侧后方入路椎体部分切除减压与重建术治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的探讨胸腰椎侧后方入路椎体部分切除减压与内固定手术治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床效果。方法2002年8月～2006年9月对32例胸腰椎骨折患者行胸腰椎侧后方入路椎体部分切除减压内固定手术。结果所有病例术后获得10～26个月的随访，26例椎体近解剖复位，6例复位良好。无感染、无胸膜粘连和断钉等并发症，全部椎体间骨性融合。神经功能恢复Frankel分级，除5例A级及4例E级无变化外，其余均有1—2级改善。结论侧后方入路椎体部分切除减压内固定具有减压直接彻底、重建脊柱序列及脊髓神经功能恢复满意等特点，可用于治疗椎管占位明显或陈旧性的胸腰椎骨折。     

前路减压Synex人工椎体重建治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折

目的探讨前路减压Synex人工椎体重建治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折合并神经损伤的临床疗效。方法采用侧前方入路椎体次全切除减压及Synex人工椎体重建治疗18例初次后路手术疗效不佳或失败的患者，术后观察神经功能恢复情况及手术椎节的稳定性。结果随访1-4年。依据Frankel分级评价患者神经功能，除1例B级及1例D级患者无改变外，其余患者均有1-3级恢复。术后X线片定期随访观察，椎体高度无明显丢失，人工椎体稳定，未发现位移。结论侧前方入路减压及Synex人工椎体重建可解除脊髓压迫、改善神经功能及恢复脊柱稳定性，是一种治疗陈旧性胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤的理想手术方式。     

前后联合入路一期全脊椎切除脊柱重建治疗颈胸交接部脊椎肿瘤

目的 探讨颈胸交接部脊椎肿瘤通过前后联合入路一期全椎切除脊柱重建治疗的可行性.方法 对8例颈胸交接部脊椎肿瘤选用改良的颈胸交接部前方入路及传统后方入路,一期行病椎全椎切除,脊柱重建方法.结果 术后1个月,除1例T2血管瘤神经功能A级恢复至C级,其余患者为E级(3例E级术后未加重).结论 选用改良的颈胸交接部前方入路及传统后方入路,一期行病椎全椎切除、椎体间植骨、前后联合固定重建脊柱,为治疗颈胸交接部脊椎肿瘤的一种可行方法.     

前路减压与植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折伴截瘫

目的探讨胸腰段脊柱骨折伴脊髓损伤前路伤椎大部切除减压、植骨融合、钢板内固定的手术方式与效果。方法41例胸腰段骨折伴脊髓损伤患者均行前路椎管减压、植骨融合及钢板内固定。对神经功能恢复情况、局部脊柱的稳定性进行分析。结果41例均获随访,时间6个月～4.5年,平均（30±7.8）个月,椎体间均获骨性融合,时间4～8个月。神经功能Frankel分级：A级7例恢复至B级5例,2例无恢复;B级15例恢复至C级10例、D级4例,1例无恢复;C级10例恢复至D级9例,1例无恢复;D级7例恢复至E级;E级2例无变化,无并发症发生。结论胸腰段脊柱骨折伴神经损伤,前入路手术直视下减压彻底,神经功能恢复好,Ⅰ期植骨融合内固定前路重建脊柱稳定性好,疗效满意。     

前后路联合一期全椎体切除脊柱重建治疗胸腰椎恶性肿瘤

[目的]探讨前后路联合一期全椎体切除脊柱重建治疗胸腰椎肿瘤的疗效及优越性。[方法]应用前路全椎体切除、钛网植骨或钛网骨水泥椎体重建和后路椎弓根钉系统内固定治疗胸腰椎恶性肿瘤24例。[结果]术后随访9—35个月。所有患者疼痛症状均消除，9例不完全截瘫患者平均恢复1．8级（Frankel分级），2例大小便功能障碍者均恢复，4例远处重要脏器转移死亡，所有随访达6—9个月的病例均骨性融合，无内固定松动断裂，1例术后1年复发。[结论]前后路联合一期全椎体切除脊柱重建治疗胸腰椎恶性肿瘤能有效切除肿瘤、重建脊柱稳定性、提高病人生活质量。     

全脊椎切除及脊柱稳定性重建治疗颈胸段脊柱肿瘤的疗效分析

目的 :探讨颈胸段脊柱肿瘤全脊椎切除的手术方式、脊柱重建策略及治疗效果。方法 :回顾性分析我院自2008年1月~2013年12月行全脊椎切除术治疗的颈胸段脊柱肿瘤病例11例,病理诊断包括骨巨细胞瘤5例,骨母细胞瘤1例,Ewing肉瘤1例,浆细胞性骨髓瘤1例,甲状腺滤泡型转移癌2例,前列腺转移癌1例。患者均有不同程度的胸背部疼痛,术前VAS评分为7.45±0.82分;脊髓损伤神经功能Frankel分级B级1例,C级3例,D级6例,E级1例。所有病例术前根据Tomita脊柱肿瘤外科分期评估均为间室外病变。4例C7~T1段肿瘤行一期前后联合入路全脊椎切除,前方钛网、钛板重建;7例T2~T4段肿瘤行单一后路整块全脊椎切除(TES),前方单纯钛网重建。两种术式后方均为钉棒系统重建。观察患者术中术后并发症以及脊柱重建稳定性情况。结果:手术时间298~573min,平均423.9min;术中失血量800~3800ml,平均2077ml。4例术中胸膜破裂,2例术后神经功能一过性下降,7例术中结扎病椎神经根,残留轻度胸前区不适。所有患者均获随访,平均随访34.7个月,1例前列腺转移癌患者死亡,其余均无局部复发。术后患者疼痛明显改善,VAS评分由术前7.45±0.82分下降至术后2.55±0.69分(P<0.05)。术后神经功能2例(术前D级1例,E级1例)保持原有水平,余均获得改善,均未出现内固定失败。结论:全脊椎切除治疗颈胸段脊柱肿瘤可以获得满意的局部控制,缓解疼痛,改善神经功能,应根据肿瘤位于颈胸段脊柱近端(C7~T1)或远端(T2~T4)而制定个体化手术方式及脊柱重建策略。     

全脊椎切除及脊柱稳定性重建治疗颈胸段脊柱肿瘤

目的探讨全脊椎切除术及脊柱稳定性重建治疗颈胸段脊柱肿瘤的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2008年3月~2015年4月我院收治的50例行全脊椎切除术及脊柱稳定性重建的颈胸段脊柱肿瘤患者临床资料,术前Frankel脊髓损伤分级:A级2例,B级7例,C级14例,D级22例,E级5例。结果本组患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间为3.4~10.8 h,平均(6.9±1.3)h,术中出血量1 440~2 430 ml,平均(2 050±107)ml,围术期内无死亡,患者伤口愈合良好,疼痛均明显减轻。术后脊髓神经功能Frankel分级为C级3例,D级5例,E级42例,较术前有显著改善(P0.05),患者行走功能亦较术前明显改善(P0.05)。术后随访12个月,所有患者内固定稳定,植骨融合满意。术前伴神经功能损害的9例患者得到完全恢复。有1例骨母细胞瘤和2例甲状腺滤泡型转移癌局部复发。结论根据颈胸段脊柱肿瘤患者的病症特性,实施相应的全脊椎切除术和合理的脊椎稳定性重建,可有效改善患者的脊柱损伤程度和神经功能,临床效果显著,术后并发症发生率低。     

瘤椎全切与重建治疗胸腰椎肿瘤伴神经功能障碍

目的探讨瘤椎全切与重建,治疗胸腰椎肿瘤伴神经功能障碍的手术适应证及临床疗效。方法1999年1月～2005年12月收治胸腰椎肿瘤伴神经功能障碍16例。男10例,女6例;年龄16～62岁,平均31.5岁。原发肿瘤10例,其中骨巨细胞瘤4例,软骨肉瘤3例,动脉瘤样骨囊肿术后复发2例,骨肉瘤1例;转移瘤6例。肿瘤侵犯T53例,T6、T6、7、T9、T11、L2、L4及L5各1例,T8、L1及L3各2例。Tomita外科分型：4型9例,5型6例,6型1例。Frankel神经功能分级：A级1例,B级4例,C级7例,D级4例。采用前后路联合手术,行瘤椎彻底切除,椎管减压,植骨重建。术后根据肿瘤病理类型行相应的辅助治疗。结果术后16例获随访10～63个月,平均27.5个月。患者疼痛均完全缓解,术后神经功能恢复至D级5例（其中1例术前为A级）,E级11例。10例原发肿瘤中,1例骨肉瘤术后18个月双肺转移死亡,余9例均无瘤生存。6例转移瘤中,2例全身转移死亡,1例术后10个月肺部带瘤无症状生存,3例均无瘤生存。16例随访期内手术部位均无肿瘤复发。结论瘤椎全切与重建是治疗胸腰椎肿瘤伴神经功能障碍的一种安全有效的手术方法,可缓解疼痛,改善神经功能,减少肿瘤局部复发。手术适用于胸腰椎原发恶性肿瘤,有复发倾向的侵袭性肿瘤及Tomita外科分型为3～5型的胸腰椎单发转移瘤。     

后路钉棒系统加植骨治疗胸腰段骨折

目的评价后路钉棒系统加植骨治疗胸腰段骨折的临床疗效。方法50例胸腰段爆裂型骨折患者，均采用后正中入路切开复位，椎管减压，横突及椎小关节间植骨融合手术治疗。其中男37例，女13例。骨折部位：T114例、T1221例、L117例、L28例。按Frankel脊髓损伤分级，A级5例，B级18例，C级14例，D级9例，E级4例。结果全部病例随访6～18个月，平均11个月，未发现内固定松动、断裂，无继发脊柱后凸畸形。术中植骨50例，术后6个月X线片显示融合30例，术前术后采用Frankel分级评定，脊髓神经功能均获得改善。结论后路减压、钉棒系统固定加植骨能有效复位椎体骨折，重建脊柱稳定性，是胸腰段骨折合并脊髓神经损伤治疗的较好选择。     

前方入路手术治疗上胸椎转移瘤

目的:探讨前方入路行上胸椎肿瘤切除、椎体重建、钛板内固定的技术及方法,分析手术治疗效果及相关并发症。方法:2004年6月~2011年7月我科收治上胸椎(T1~T4)转移瘤患者17例,其中男6例,女11例,年龄55,1±7.3岁(47~68岁)。术前神经功能按Frankel分级:B级3例,C级4例,D级8例,E级2例。肿瘤位置:T1 7例,T2 5例,T3 3例,T4 2例。按Tokuhashi脊柱转移瘤评分系统评分为9~12分;根据WBB分区理论肿瘤病灶位于4~9区。对于T1椎体病灶患者采用低位下颈椎前方入路;对于T2~T4椎体病灶患者采用前方劈开胸骨经头臂干外侧间隙入路。结果:所有患者均能很好耐受手术,低位下颈椎前方入路手术时间为94.1士5.0min(90~102min),出血量为186.6±100.2ml(100~400ml);前方劈开胸骨经头臂干外侧间隙入路手术时间为121.0±165(100~150min),出血量为352.0±134.4ml(220~600ml)。术后病理学检查:6例来源于肺癌,5例来源于乳腺癌,2例来源于甲状腺癌,2例来源于胃肠道癌,2例来源不明。术后2例前方劈开胸骨经头臂干外侧间隙入路手术患者出现肺部感染、肺不张,经对症治疗后治愈。3例(其中1例为低位下颈椎前方入路手术患者)出现喉返神经牵拉伤致一过性声音嘶哑,术后1个月内声音恢复正常。随访19.7±9.8个月(6~48个月),9例患者神经功能有不同程度改善,其中3例Frankel分级B级患者2例改善为E级,1例改善为D级;4例C级2例改善到E级,2例改善到D级;2例D级患者改善到E级。5例患者在术后6~14个月因多处转移、全身衰竭死亡。结论:前方入路是治疗上胸椎转移瘤可供选择的有效入路,该入路可以充分显露前方椎体病变,有效切除病灶,彻底解除来自脊髓前方的压迫,改善患者症状。     

脊柱前路手术的适应证

脊柱外科手术入路的选择常常取决于脊柱外科医师的手术技能。随着脊柱生物力学研究的深入、影像诊断技术的发展以及脊柱融合与内固定技术的进步 ,脊柱前路手术已作为许多脊柱疾患的常规治疗方法而逐渐普及。掌握适应证对于脊柱外科手术的成功至关重要 ,笔者就脊柱前路手术适应证的选择作一讨论。1　前方减压与稳定包括椎体和椎间盘在内的脊柱前部结构担负着脊柱的大部分生物力学功能 ,因而多数脊柱伤病系以累及脊柱前部结构为主。1.1　 感染与肿瘤　脊柱感染和肿瘤最容易累及的是椎体和椎间盘 ,经前路施行病灶清除及椎管减压手术常常为病情…     

Atypical forms of spinal tuberculosis

Summary Twenty-three patients with atypical forms of spinal tuberculosis treated between 1975 and 1985, are described.All presented with signs and symptoms of compression of the spinal cord or cauda equina, ranging from paraesthesiae and increasing weakness of extremities to paraplegia and loss of sphincter control. None of them showed visible or palpable spinal deformity nor the typical radiographic appearance of destruction of the intervertebral disc and the two adjoining vertebral bodies. These atypical forms constituted about 12 percent of all the cases of spinal tuberculosis seen (a total of 190 cases); and fell into three well-defined groups: those with the involvement of neural arch only; those with the inolvement of a single vertebral body; and, those without bony involvement. The correct surgical approach in these groups was found to be different: spinal cord compression caused by the tuberculous disease of the neural arch was best treated by laminectomy; whereas single vertebral body disease required an anterior or anterolateral approach. Spinal computerized tomography was helpful in defining the extent of disease and planning the surgical approach. Histological confirmation of tuberculosis was obtained in all the cases and acid fast bacilli (A.F.B.) were found in, and cultured from, the biopsy specimens of 18 cases.     

Incidence and significance of findings on spinal MRIs in a paediatric population with spinal column complaints

PurposeWe sought to identify correlations between working diagnosis, surgeon indication for obtaining spinal MRI and positive MRI findings in paediatric patients presenting with spinal disorders or complaints.MethodsSurgeons recorded their primary indication for ordering a spinal MRI in 385 consecutive patients. We compared radiologist-reported positive MRI findings with surgeon response, indication, working diagnosis and patient demographics.ResultsThe most common surgeon-stated indications were pain (70) and coronal curve characteristics (63). Radiologists reported 137 (36%) normal and 248 (64%) abnormal MRIs. In total, 58% of abnormal reports (145) did not elicit a therapeutic or investigative response, which we characterized as ‘clinically inconsequential’. In all, 42 of 268 (16%) presumed idiopathic scoliosis patients had intradural pathology noted on MRI.Younger age (10.3 years versus 12.0 years) was the only significant demographic difference between patients with or without intradural pathology. Surgeon indication ‘curve magnitude at presentation’ was associated with intradural abnormality identification. However, average Cobb angles between patients with or without an intradural abnormality was not significantly different (39° versus 37°, respectively). Back pain without neurological signs or symptoms was a negative predictor of intradural pathology.ConclusionRadiologists reported a high frequency of abnormalities on MRI (64%), but 58% of those were deemed clinically inconsequential. Patients with MRI abnormalities were two years’ younger than those with a normal or inconsequential MRI. ‘Curve magnitude at presentation’ in presumed idiopathic scoliosis patients was the only predictor of intrathecal pathology. ‘Pain’ was the only indication significantly associated with clinically inconsequential findings on MRI.Level of evidence:III     

椎管内肿瘤的诊断及手术治疗

探讨椎管内肿瘤的临床特点及手方法。方法１０３例椎管内肿瘤患者均经手术治疗,颈椎行单开门术暴露椎管,胸椎行全椎板切除,腰椎椎则行次全椎板切队鹘椎椎管内外哑铃型肿瘤分别采用颈前路和肋骨横突切除术入路。结果随访８２例平均随访时间３．５年,优良率为８１．７％。     

MR-imaging of chronic spinal cord injury. Association with neurologic function

Twenty-two para- and tetraplegic patients with chronic spinal cord injuries were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The clinical course in the entire rehabilitation period was recorded and an attempt was made to associate the functional status of the patients with the morphologic findings on MRI. Small and large spinal cord cysts and syringomyelia, cord atrophy, and spinal stenosis were found. Additionally, in a number of patients regions of increased signal intensity within the cord, interpreted as myelomalacia, and obliteration of the intradural extramedullary space, interpreted as arachnopathy, were noted. The large number (13/22) of cystic lesions in our patients was unexpected. It was in contrast to the rate reported in autopsy studies of paraplegics which note only few cysts. Whereas a direct association of morphologic findings with neurologic symptoms and the clinical course was difficult, it was found that patients with large cysts and spinal cord atrophy generally showed no tendency to improve in spite of the measures taken during the rehabilitation period. It is difficult to decide whether the initial trauma with cord hemorrhage is limiting the chance of neurological improvement or if a sequence of events leading from hemorrhage to gliosis and cystic necrosis is the determining factor.     

椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折

目的探讨椎体成形术治疗老年骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折的疗效和安全性.方法在C臂X线机监测下对20例36个椎体行椎体成形术(均为后壁完整疼痛剧烈老年骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折).观察术后症状改善情况,分析并发症.结果20例椎体成形术术后均未出现肺栓塞、神经损伤等并发症,CT检查无椎管内或椎间孔渗漏.术后随访5～18个月,17例疼痛消失,2例明显减轻,1例缓解.结论椎体成形术是治疗老年骨质疏松脊柱压缩骨折安全有效的方法.     

Somatosensory evoked potential

Summary Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) have been used to help minimize neurologic morbidity during spinal surgery. While this is a sensory test it has been used as an inference of motor function. The failure to always achieve the latter goal has resulted in some pessimism regarding the value of this test. In this series of 161 operations in 150 patients, it was demonstrated that SSEPs were recordable under anesthesia in 87% of patients. Of these patients, 12% had their spinal surgery interrupted due to significant neurophysiologic changes; of these patients, 18% had new neurologic deficits postoperatively. There were no cases with new neurologic deficits who had no changes in their SSEPs. It was concluded that SSEP monitoring may be helpful in identifying potentially neurologically threatening surgical maneuvers in a significant number of patients.     

胸腰椎爆裂骨折损伤部位和椎管内占位程度与神经损伤的关系

目的探讨胸腰椎爆裂骨折骨折部位及椎管内骨块占位程度与神经损伤的关系。方法对213例胸腰椎爆裂骨折根据骨折部位及CT测出的椎管内骨折骨块占位程度与神经损伤进行分析评定。结果神经损伤组椎管骨折骨块占位程度明显高于无神经损伤组;在有神经损伤情况下,骨折部位椎管内骨块占位程度腰段大于胸腰段;神经损伤程度与椎管内骨块占位程度无显著相关。结论胸腰椎爆裂骨折椎管内骨块占位压迫是神经损伤的重要因素;神经损伤与骨折部位和椎管内骨块占位程度联合相关。     

胸椎管狭窄症术后脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的临床分析

目的 探讨胸椎管狭窄症患者手术后出现脊髓功能受损的原因,总结脊髓手术后缺血再灌注损伤(spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury,SCII)[1]的预处理和早期治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析我科2年内收治的32例胸椎管狭窄症患者术后脊髓恢复情况,出现脊髓损伤患者的临床资料及处理方法,并对其预后进行客观评估.结果 2年内在收治并手术的胸椎管狭窄症患者中,手术减压前给予1克甲基强的松龙预防.5例患者于手术后出现不同程度的脊髓功能受损,即刻给予大剂量甲基强的松龙冲击治疗、脱水药及神经营养药,1例患者症状改善不理想,2例患者症状部分改善,生活可自理,2例患者基本恢复正常.结论 胸椎管狭窄症患者手术后出现的脊髓功能受损可能是脊髓缺血再灌注损伤引起,再灌注损伤在胸椎管狭窄症患者中较多见,但出现严重监床症状的少见,诊断有一定的困难.妥善的处理可望改善患者的生存质量.     

Double Noncontiguous Cervical Spinal Injuries

Summary. Summary.   Background: Double noncontiguous spinal injuries in the same patient, the first at the cervical level and the second at the thoracic or thoracolumbar level are not uncommon. On the other hand the incidence of double noncontiguous cervical injuries in low and these injuries imply complex mechanisms. This study investigates the cases of double noncontiguous cervical lesions in 342 cases of acute cervical injuries.   Method: An analysis of 342 patients with cervical injuries found 67 multiple cervical injuries and only 11 cases of double noncontiguous cervical lesions.   Findings and Interpretation: Double noncontiguous cervical injuries have a frequency of 3.2% in this study and in three cases there were pre-existing benign cervical lesions. A possible spinal biomechanical behaviour during injury can be that the first lesion appears because of the traumatic impact and there is a uniform transmission of the remaining traumatic strain all along the spine. It seems that the propagated force finds a spinal zone where the spinal resistance is diminished and the second spinal lesion can occur. Spinal vulnerability for the second lesion in the same trauma can be caused by a pre-existing benign spinal lesion or by a biomechanical discontinuity because of a particular posture at the traumatic moment. The second lesion in double noncontiguous cervical lesions can appear through a single great impact in pre-existing lesions, double impacts at the same time with injuries at two cervical levels or repeated cervical impacts in very quick succession in the same trauma. Published online July 18, 2002