共表达中国株HIV-1 gp120与hIL-6的重组鸡痘病毒研究

目的 构建共表达中国株HIV-1 gp120与人白细胞介素6(IL-6)的重组鸡痘病毒。方法 分别将HIV-gp120基因和hIL-6基因插入到鸡痘病毒表达载体pUTAL复合启动子ATI-P7．5和P7．5串联启动子下游，构建重组鸡痘病毒表达质粒pUTA-GP-IL6。利用脂质体法将重组质粒和鸡痘病毒282E4株共转染鸡胚成纤维细胞。经BUdR加压筛选3次后，重组病毒分别用PCR、间接免疫荧光试验和Western blot进行鉴定，并进行小鼠免疫研究。结果重组病毒基因组中可扩增出1．4kb大小片段，重组病毒感染细胞表面有绿色荧光物质，表达产物的Western blot分析表明重组病毒可表达gp120和hIL-6蛋白。重组病毒可刺激小鼠产生特异性体液免疫应答。结论成功构建了共表达中国株HIV-1 gp120与hIL-6的重组鸡痘病毒，为研制HIV-1基因工程活载体疫苗提供有益的资料。     

共表达HIV-1 gag-gp120与IL-6重组鸡痘病毒和核酸疫苗的联合免疫研究

目的探讨共表达HIV-1 gag-gpl20与IL-6重组鸡痘病毒和核酸疫苗联合免疫小鼠的免疫应答。方法以重组鸡痘病毒首免，以表达相同抗原的核酸疫苗质粒追加免疫，检测免疫小鼠脾特异性CTL杀伤活性和血清抗体水平。结果联合免疫组脾特异性CTL杀伤活性比重组鸡痘病毒单独免疫组、核酸疫苗单独免疫组、鸡痘病毒疫苗株对照组和空白质粒对照组高，血清抗体水平显著高于空白质粒对照组和鸡痘病毒疫苗株对照组，但与重组鸡痘病毒单独免疫组、核酸疫苗单独免疫组之间差异无显著性。结论重组鸡痘病毒和核酸疫苗的联合免疫可诱导小鼠产生更强的细胞免疫应答。     

共表达HIV-1 gag-gp120与白细胞介素6重组鸡痘病毒的筛选

目的构建共表达中国株HIV1gaggp120与白细胞介素6(IL6)的重组鸡痘病毒(FPV)。方法分别将HIV1gaggp120基因和IL6基因插入到FPV表达质粒pUTAL复合启动子和单一启动子下游,构建重组FPV表达质粒pUTAGEIL6。利用脂质体法将重组质粒和FPV282E4株共转染鸡胚成纤维细胞,经BUdR加压筛选,重组病毒分别用SDSPAGE和WesternBolt进行鉴定,观察病毒样粒子的形成和重组病毒在哺乳动物细胞中的表达,并分析其免疫原性。结果阳性重组病毒基因组点膜处有显色斑点,WesternBolt结果显示重组病毒表达了gaggp120嵌合蛋白和IL6,在病毒感染细胞中有反转录病毒样粒子形成,且重组病毒可在哺乳动物细胞中表达目的蛋白。小鼠免疫指标检测表明该重组病毒具有很好的免疫原性。结论成功构建了共表达中国株HIV1gaggp120与IL6的重组FPV,为HIV-1基因工程活载体疫苗和巨分子颗粒化疫苗的制备奠定了基础。     

含HIV-1 gp120基因的重组腺相关病毒和重组腺病毒疫苗联合免疫的研究

目的 探讨含HIV-1 gp120基因的重组腺相关病毒(rAAV)和重组腺病毒(rAdV)疫苗在BALB／c小鼠中联合免疫的效果。方法 将密码子优化的HIV-1 gp120基因分别插入腺相关病毒(AAV)和腺病毒(AdV)载体质粒，构建含该基因的rAVV和rAdV载体疫苗。将两种疫苗以不同的联合方式免疫BALB／c小鼠，ELISA检测小鼠血清中的gp120特异性抗体，细胞内细胞因子染色法检测小鼠的特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)应答。结果 两种重组病毒均可表达目的基因gp120；在小鼠体内两种重组病毒联合免疫可诱导特异性的CTL应答和血清1gG抗体反应，但用rAAV初免2次，再用rAdV加强3次所诱发的CTL和血清1gG反应最强。结论 rAAV和rAdV疫苗联合免疫可在小鼠体内诱导特异性的CTL应答和血清1gG抗体反应。     

HIV-2 gag rFPV与rDNA疫苗的联合免疫研究

目的 探讨HIV-2核心蛋白基因gag重组DNA疫苗与重组鸡痘病毒进行联合免疫引起小鼠的免疫应答，为研究HIV-2基因重组疫苗的免疫策略提供实验基础。方法 大量制备并纯化HIV-2 gag重组DNA疫苗和重组鸡痘病毒，以肌肉注射的方式免疫BALB／c小鼠，ELISA法检测小鼠血清HIV-2抗体，流式细胞仪测定CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞亚类数量，乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）释放法检测脾CTL对HIV-2靶细胞的杀伤活性。结果 重组DNA疫苗和重组鸡痘病毒单独免疫及二者联合免疫均刺激小鼠产生HIV-2特异性抗体，脾T细胞亚类数量增加，并产生针对HIV-2靶细胞的特异性CTL杀伤活性，但联合免疫组在各项指标上均高于单独免疫组。结论 以HIV-2gag重组DNA疫苗进行基础免疫、以HIV-2gag重组鸡痘病毒进行加强免疫能诱导小鼠产生更强的特异性细胞和体液免疫应答。     

中国株HIV-1外膜蛋白基因疫苗诱导免疫小鼠免疫应答的实验研究

目的 :构建中国流行株HIV 1外膜蛋白 (gp12 0 )基因疫苗并接种小鼠 ,评价其诱导的体液和细胞免疫应答。方法 :将HIV 1gp12 0基因插入到真核表达载体pVAX1中 ,构建重组真核表达质粒pVAX1 GP12 0 ,并经EcoRI和PstI双酶切以及测序鉴定。同时以pVAX1 GP12 0和空载体pVAX1分别免疫BALB/c小鼠 ,采用ELISA检测免疫小鼠的特异性抗体和IFN γ水平 ,用MTT比色法检测免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖 ,用乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)试验检测小鼠特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞 (CTL)的应答。结果 :酶切及测序结果表明 ,成功地构建了HIV 1gp12 0基因疫苗。与空载体pVAX1组相比较 ,pVAX1 GP12 0免疫组小鼠血清抗HIV 1gp12 0抗体的滴度和IFN γ的水平均升高 ,两者差异显著 (P <0 .0 1)。pVAX1 GP12 0免疫组小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的刺激指数 (SI)及特异性CTL的杀伤活性 ,均高于空载体pVAX1组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :构建了针对我国HIV 1流行株的gp12 0基因疫苗。以其免疫BALB/c小鼠可诱导特异性体液和细胞免疫应答 ,为进一步将其用于我国的HIV的治疗奠定了基础。     

HIV-1 DNA vaccine efficacy is enhanced by coadministration with plasmid encoding IFN-alpha

Numerous strategies have been employed in an attempt to improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of nucleic acid vaccines. In the present study, the immunogenicity in the induction of humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV-1 DNA vaccine expressing a chimeric gene of gag and gp120 and the adjuvant effect of IFN-alpha on HIV-1 DNA vaccine were studied in a murine model. The DNA vaccine plasmid pVAX1-gag-gp120 and eukaryotic expression plasmid pVAX1-IFN were constructed by inserting the chimeric gene of gag and gp120 of HIV-1 and IFN-alpha into the downstream of CMV promoter of eukaryotic expression vector pVAX1, respectively. In vitro expression detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that the genes of interest could be expressed in transfected HeLa cells. After BALB/c mice were immunized by three intramuscular inoculations of the HIV-1 DNA vaccine plasmids alone or in combination with IFN-alpha expression plasmids, the different levels of anti-HIV-1 humoral and cellular responses were measured comparable to the control groups immunized with pVAX1-IFN, parent plasmid pVAX1 or PBS. The percentage of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ subgroups of spleen T lymphocytes and the specific cytotoxicity activities of splenic CTLs in the coinoculation group were significantly higher than those in the separate inoculation group, and an enhancement of antibody response was also observed in the coinoculation group compared with the separate inoculation group. Take together, coadministration of HIV-1 DNA vaccine plasmids and IFN-alpha expression plasmids can elicit stronger humoral and cellular immune responses in mice than HIV-1 DNA vaccine plasmids alone, and IFN-alpha can be an effective immunological adjuvant in DNA vaccination against HIV-1.     

Immune responses of mice to prime-boost vaccination with the recombinant DNA and Fowlpox virus both expressing HIV-2 Gag-gp105

Human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (HIV-1, 2) present a public health problem for which there is neither an effective antiviral therapy nor a preventive vaccine. In this study, the immune responses of mice to prime-boost vaccination with the recombinant DNA (rDNA) and recombinant Fowlpox virus (rFPV) both expressing HIV-2 Gag-gp105 chimeric protein, were compared to those elicited by each vector alone. Mice primed with the rDNA and boosted with the rFPV showed HIV-2-specific antibody levels, splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocyte numbers, and Gag-gp105-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) activity increased by 20-30% as compared with those elicited by these vaccines alone. These findings suggested that the prime-boost strategy combining rDNA and rFPV elicited significant Gag-gp105 - specific cellular and humoral immune responses, thus supporting this novel approach to the immunization against HIV infections.     

IL-18和HIV-1 gag-gp120嵌合基因DNA疫苗联合免疫小鼠的免疫应答

目的 :探讨IL 18和HIV 1gag gp12 0嵌合基因的DNA疫苗联合免疫小鼠的免疫应答。方法 :构建含IL 18的真核表达质粒pVAXIL18,将他与表达HIV 1gag gp12 0嵌合基因的核酸疫苗质粒pVAXGE共同肌注免疫BALB/c小鼠 ,检测免疫小鼠脾特异性CTL杀伤活性和血清抗体滴度。结果 :联合免疫组小鼠脾特异性CTL杀伤活性和血清抗体水平均显著高于单独免疫组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,空白质粒对照组 (P <0 .0 1)和PBS对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :IL 18和HIV 1gag gp12 0嵌合基因的DNA疫苗联合免疫可诱导小鼠产生特异性细胞和体液免疫 ,且IL 18发挥了免疫佐剂的作用。     

含密码子优化型HIV-1 gp120基因重组腺病毒的构建及其免疫效果研究

目的 构建能表达野生型和密码子优化型人免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型(HIV-1)B亚型中国流行株gp120基因的非复制型腺病毒。方法 按哺乳动物细胞偏好的密码子对HIV-1B亚型中国流行株Ch gp42的gp120基因进行优化，合成优化基因。将野生型和密码子优化的gp120基因插入穿梭质粒，再与腺病毒骨架质粒pAdEasy-1共转化E．coli BJ5183，获得重组子，转染293细胞后获得重组病毒。分别以两种重组腺病毒疫苗免疫小鼠，ELISA检测小鼠血清中的特异性抗体，乳酸脱氢酶法检测小鼠细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)反应。结果 获得两株重组腺病毒rAd-wt．gp120和rAd．mod．gp120，能正确表达Gp120。rAd-mod．gp120比rAd-wt．gp120蛋白表达水平明显提高。重组腺病毒免疫小鼠后能产生HIV-1特异性的抗体及CTL反应，rAd-mod．gp120组明显优于rAd-wt．gp120组。结论 成功构建了表达野生型和密码子优化的HIV-1 gp120基因的重组腺病毒，能诱导HIV-1特异性体液和细胞免疫反应。     

小鼠对HIV-2 gp105核酸疫苗免疫应答的研究

目的: 探讨HIV- 2gp105基因核酸疫苗在小鼠体内的免疫应答, 为开发HIV- 2核酸疫苗提供实验依据。方法:将HIV- 2外膜蛋白 (gp105 )基因插入真核表达质粒载体pVAX1中, 构建pVAX1 gp105重组表达质粒。将其肌注免疫BALB/c小鼠, 用ELISA法检测小鼠血清抗HIV -2抗体, 用流式细胞仪测定CD4 、CD8 T细胞亚群数, 以乳酸脱氢霉释放法检测脾特异性CTL的杀伤活性。结果: 重组质粒pVAX1 -gp105免疫组小鼠的血清抗体滴度、脾T细胞亚群的数量及特异性CTL的杀伤活性, 均明显高于对照组, 分别为P<0. 01, P<0. 05和P<0. 01。结论: HIV -2gp105核酸疫苗能诱导小鼠产生特异性细胞和体液免疫。     

含中国流行株HIV—1Gag—gp120融合蛋白的重组鸡痘病毒的构建

目的用重组鸡痘病毒表达中国流行株HIV-1Gag-gp120融合蛋白.方法在以鸡痘病毒282E4株为基础构建的重组表达质粒pUTAL的ATI-P7.5复合启动子下游,插入编码中国流行株HIV-1Gag-gp120嵌合基因,构建了重组表达质粒pUTALGP.重组质粒与FPV共转染CEF细胞,进行了同源重组.通过PUdR加压筛选,X-gal染色,获得重组鸡痘病毒vUTALGP.结果经Westernblot检测表明,重组病毒表达了Gap-gp120融合蛋白,其分子量分别为110×103、69×103、48×103、24×103.电镜观察可见Gag蛋白在CEF细胞中形成的反转录病毒样粒子.重组病毒免疫小鼠,能够诱导HIV-1特异的血清抗体反应.结论重组鸡痘病毒成功的表达了Gag-gp120融合蛋白,并进行了正确的加工.     

HIV-1CN54 DNA疫苗滴鼻免疫小鼠诱发系统和黏膜免疫应答

目的：探讨重组痘苗病毒rVVsyngp120或rVVmCN54gp120候选疫苗是否增强HIV-1CN54合成gp120基因(syngp120)DNA疫苗的免疫原性。方法：第0、7、14、21天用DNA疫苗滴鼻免疫小鼠,第28、35、42天再滴鼻接种rVVsyngp120或rVVmCN54gp120。体外测脾和肠系膜淋巴结(MLN)淋巴细胞增殖应答与CD8^ CTL应答。测血清和黏膜洗液特异的IgG和IgA,并测其是否中和实验室适应株HIV-1SF33。结果：单纯DNA免疫后,脾和MLN淋巴细胞在体外发生增殖应答和CTL应答,且测出血清特异的IgG和黏膜洗液特异的IgA。重组痘苗病毒末次免疫后第2周(第56天),发现rVVmCN54gp120增强MLN淋巴细胞增殖应答和CTL应答,脾CTL应答也增强。rVVsyngp120则增强MLN CTL应答。同时发现：2组重组痘苗病毒免疫的动物其血清中特异IgG抗体滴度均有所增高,但黏膜(粪便和阴道)洗液特异IgA抗体滴度却未增高,未测出血清特异IgA和黏膜洗液特异IgG。免疫血清可中和HIV-1SF33,而阴道洗液却不能。结论：单纯DNA疫苗滴鼻免疫可诱发较弱的系统和黏膜体液免疫与细胞免疫,但维持时间短。重组痘苗病毒主要增强局部黏膜的细胞免疫应答,且稍增强系统体液免疫应答,未增强黏膜的IgA应答。免疫血清有中和作用。     

In vivo induction of cellular and humoral immune responses by hybrid DNA vectors encoding simian/human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis B surface antigen virus particles in BALB/c and HLA-A2-transgenic mice

To improve the immunogenicity of epitopes derived from Gag proteins of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and from the envelope (Env) protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), we have designed hybrid DNA vaccines by inserting sequences encoding antigenic domains of SIV and HIV-1 into the hepatitis B virus envelope gene. This gene encodes the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) capable of spontaneous assembly into virus-like particles that were used here as carrier. Injections of hybrid vectors encoding B-cell epitopes from the gp41 and the gp120 envelope proteins of HIV-1 induced specific humoral responses in BALB/c mice. Furthermore, high frequencies of IFN-gamma-secreting CD8+ T cells specific for various antigenic determinants of SIV-Gag were observed after intramuscular injections of hybrid DNA vectors in BALB/c mice. Genetic immunization of HLA-A2.1-transgenic mice with HIV-Env/HBsAg-encoding DNA generated a strong CTL response and IFN-gamma-secreting CD8+ T lymphocytes specific for HIV-1 envelope-derived peptide. H-2d-restricted HBs-specific T-cell responses dominated over SIV-Gag responses in BALB/c mice whereas HLA-A2-restricted HIV-Env response was enhanced after fusion with HBsAg. These data demonstrate that different B and T-cell epitopes of vaccine-relevant viral antigens can be expressed in vivo as fusion proteins with HBsAg but that the optimal immunogenicity may differ strikingly between individual epitopes.     

Improving recombinant MVA immune responses: potentiation of the immune responses to HIV-1 with MVA and DNA vectors expressing Env and the cytokines IL-12 and IFN-gamma

Recombinants based on vaccinia virus vectors, especially on the highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) strain, are now being tested in clinical trials for safety and immunogenicity, using prime/boost heterologous regimes of vaccination. Due to the limited replication capacity of MVA, it is necessary to develop procedures that can enhance the specific cellular immune responses to the recombinant antigen delivered by the MVA vector. In this investigation, we have characterized the systemic immune responses in BALB/c mice using interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or interleukin-12 (IL-12) in an adjuvant-like manner elicited by MVA recombinants or naked DNA vectors expressing one of those cytokines in combination with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) as antigen. In infected mice, virus gene expression in splenocytes and levels of cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-12 in serum were maximal by 6h post-infection (hpi) with MVA recombinants expressing IFN-gamma (MVAIFN-gamma) or IL-12 (MVAIL-12). In the infected animals, co-expression of HIV-1 env (MVAENV) and either IFN-gamma or IL-12 from MVA recombinants produced a two and three-fold increase of anti-env CD8+ T cell response, respectively. When priming was carried out with DNA vectors expressing HIV-1 env and either IFN-gamma or IL-12, the magnitude of the specific anti-env CD8+ T cell stimulation after MVAENV booster was further enhanced. Our findings revealed that IFN-gamma or IL-12 can be used to potentiate the cellular immune response to HIV-1 env, when delivered either from a single MVA recombinant or from a DNA vector. The increment of the CD8+ T cell response was higher in a DNA/MVA prime/boost protocol. Thus, the immune response of MVA vectors can be improved with the co-delivery of the cytokines IFN-gamma or IL-12.     

HIV DNA疫苗与重组腺病毒伴随病毒联合免疫效果的研究

目的 构建含HIV-1B亚型中国株gagV3基因的DNA疫苗及重组腺病毒伴随病毒(rAAV)疫苗，并研究DNA疫苗和rAAV联合免疫的免疫效果。方法 将HIV-1B亚型中国株gagV3基因克隆入真核表达载体pCI-neo上，构建了含HIV-1 gagV3基因的DNA疫苗pCI-gagV3。采用电击法将pCI-gagV3质粒转染p815细胞，用G418压力筛选，得到转入重组质粒的细胞系p815-gagV3，用免疫酶法检测细胞系中HIV-1基因的表达。用该DNA疫苗进行小鼠免疫实验，检测免疫效果；用该DNA疫苗初次免疫，含同样gagV3基因的重组腺病毒伴随病毒rAAV-gagV3加强免疫，采用免疫酶法检测免疫小鼠血清中HIV-1特异性的抗体水平，用乳酸脱氢酶法检测免疫小鼠的HIV-1特异性CTL水平。结果 pCI-gagV3可以在p815细胞中表达HIV-1的基因，免疫BALB／c小鼠后可以在小鼠体内诱发HIV-1特异性的细胞和体液免疫反应。HIV-1特异性抗体滴度为1：20；效靶比为50：1时，CTL平均杀伤率为41．7％。pCI-gagV3与rAAV-gagV3联合免疫并不能明显提高抗体水平，但可以提高CTL反应，效靶比为50：1时，CTL平均杀伤率为61.3％，高于单独用DNA疫苗或重组AAV疫苗免疫后产生的CTL活性。结论 DNA疫苗与重组腺病毒伴随病毒联合免疫可以提高免疫小鼠产生的HIV-1特异性CTL反应。     

Cell surface display of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 on Escherichia coli by using ice nucleation protein.

A new system designed for cell surface display of recombinant proteins on Escherichia coli has been evaluated for expression of eukaryotic viral proteins. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 was fused to the C terminus of ice nucleation protein (INP), an outer membrane protein of Pseudomonas syringae. Western blotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis, whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and ice nucleation activity assay confirmed the successful expression of HIV-1 gp120 on the surface of Escherichia coli. This study shows that the INP system can be used for the expression of eukaryotic viral proteins. There is also a possibility that the INP system can be used as an AIDS diagnostic system, an oral vaccine delivery system, and an expression system for various heterologous higher-molecular-weight proteins.     

表达HIV-1 B亚型env基因的质粒DNA及腺病毒载体疫苗的免疫原性研究

目的 构建表达中国B亚型HIV-1流行株env基因的DNA及重组腺病毒载体疫苗,将其用于预防或治疗HIV感染.方法 构建质粒DNA疫苗pVR-gp160及重组腺病毒载体疫苗rAdV-gp160.将这两种疫苗以不同的方式免疫BALB/c小鼠,分别采用ELISPOT方法 和ELISA方法 检测免疫小鼠中HIV-1 Gp120特异性细胞免疫反应及抗体反应.结果 DNA疫苗单独免疫及DNA疫苗初免/腺病毒疫苗加强免疫的联合免疫方案皆可诱导较高水平的Gp120特异性细胞免疫反应;而在体液免疫方面,各实验组产生的Gp120特异性抗体水平都较低.结论 所构建的DNA疫苗及rAdV疫苗能有效表达Gp160蛋白,并可有效激活机体的细胞免疫反应.     

Enhanced humoral HIV-1-specific immune responses generated from recombinant rhabdoviral-based vaccine vectors co-expressing HIV-1 proteins and IL-2

Recombinant rabies virus (RV) vaccine strain-based vectors expressing HIV-1 antigens have been shown to induce strong and long-lasting cellular but modest humoral responses against the expressed antigens in mice. However, an effective vaccine against HIV-1 may require stronger responses, and the development of such an immune response may depend on the presence of certain cytokines at the time of the inoculation. Here, we describe several new RV-based vaccine vehicles expressing HIV-1 Gag or envelope (Env) and murine IL-2 or IL-4. Cells infected with recombinant RVs expressed high levels of functional IL-2 or IL-4 in culture supernatants in addition to HIV-1 proteins. The recombinant RV expressing IL-4 was highly attenuated in a cytokine-independent manner, indicating that the insertion of two foreign genes into the RV genome is mainly responsible for the attenuation observed. The expression of IL-4 resulted in a decrease in the cellular immune response against HIV-1 Gag and Env when compared with the parental virus not expressing IL-4 and only 2 of 20 mice seroconverted to HIV-1 Env after two inoculations. The IL-2-expressing RV was completely apathogenic after direct intracranial inoculation of mice. In addition, mice immunized with IL-2 maintained strong anti-HIV-1 Gag and Env cellular responses and consistently induced seroconversion against HIV-1 Env after two inoculations. This suggests the potential use of IL-2 in RV-based HIV-1 vaccine strategies, which may require the induction of both arms of the immune response.     

Cell Surface Display of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 on Escherichia coli by Using Ice Nucleation Protein

A new system designed for cell surface display of recombinant proteins on Escherichia coli has been evaluated for expression of eukaryotic viral proteins. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 was fused to the C terminus of ice nucleation protein (INP), an outer membrane protein of Pseudomonas syringae. Western blotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis, whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and ice nucleation activity assay confirmed the successful expression of HIV-1 gp120 on the surface of Escherichia coli. This study shows that the INP system can be used for the expression of eukaryotic viral proteins. There is also a possibility that the INP system can be used as an AIDS diagnostic system, an oral vaccine delivery system, and an expression system for various heterologous higher-molecular-weight proteins.