大鼠输精管注射HFMC后输精管内pH值的观察

本实验选用生育力正常成年雄性ＳＤ大鼠２５只，随机分为５组，行一侧输精管ＨＦＭＣ注射术，剂量为１０％ＨＦＭＣ２０μｌ，沉淀剂２０μｌ；另一侧输精管注射生理盐水４０μｌ对照，于注射时和注射后１、３、６、９和１２月分别测定双侧输精管ｐＨ值，其结果为注射ＨＦＭＣ侧输精管ｐＨ明显降低，为５．１８－５．８２，生理盐水对照侧为７．０４－７．６４，并随推移，注射ＨＦＭＣ侧输精管ｐＨ值逐渐升高，于术后１２月基本恢复     

超声波对小白鼠生精上皮的影响

用功率为５Ｗ／ｃｍ２、频率为１．１０ＭＨｚ的超声波照射小白鼠睾丸５分钟（实验组１）、１０分钟（实验组Ⅱ），分别于处理后２４小时，４８小时及７天时间切取睾丸组织，制作石蜡切片，在光镜下观察生精上皮的组织学变化并与对照组进行比较。结果显示：（１）小白鼠睾丸经超声波照射后，曲细精管萎缩，管径变小；生精上皮变薄，精子发生时相消失；生精细胞减少，没有精子形成。（２）超声波照射１０分钟对生精上皮的损伤比照射５分钟更为严重。（３）超声波照射后２４小时，生精上皮即受到破坏，精子细胞减少；照射后４８小时，上皮受损伤的程度增大；照射后７天时间，曲细精管的组织学结构开始恢复，但仍无精子形成。（４）超声波对生精上皮的影响主要限于精母细胞、精子细胞和精子，而精原细胞与支持细胞没有明显变化。上述结果表明，超声波能够抑制小白鼠的精子发生，该抑制作用可能可逆。     

睾丸侵袭性血管粘液瘤1例

患儿男，３．５岁。左睾丸无痛性肿块３个月，以“左睾丸肿瘤”收入院。血ＡＦＰ＜２５ｎｇ·Ｌ－１，ＨＣＧ与ＣＥＡ未见异常，腹部Ｂ超也未见异常。手术中见左睾丸下极有一约２ｃｍ×１ｃｍ的肿块，境界不清，似有胞膜。切除左睾丸及肿块送病检。病理检查：一侧睾丸及肿...     

羧甲基茯苓多糖对HPBL分泌IL—2,TNF,IL—6,IFN—γ的调节作用

用ＣＭＰ培养外周血淋巴细胞（ＨＰＢＬ）２４、３６、４８、７２ｈ采样检测的ＩＬ－２、ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６、ＩＦＮ－γ效价分别可达１３．６±４．３，４１．９±２．０，１８３７．４±４６４．３，１０３７．９±２１１．０Ｕ／ｍｌ，分别比无ＣＭＰ的细胞培养对照组的效价高０．８，７．４，０．５，１０．９倍（Ｐ＜０．０１），说明ＣＭＰ具有ＩＬ－２、ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６、ＩＦＮ－γ的诱生剂功能。由ＣＭＰ预处理ＨＰＢＬ后经ＰＨＡ和／或ＣｏｎＡ促诱生组的ＩＬ－２、ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６、ＩＦＮ－γ效价分别比无ＣＭＰ的ＰＨＡ和／或ＣｏｎＡ刺激的相应常规诱生组高１．２～２．８，０．５～１．１、０．５～０．８、０．４～０．６倍（Ｐ＜０．０１），尤以ＣＭＰ＋ＰＨＡ＋ＣｏｎＡ促诱生细胞因子效果最佳（Ｐ＜０．０１），说明ＣＭＰ又具有ＩＬ－２、ＴＮＦ、ＩＬ－６、ＩＦＮ－γ促诱生效应。     

镉对大鼠输精管损伤及锌保护的超微结构与葡萄糖—6—磷酸酶细胞 …

目的 研究小剂量氯化镉对大鼠输精管近、远段的影响及锌的保护作用。方法 用１％氯化镉（２ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重）腹腔注射雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠后４ｈ到６０ｄ及镉、锌联合注射后３ｄ、１５ｄ取材。采用电镜观察和葡萄糖－６－磷酸酶（Ｇ－６－Ｐａｓｅ）电镜细胞化学定量研究。结果 镉注射４ｈ后，输精管主细胞出现超微结构改变，３￣７ｄ改变最明显，１５ｄ有所减轻，６０ｄ后基本恢复正常。主细胞的主要改变为线粒体肿胀，内质网扩     

Na^＋／H^＋交换在急性呼吸性酸中毒脑脊液酸碱调节中的作用

犬急性呼吸性酸中毒（ＡＲＡ）模型通过吸入８－１０％ＣＯ２气体产生。在ＡＲＡ６ｈ期间，对照组和氨苯喋啶组ＰａＣＯ２、「ＨＣＯ３」ｓ和脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）ＰＣＯ２分别升高约５．０ｋＰａ，４．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和５．８ｋＰａ，两组之间比较无显著差异，然而，两组ＣＳＦ「ＨＣＯ３」的改变却相差非常显著（Ｐ〈０．０１），对照组平均升高８．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，氨苯喋啶组平均同４．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，两组ＣＳＦ「ＨＣＯ３」的差不     

细辛对D-半乳糖所致衰老小鼠睾丸的形态学研究

本文研究了细辛对D－半乳糖所致衰老小鼠的抗衰老作用，应用光镜电镜技术测定小鼠睾丸的重量、生精小管直径、生精上皮细胞数、随龄变化的间质细胞数，同时观察了细辛对上述指标的影响。结果 1．随增龄、睾丸重量减轻，生精小管直径缩小。衰老时租精细胞缺如，仅有支持细胞或散在分布，间质细胞随龄递减。2．细辛可以使小鼠的曲细精管增粗，生精过程活跃，生精细胞增多，间质细胞增多。结论 细辛有一定抗衰老作用。     

淋巴管阻断对大鼠睾丸生精上皮的影响

用外科手术的方法将正常成年ＳＤ大鼠双侧睾丸淋巴管阻断后，观察术后不同时间睾丸生精上皮的组织学变化。术后２天出现生精上皮的形态改变，生精细胞排列松散，部分精子细胞脱落，聚集在管腔部位。术后６天多数曲细精管的精子细胞全部脱落。假手术对照组，睾丸生精上皮具有正常的形态结构。     

厌氧棒菌苗对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞激活的观察

厌氧棒菌苗（ＣｏｒｙｎｅｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍＰａｒｖｕｍ，ＣＰ）是抗肿瘤制剂，其抗肿瘤作用的重要机制之一是激活巨噬细胞（Ｍ），用ＭＴＴ法动态观察了ＣＰ对小鼠腹腔Ｍ激活效应，实验用体重２０ｇ±２ｇ的ＮＩＨ雌性小鼠，腹腔注射ＣＰ０．５ｍｌ（ＣＰ每毫升含福尔马林灭活菌苗２ｍｇ，河南医科大学微生物学教研室惠赠），对照组腹腔注射０．５ｍｌ生理盐水，注射后不同时间杀鼠，常规制备腹腔细胞，按３×１０６／ｍｌ的细胞浓度０．１ｍｌ／孔加入９６孔培养板，贴壁２小时后用ＭＴＴ法测Ｍ的活化情况。ＭＴＴ法所测Ａ（吸光度，原…     

急性代谢性酸中毒时CSFpCO2在CSF酸碱调节中的作用

本文旨在探讨急性代酸时ＣＳＦｐＣＯ＿２在ＣＳＦ酸碱调节中的作用及其机制。４组急性代酸犬模型均由静脉内输入０．２ＮＨＣｌ产生，血浆［ＨＣＯ＿３－］ｌｈ内下降到１２±２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，实验持续６ｈ。Ⅰ组控制ＰａＣＯ＿２常，６ｈ时ＣＳＦ［ＨＣＯ＿３－］下降了１．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；Ⅱ组自然呼吸，ＣＳＦｐＣＯ＿２伴随ＰａＣＯ＿２下降，６ｈ时ＣＳＦ［ＨＣＯ＿３－］下降了６．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；Ⅲ组机械通气，ＰａＣＯ＿２和ＣＳＦｐＣＯ２均迅速下降，６ｈ时ＣＳＦ［ＨＣＯ＿３－］下降了８．２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；Ⅳ组控制ＰａＣＯ＿２正常，脑室注入乙酰唑胺，６ｈ时ＣＳＦ［ＨＣＯ＿３－］下降了１１．４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。结果说明急性代酸时．ＣＳＦ［ＨＣＯ＿３－］取决于ＣＳＦｐＣＯ＿２。ＣＳＦＨＣＯ＿３－主要来源于ＣＮＳＣＯ＿２的水化作用，与ＣＡ活性显著相关。     

Expression of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM1) in normal human Sertoli cells and its up-regulation in impaired spermatogenesis

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM1) is usually expressed at the luminal surface of different epithelia and is up-regulated in endothelial cells during angiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate evidence of morphogenetic effects of CEACAM1 in spermatogenesis. CEACAM1 is detectable in normal testicular tissue and seminal fluid. It is present in the adluminal part of Sertoli cells extending only as far as the tight junctions between them. CEACAM1 immunostaining is significantly increased and extends to the basal part of Sertoli cells in the presence of carcinoma in situ. Also, in vitro-induced spermatogenetic disturbance leads to an enhanced CEACAM1 expression in Sertoli cells after 3 days of culture. Remarkably, seminiferous tubules containing exclusively Sertoli cells do not exhibit any CEACAM1 expression. CEACAM1 staining was absent in vascular endothelial cells of normal testicular tissue, but present in small blood vessels of seminomas. These data suggest that CEACAM1 expression in Sertoli cells depends on the presence of germ cells and plays a role in adhesive interactions between Sertoli and differentiating germ cells. Its up-regulation in Sertoli cells accompanying spermatogenic damage may contribute to reconstruction and maintenance of the tubular structure of seminiferous tubules. Additionally, CEACAM1 is apparently involved in the angiogenesis of germ cell tumours.     

Live human germ cells in the context of their spermatogenic stages

BACKGROUND: Various types of live, dispersed, human testicular cells in vitro were previously compared with the morphologic characteristics of human spermatogenic germ cells in situ within seminiferous tubules. The current study extends those observations by placing live human germ cells in the context of their developmental steps and stages of the spermatogenic cycle. METHODS: Live human testicular tissue was obtained from an organ-donating, brain-dead person. A cell suspension was obtained by enzymatic digestion, and dispersed cells were observed live with Nomarski optics. Testes from 10 men were obtained at autopsy within ten hours of death, fixed in glutaraldehyde, further fixed in osmium, embedded in Epon, sectioned at 20 microm, and observed unstained by Nomarski optics. RESULTS: In both live and fixed preparations, Sertoli cells have oval to pear-shaped nuclei with indented nuclear envelopes and large nucleoli, which makes their appearance distinctly different from germ cells. For germ cells, size, shape, and chromatic pattern of nuclei, the presence of meiotic metaphase figures, acrosomic vesicles/structures, tails, and/or mitochondria in the middle piece are characteristically seen in live dispersed cells and those in the fixed seminiferous tubules. These lead to identification of live germ cells in man and placement of each in the context of their developmental steps of spermatogenesis at corresponding stages of the spermatogenic cycle. CONCLUSIONS: This comparative approach allows verification of the identity of individual germ cells seen in vitro and provides a checklist of distinguishing characteristics of live human germ cells to be used in clinical procedures or by scientists interested in studying live cells at known steps in spermatogenic development characteristic of germ cells in specific stages of the spermatogenic cycle.     

Experimental allergic orchitis in mice

Summary Experimental allergic orchids was induced in (C57BL/6J × A/J)F₁ mice by two injections of syngeneic testicular homogenate emulsified with adjuvants immediately followed by intravenous injection of pertussis vaccine, at a 2 week interval.Histologically, in the initial stage there was occasional focal degeneration and desquamation of both spermatogonia and Sertoli cells within limited parts of the seminiferous tubules, in the peripheral region of the testis. No inflammatory change was present. In some cases, however, inflammatory reaction in the rete testis and focal lymphocytic infiltration in the interstitium were also observed. Subsequently, marked infiltration of lymphocytes, monocytes, and polymorphs were found not only in the testes, but also in rete testis and epididymis. In later stages the inflammatory reaction gradually subsided, but the testes became atrophic due to progression of spermatogenic arrest. Many tubules were lined only with monolayers of Sertoli cells, surrounded by hyperplastic Leydig cells in the interstitium. At 5 months after the 2nd immunization, there was still variable depression of spermatogenesis and hyperplasia of Leydig cells with scattered fibrous scars in the seminiferous tubules, although good regeneration of germ cells appeared in some tubules.Immunological studies revealed that lymphocytes obtained from mice bearing developed orchitis showed a significantly enhanced response in the mixed culture with syngeneic testicular cells, and suggest that cellular immunity plays an important role in the induction of experimental allergic orchitis in mice.     

Postinflammation stage of autoimmune orchitis induced by immunization with syngeneic testicular germ cells alone in mice

We previously established an immunological infertility model, experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO), which can be induced by two subcutaneous injections of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells on days 0 and 14 in mice without using any adjuvant. In this EAO model, CD4+ T-cell-dependent lymphocytic infiltration and immune deposits were found with spermatogenic disturbance on day 120. However, the late stage of EAO (= postactive inflammation stage on day 365) has not yet been investigated. Therefore, we investigated the histopathological characteristics of the late stage. The results revealed that the lymphocytic infiltration finally resolved; however, the seminiferous epithelium persistently showed maturation arrest and the Sertoli cell-only feature. In the seminiferous tubules showing maturation arrest, both proliferation and apoptosis of germ cells had occurred simultaneously. It was also noted that there were deposits of immunoglobulin G and the third component of complement on the thickened basement membrane of seminiferous tubules in the late stage of EAO. These results indicate that histopathology after active inflammation in EAO comprises persistent damage to the seminiferous epithelium and may resemble the histopathology of “idiopathic disturbance of spermatogenesis” in man.     

Leydig-cell agenesis: a cause of male pseudohermaphroditism.

We studied a 35-year-old patient with female external genitalia, primary amenorrhea and XY karytotype. Plasma testosterone was 10 ng per deciliter, which did not change after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin, increased to 22 ng per deciliter after ACTH, and decreased to 0.9 ng per deciliter after dexamethasone. Plasma delta 4-androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone were in the normal range. Plasma luteinizing hormone was high, but follicle-stimulating hormone normal (7.5 mlU per milliliter). There were two testes with epididymis and vas deferens, but no Mullerian structures. Microscopical examination showed hyalinization of tubules, which were lined by normal Sertoli cells and occasional immature germ cells. No Leydig cells were seen. After castration follicle-stimulating hormone increased to 43 mlU per milliliter. We conclude that this case of male pseudohermaphroditism was probably due to a Leydig-cell agenesis, that the epididymis and vas deferens can be developed in such a condition and the follicle-stimulating hormone secretion is regulated, at least in part, by a non-androgen substance secreted by Sertoli cells.     

Immunohistochemical analysis of connexin43 expression in infertile human testes

Connexin43 (Cx43) is abundantly expressed in mammalian testes and implicated in the regulation of cell-to-cell interaction between germ cells and Sertoli cells, which is essential to the normal process of spermatogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the relation between Cx43 expression and the degree of spermatogenesis in infertile human testes. Immunohistochemical analysis of Cx43 was performed on testicular biopsies from 29 patients with azoospermia (n=23) and severe oligospermia (n=6), who gave informed consent to this experiment. The degree of testicular spermatogenesis was evaluated by Johnsen score. In the interstitium, immunostaining for Cx43 was localized to some focal parts of plasma membrane between neighboring Leydig cells. In seminiferous tubules with normal spermatogenesis, Cx43 expression was found between Sertoli cells and germ cells. However, Cx43 expression in maturation arrest was decreased and located mainly in the basal compartment of seminiferous tubules. Finally, there was a significant positive correlation between histological score of spermatogenesis and intensity of Cx43 (p=0.0294). These data suggest that the alteration of Cx43 expression may be involved in spermatogenic impairment, and that the communication between Sertoli cells and germ cells through Cx43 may be important for maturation of spermatogenesis.     

The ultrastructural effects of di-n-pentyl phthalate on the testis of the mature rat

A sequential morphological study has been carried out to examine the ultrastructural effects of di-n-pentyl phthalate (DPP) on the mature rat testis. A single oral dose of 2.2 g DPP/kg body wt was administered, and testes, perfuse-fixed 3-48 hr after dosing, were examined by transmission electron microscopy. By 3 hr, rarefaction of the basal Sertoli cell cytoplasm was seen and the basal plasma membranes separating adjacent Sertoli cells were thrown into a series of convoluted profiles with the appearance of interdigitating cell processes. The subjacent ectoplasmic specializations that normally face these membranes were disrupted, and by 12 hr the inter-Sertoli junctions showed numerous membrane discontinuities. The lateral processes of Sertoli cell cytoplasm, which separate germ cells, showed retraction and fragmentation, resulting in direct contact between adjacent germ cells or the isolation of germ cells unapposed by Sertoli cell plasma membrane. In addition, the ectoplasmic specializations associated with Sertoli-spermatid and Sertoli-pachytene spermatocyte junctions were often disrupted or absent. The mitochondria in the Sertoli cells were enlarged and, in some tubules, increased in number. The changes seen were restricted to tubules in the successive stages XI-XIV, I, and II of the spermatogenic cycle. Elongating spermatids (steps 12-15) showed cytoplasmic condensation and vacuolation by 12 hr and were necrotic by 24 hr. A small proportion of zygotene and early pachytene spermatocytes showed necrosis by 24 hr after dosing. By 48 hr, the cytoplasmic rarefaction and convoluted plasma membranes had regressed and ectroplasmic specializations had reformed along Sertoli-Sertoli junctions.     

家兔高位输精管结扎后其近端结构变化的观察

家兔高位输精管结扎后其近端结构出现明显变化。光镜和电镜观察显示，管的近端管径增粗，管腔扩张，腔内充满精子。柱状上皮细胞顶部胞膜内陷增多，胞质内含有较丰富的有衣小泡、多泡体、溶酶体和线粒体等。出现变化的时间是术后的第３个月。中位输精管结扎后其近端结构的变化基本相似于高位结扎。低位输精管结扎后无变化。本研究结果提示，家兔输精管不单纯是输送精子的管道，还有较强的摄取某些物质的作用。     

Immunohistochemical analysis of the vimentin filaments in Sertoli cells is a powerful tool for the prediction of spermatogenic dysfunction

The close interaction between male germ cells and Sertoli cells, a type of somatic cell found in the seminiferous tubules of mammalian testis, is essential for the normal progression of spermatogenesis in mammals. Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein that primarily provides mechanical support, preserves cell shape, and maintains the nuclear position, and it is often used as a marker to identify Sertoli cells. Vimentin is known to be involved in many diseases and aging processes; however, how vimentin is related to spermatogenic dysfunction and the associated functional changes is still unclear. In a previous study, we reported that vitamin E deficiency affected the testes, epididymis, and spermatozoa of mice, accelerating the progression of senescence. In this study, we focused on the Sertoli cell marker vimentin and explored the relationship between the cytoskeletal system of Sertoli cells and spermatogenic dysfunction using testis tissue sections that caused male reproductive dysfunction with vitamin E deficiency. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that the proportion of the vimentin-positive area in seminiferous tubule cross-sections was significantly increased in testis tissue sections of the vitamin E-deficient group compared with the proportion in the control group. The histological analysis of testis tissue sections from the vitamin E-deficient group showed that vimentin-positive Sertoli cells were greatly extended from the basement membrane, along with an increased abundance of vimentin. These findings suggest that vimentin may be a potential indicator for detecting spermatogenic dysfunction.     

Germ cell transfer into rat, bovine, monkey and human testes.

Germ cell transplantation is a potentially valuable technique offering oncological patients gonadal protection by reinitiating spermatogenesis from stem cells which were reinfused into the seminiferous tubules. In order to achieve an intratubular germ cell transfer, intratubular microinjection, efferent duct injections and rete testis injections were applied on dissected testes of four different species: rat, bull, monkey and man. Ultrasound-guided intratesticular rete testis injection was the best and least invasive injection technique with maximal infusion efficiency for larger testes. Deep infiltration of seminiferous tubules was only achieved in immature or partially regressed testes. This technique was applied in vivo on two cynomolgus monkeys. In the first monkey a deep infusion of injected cells and dye into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules was achieved. In the second, transplanted germ cells were present in the seminiferous epithelium 4 weeks after the transfer. These cells were morphologically identified as B-spermatogonia and located at the base of the seminiferous epithelium. In summary, this paper describes a promising approach for germ cell infusion into large testes. The application of this technique is the first successful attempt of a germ cell transfer in a primate.