异有统计学意义(F=39.558、62.901、10.078,P<0.001)。组间比较差异无统计学意义(F=0.417、0.085、0.061,P=0.513、0.675、0.823)。A、B组年平均药物注射次数分别为(6.3±0.9)、(6.5±1.1)次低于C组(8.6±2.2)次,差异有统计学意义(F=7.980,P<0.05)。B组可见激光损伤而A组未见。结论激光联合治疗与单纯药物治疗均对DME有效,联合治疗可减少药物注射次数;微脉冲激光较传统格栅光凝更安全。     

Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for patients with macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion

We designed a case series study to evaluate the outcome of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). The prospective comparative nonrandomized clinical interventional study included 27 patients (27 eyes) with macular edema due to BRVO. The study group consisted of 16 patients who had accepted an intravitreal injection (IVI) of 4 mg triamcinolone acetonide. The control group included 11 patients without IVI of triamcinolone acetonide. The mean follow-up was 103.00 +/- 36.24 days in the study group and 94.55 +/- 36.31 days in the control group. In the study group, visual acuity measurements improved significantly (p < 0.001) from 0.77 +/- 0.43 logarithm of minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) preoperatively to a best postoperative visual acuity of 0.44 +/- 0.43 logMAR. Fourteen eyes (87.5%) gained improvement in visual acuity, with 10 eyes (62.5%) showing an increase in visual acuity of at least two Snellen lines. All 16 patients showed significant macular edema resolution in optical coherence tomography examination (p < 0.001) and perivascular leakage decrease in fluorescein angiography post-IVI. In the control group, baseline best-corrected visual acuity and best-corrected visual acuity during the follow-up did not vary significantly (p = 0.294). In conclusion, IVI of triamcinolone acetonide can lead to an increase in visual acuity and a resolution of macular edema in patients with BRVO.     

Intravitreal triamcinolone for the treatment of diabetic macular edema

Diabetic macular edema is one of the leading causes of visual loss in first world countries and the first cause in diabetic retinopathy. The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study showed a significant benefit in using focal laser photocoagulation for the treatment of macular edema, more specifically defined as clinically significant macular edema. Nevertheless, progressive visual loss is found in the 26% of patients with diabetic macular edema treated with photocoagulation. The failure of laser treatment and the destructive nature of the therapy has forced researchers to pursue new alternatives including vitrectomy with or without internal limiting membrane peels, the use of proteinkinase C inhibitors, intravitreal injections of antibodies that inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor, somatostatin analog, or the intravitreal injection with corticosteroids. Triamcinolone acetonide is glucocoticosteroid with antiangiogenic and antiedematous properties. Publications evaluating the safety and efficacy of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone in the treatment of diabetic macular edema show varying outcomes with respect to the increases of visual acuity and decreases in foveal thickness. Despite this, intravitreal triamcinolone is a treatment that has evolved quickly and is considered increasingly useful.     

Results of intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®) for retinal vascular diseases with macular edema: An observational study of real-life situations

To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone implants (Ozurdex^®) for the treatment of macular edema (ME) associated with retinal vascular diseases in real-life situations.This retrospective study included patients with ME associated with retinal vascular occlusion (RVO) or diabetic macular edema (DME) treated with dexamethasone implants. Demographic data, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and central retinal thickness (CRT) at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively were collected and analyzed, and the adverse events were recorded.Forty-four eyes, 42 patients were included in the study. The mean logMAR BCVA improved from 0.79 ± 0.38 at baseline to 0.60 ± 0.34 (P < 0.001), 0.72 ± 0.38 (P = .002), and 0.72 ± 0.37 (P = .002) at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively. The CRT decreased from 526.70 ± 159.58 µm at baseline to 279 ± 66.23, 422.91 ± 206.99, and 350.23 ± 151.51 µm at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively (P < 0.001, all visits). The average number of injections was 1.43 ± 0.5. Nineteen eyes (43.18%) received second injections at an interval of 4.20 ± 0.61 months. The mean logMAR BCVA was greater in RVO than in DME patients and in treatment-naïve eyes than in previously treated ones. The baseline CRT of the reinjection group was significantly higher than that of the single-injection group for both the RVO (P < 0.001) and DME groups (P = .002). Nine eyes (20.45%) with increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) were well controlled with medication, and cataract progression was observed in five eyes (21.73%) during follow-up.The dexamethasone implant was effective for the treatment of macular edema secondary to RVO and DME in terms of visual acuity and CRT improvement over 6 months. The visual acuity was greater in the RVO and treatment-naïve eyes. Reinjection may be associated with a high baseline CRT. The increase in the occurrence of IOP and cataract progression was similar to that reported in previous studies.     

糖尿病视网膜病变黄斑厚度定量分析

目的：研究糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）患者黄斑水肿情况及与荧光渗漏和视功能关系。方法：应用视网膜厚度分析仪（RTA）对18例（25眼）单纯型糖尿病视网膜病变的黄斑区视网膜进行扫描并对其厚度进行定量测量，并与荧光造影结果及视力进行对比分析，结果：RTA检查可清晰的观察到DR患者黄斑区的形态改变；矫正视力负对数之间呈现正相关关系。结论：DR患者黄斑区毛细血管渗漏与组织再吸收失衡是引起黄斑水肿的关键因素，黄斑水肿是导致视力下降的重要原因，RTA检查可为糖尿病黄斑水肿提供客观和精确的诊断依据。     

改良糖尿病视网膜病变早期治疗研究组格栅样光凝与轻度黄斑格栅样光凝在治疗糖尿病黄斑水肿中的疗效比较

目的比较改良糖尿病视网膜病变早期治疗研究组（ETDRS）格栅样光凝及轻度格栅样光凝在糖尿病视网膜病变黄斑水肿治疗中的疗效。方法选取2008年1月至2010年1月于我院眼科门诊就诊及内分泌科会诊的伴有糖尿病黄斑水肿（DME）的轻至中度非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变（NPDR）患者为研究对象,共72例97眼,其中男40例55眼、女32例42眼。入选患者均进行全面眼科检查,采用随机化分组表将患者分为改良ETDRS格栅样光凝组（36例48眼）及轻度格栅样光凝组（36例49眼）进行激光治疗,治疗后随访24个月。观察2组患者治疗前后视力、黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度等变化情况,数据采用SPSS16．0软件进行统计分析。统计学方法采用One．wayANOVA检验,两两比较采用t检验。结果改良ETDRS格栅样光凝组和轻度格栅样光凝组患者治疗后24个月均可见视力明显提高,与治疗前比较差异具有统计学意义（改良ETDRS格栅样光凝组：初始值55．4-21,治疗24个月后59±21;轻度格栅样光凝组：初始值544-11,治疗24个月后584-13,均P〈0．05）,但2组患者视力改善程度在各随访时间点差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。改良ETDRS光凝组和轻度格栅样光凝组患者治疗后24个月内黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度均有所下降,与治疗前比较差异具有统计学意义（改良ETDRS格栅样光凝组：初始值395±174,治疗24个月后2044-16;轻度格栅样光凝组：初始值464±204,治疗24个月后2414-13,均P〈0．05）。但2组在各时间截点黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度改变差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论对轻、中度NPDR合并DME患者采用改良ETDRS光凝或轻度格栅样光凝治疗并随访24个月后发现2种光凝方法均在改善黄斑水肿患者远期视力方面具有一定疗效且无明显差异。     

Corticosteroid Use for Diabetic Macular Edema: Old Fad or New Trend?

Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in working age individuals in developed countries. Most cases of diabetes related vision loss result from breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier with resultant diabetic macular edema (DME). For over 30 years, laser photocoagulation has been the standard therapy for DME, but most eyes do not experience significant improvements in visual acuity. Intravitreal injections of drugs that inhibit the action of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) lead to gains in vision, but can be expensive and need to be repeated frequently. In addition to VEGF-mediated breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, recent evidence suggests that inflammation plays an important role in the development of DME. Recognizing this, physicians have injected steroids into the vitreous and developers have created sustained release implants. Intravitreal injections of triamcinolone acetonide lead to rapid resolution of macular edema and significant short-term improvements in visual acuity, but unfortunately, visual acuities diminish when treatment is continued through 2 years. However, intravitreal triamcinolone remains an attractive treatment option for eyes that are pseudophakic, scheduled to undergo cataract surgery, resistant to laser photocoagulation, or require urgent panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative retinopathy. In controlled trials, intraocular implants that slowly release dexamethasone and fluocinolone show promise in reducing macular edema and improving visual acuity. The high incidences of drug related cataracts and glaucoma, however, require that corticosteroids be used cautiously and that patients be selected carefully. The increasing number of patients with DME, the burgeoning cost of medical care and the continuing development of intravitreal steroids suggest that the use of these agents will likely increase in coming years.     

Visual acuity and perimetry as measures of visual function in diabetic macular oedema

Aims/hypothesis We examined to what extent visual acuity and perimetric sensitivity as measures of central and paracentral visual function would be useful for evaluating the presence and severity of diabetic macular oedema. Materials and methods We evaluated 59 eyes of 59 diabetic patients by identifying the presence (n=20) or absence (n=39) of macular oedema on stereo fundus photographs. The area of oedema and its distance to the centre of the macula were measured. Ischaemic macular damage was quantified by measuring the foveal avascular zone and adjacent perifoveolar intercapillary areas on fluorescein angiograms. Visual function was assessed by visual acuity charts and by short-wavelength perimetry and standard white-on-white perimetry of the central 10° field. Results Visual acuity did not differ between eyes with and without macular oedema. In eyes with oedema, visual acuity was correlated to the distance of the oedema from the centre of the macula (log of minimum angle of resolution {LogMar} score decreased by 0.15/mm; p=0.006) and to the thickness of the retina when the centre was affected (LogMar score decreased by 0.003/μm of thickness; p=0.0002). Multivariate analyses confirmed the results (R ²=0.46 and 0.77, respectively). Short-wavelength perimetry sensitivity was more depressed in eyes with oedema (p=0.033) but was not significantly associated with the presence of oedema after correction for macular ischaemic damage. There was no correlation between these field defects and the severity of oedema. Conclusions/interpretation Visual acuity was a useful measure of visual function in diabetic macular oedema involving the centre. Visual field defects were more common in eyes with macular oedema but reflected ischaemic damage of the macula rather than macular oedema itself.     

雷珠单抗治疗老年患者视网膜静脉阻塞继发黄斑水肿的临床观察

目的分析玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗对老年视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO)继发黄斑水肿(ME)患者的疗效。方法回顾性研究2018年1月—2019年12月,复旦大学附属华东医院眼科收治的37例(37眼)老年RVO继发ME确诊患者。所有患者均接受3+PRN治疗方案,玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗。分别于治疗前和治疗后1、3、6个月时,检测患者最佳矫正视力(BCVA);通过光学相干断层扫描分析患眼黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(CMT)、黄斑区平均视网膜厚度(MMT)及黄斑中心体积(CMV)的变化情况。结果与治疗前比较,治疗后1、3和6个月患者的平均BCVA改善(χ²=37.70,P<0.05),CMT(F=22.06,P<0.01)及MMT变薄(F=30.75,P<0.01),CMV减小(F=27.57,P<0.01)。研究期间2例患者出现球结膜下出血,未见其他严重不良反应。结论玻璃体腔注射雷珠单抗治疗能一定程度上提高老年RVO继发ME患者的视力,减轻ME,有助于恢复患者的视网膜正常结构。     

Effects of losartan on diabetic maculopathy in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized,double-masked study

OBJECTIVE: Diabetic maculopathy (DMa) is a leading cause of visual loss in the western world. Preliminary studies have suggested that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors might be effective in preventing the progression of diabetic retinopathy, but no studies have quantitatively assessed the effect of this treatment on macular oedema in patients with DMa. We evaluated the effect of treatment with the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan on macular oedema and hard exudates in patients with an advanced stage of DMa. DESIGN: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked and parallel-group trial. SETTING: Academic medical centre. SUBJECTS: Twenty-four type 2 diabetic patients with DMa. INTERVENTION: Subjects were randomly assigned to a 4-month treatment with either losartan (50 mg o.d.) or placebo. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (i) Degree of macular oedema as estimated by optical coherence tomography scanning of the retina; (ii) fundus photography and flourescein angiography; (iii) 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (BP); (iv) urinary albumin excretion (UAE); and (v) transcapillary escape rate of albumin (TERalb). RESULTS: Central retinal thickness increased from 244 +/- 16 to 256 +/- 31 microm in the losartan group, whilst there was no change in the placebo group (245 +/- 36 microm vs. 242 +/- 30 microm), P = 0.017. Day BP were lowered in the losartan group (from 144/83 +/- 17/10 to 138/78 +/- 20/11 mmHg) compared with the placebo group (140/81 +/- 14/5 to 139/82 +/- 13/9 mmHg), P = 0.27 for systolic and P = 0.009 for diastolic BP. Importantly, there were no changes in night BP in any of the groups. We found no changes in the number of hard exudates, semiquantitative retinopathy grade, visual acuity, UAE, or TERalb in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Type 2 diabetic patients with maculopathy do not seem to benefit from short-term treatment with losartan (50 mg once daily) as far as retinal thickness is concerned, as this dose may increase retinal thickness in the central macular area. Long-term studies are required to assess the clinical implications of these findings.     

Anatomic and functional outcome after surgical removal of idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane

The purpose of this study is to investigate the functional and structural outcomes of surgical treatment of eyes with idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane (ERM). Clinical records of 21 patients (22 eyes) who underwent macular ERM removal with at least 6 months of postoperative follow-up period were reviewed retrospectively. All patients were treated with pars plana vitrectomy and ERM peeling surgery. Fourteen patients also underwent cataract surgery at the same time. Pre- and postoperative visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and macular thickness along with postoperative adverse events were all recorded. The mean follow-up was 8.5 ± 3.2 months. Three eyes were pseudophakic and 19 eyes were phakic preoperatively. Five phakic eyes undergoing simple ERM peeling surgery had worsened cataracts, and vision was recovered after subsequent cataract extraction surgery. Mean preoperative IOP was 13.1 ± 4.2mmHg, which did not differ significantly postoperatively (p=0.228). One patient had increased IOP postoperatively and needed topical antiglaucoma treatment. Thirteen eyes showed visual improvement, and six eyes became worse during the follow-up. Mean preoperative best-corrected VA was 0.36 decimal equivalent, which was then converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR 0.502 ± 0.259) for statistical analysis; this had improved to a mean of 0.536 decimal equivalent (logMAR 0.38 ± 0.35) at the final follow-up. Mean central macular thickness (CMT) also significantly declined (p<0.0001). From an analysis of dividing patients into two subgroups according to clinical severity [macular pucker (MP) and cellophane maculopathy (CM)], measured mean CMT of both groups demonstrated significant reduction at final follow-up (MP, p<0.0001; CM, p=0.005). Mean final best-corrected VA also reached significant improvement in MP group (p=0.008). However, in the CM group, no significant change in VA was observed (p=0.52). Besides, VA measurements in the MP group had improved significantly to that of CM (p=0.037). The measured CMTs of the MP group had also reduced significantly (p=0.046) compared with those of the CM group. In conclusion, membrane peeling surgery can lead to a significant reduction of macular edema in patients with idiopathic macular ERM. The advantages of combined peeling and cataract surgery will achieve maximum positive visual outcome.     

玻璃体注药联合激光光凝治疗糖尿病视网膜病变的临床疗效

目的 研究玻璃体注药联合激光光凝治疗糖尿病视网膜病变的临床疗效.方法 选取2019年1月—2020年9月在该院确诊的糖尿病视网膜病变患者,根据治疗方案不同分为两组,观察组(玻璃体注药联合激光光凝)和对照组(单纯激光光凝),对比两组患者的治疗疗效.结果 对照组治疗前视力为(0.24±0.12),治疗后视力为(0.43±0...     

早产儿视网膜病变自然消退儿童的视功能发育研究

目的 研究早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)自然消退儿童的视功能发育情况.方法 回顾性收集ROP自然消退儿童238例(476眼)为观察组,并根据检查时年龄分为3～≤4岁组72例(144眼),4～≤5岁组65例(130眼),5～≤6岁组101例(202眼).以同期未发生ROP的儿童262例(524眼)作为对照组,其中3～≤4岁组...     

Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging for Diabetic Retinopathy and Macular Edema

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging modality that uses low-coherent interferometry to visualize an optical cross-section of biological tissues. Over the past two decades, the ability to perform OCT imaging of the neural retina has afforded clinicians and researchers a highly reproducible method of diagnosing and following diabetic macular edema (DME) that compares favorably to other methods of DME assessment such as clinical examination and fundus photography. Although central subfield mean thickness has been the OCT parameter most commonly used to evaluate DME in clinical research trials, OCT also allows evaluation of morphologic changes that occur in DME, including compact retinal thickening, intraretinal cystic changes, subretinal fluid, and vitreomacular traction. OCT parameters have been shown to be only moderately correlated with visual acuity. However, improvements in technology leading to higher resolution, faster acquisition speed, image registration, and three-dimensional imaging that are available with newer spectral domain OCT models may allow future identification of valid OCT-derived surrogate markers for visual function in patients with diabetes.     

广视野镜倒像装置系统应用于黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离手术的效果评价

目的探讨广视野镜倒像装置系统在黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离手术中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析28例(28眼)黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离患者的资料,所有患者均采用广视野镜倒像装置系统联合手术显微镜直视下冷凝治疗,手术后随访时间6～24个月,平均10个月,观察视网膜解剖复位率、视力提高情况及并发症等。结果 28眼全部顺利完成手术,随访结果表明26眼视力较术前明显提高,2眼视力不变;一次性手术成功率为92.9%。结论采用广视野镜倒像装置系统进行黄斑裂孔视网膜脱离手术能使一次性视网膜解剖复位率显著提高。     

Chronic endogenous fungal endophthalmitis: diagnostic and treatment challenges: A case report

Rationale:Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis (EFE) is a sight-threatening complication of systemic fungemia. As the prevalence rises, treatment remains a challenge especially when there is a failure in first-line treatment or drug-resistant fungus. This case report studies a case of chronic EFE, focusing on the diagnostic procedures, treatment options, monitoring parameters and the treatment outcomePatient concerns:A 64-year-old man with underlying well controlled diabetes mellitus was treated with 2 weeks’ course of intravenous antifungal fluconazole for pyelonephritis as his blood culture grew Candida albicans. Concurrently, he complained of 3 months of bilateral painless progressive blurring of vision. At presentation, his visual acuity (VA) was light perception both eyes. Ocular examination revealed non granulomatous inflammation with dense vitritis of both eyes.Diagnosis:He was diagnosed with EFE but the condition responded poorly with the medications.Interventions:He was treated with intravitreal (IVT) amphotericin B and fluconazole was continued. Vitrectomy was performed and intraoperative findings included bilateral fungal balls in the vitreous and retina with foveal traction in the left eye. Postoperatively, vision acuity was 6/24, N8 right eye and 2/60, N unable for left eye with extensive left macular scar and hole. Vitreous cultures were negative. He received multiple IVT amphotericin B and was started on topical steroid eye drops for persistent panuveitis with systemic fluconazole. Ocular improvement was seen after switching to IVT and topical voriconazole. Despite this, his ocular condition deteriorated and he developed neovascular glaucoma requiring 3 topical antiglaucoma agents. Panretinal photocoagulation was subsequently performed.Outcomes:At 3 months’ follow-up, his vision acuity remained at 6/24 for right eye and 2/60 for the left eye. There was no recurrence of inflammation or infection in both eyes.Lessons:Voriconazole could serve as a promising broad spectrum tri-azole agent in cases of failure in first-line treatment or drug-resistant fungus.     

The laser combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:At present, laser is regarded as an effective treatment for macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. With the breakthrough of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs in ophthalmology clinical research, the intravitreal injection of ranibizumab is widely applied, but both methods have their limitations, so some clinical studies have combined and applied them together. However, the clinical results are inconsistent and controversial, and there is no relevant system evaluation for the laser combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion now.Objective:Meta analysis is used to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the laser combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion.Method:CNKI, VIP, WANFANG, China Biology Medicine disc, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library have used random controlled clinical trial of laser combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion from the establishment of the database to October 2020. Two researchers conducted independent screening, quality assessment and data extraction for the literatures, and used RevMan5.3 to conduct Meta analysis for the included literatures.Result:The research has evaluated the effectiveness and safety of the laser combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion through the aspects of the best corrected visual acuity 6 months after operation, macular center thickness and the incidence of adverse reactions such as elevated intraocular pressure, endophthalmitis, vitreous hemorrhage and cataract.Conclusion:Laser combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion has good effect, and the research has provided reliable evidence for the use of clinical treatment of the laser combined with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion.     

Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a pivotal role in the development of diabetic macular edema (DME), the leading cause of vision loss among working-aged individuals. A decade of clinical trials demonstrated that drugs that bind soluble VEGF restore the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier, resolve macular edema, and improve vision in most patients with DME. Four drugs (pegaptanib, ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and aflibercept) effectively treat DME when administered by intravitreal injections. Only ranibizumab has received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for DME, but bevacizumab is commonly used off-label, and an FDA application for aflibercept is pending. Effective treatment requires repeated injections, although recent data suggest that the treatment burden diminishes after 1 year. Intravitreal therapy is generally safe, although the incidence of systemic thromboembolic events varies among trials.