单纯葡萄糖筛查试验异常对妊娠结局和新生儿体质指标的影响

目的 探讨妊娠期单纯葡萄糖筛查试验(GCT)异常对妊娠结局和新生儿体质指标的影响.方法 收集2006年11月至2007年12月于中山大学附属第一医院妇产科住院分娩的孕妇214例,于孕24～28周时行50 g GCT,若服糖后1 h血糖≥7.8 mmol/L,再行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),空腹血糖及服糖后1 h、2 h、3 h血糖标准分别为5.3 mmol/L、10.0 mmol/L、8.6 mmol/L和7.8 mmol/L,4项血糖值均未达到上述标准,为OGTT正常.50 g GCT异常、但75 g OGTY正常的116例孕妇及其新生儿为单纯GCT异常组;50 g GCT正常的98例孕妇及其新生儿为GCT正常组.对两组母儿结局进行分析.记录两组新生儿的出生体重、身长、头围、肩周围值;于出生后24 h内以皮尺测定其上臂围,以直尺测定其肱三头肌皮褶厚度及腹壁皮下脂肪厚度.结果 (1)两组母儿结局:单纯GCT异常组孕妇的阴道助产率[10.3%(12/116)]、羊水过多发生率[5.2%(6/116)]、胎膜早破发生率[13.8%(16/116)]、胎儿窘迫发生率[20.7%(24/116)]与GCT正常组[分别为4.1%(4/98)、10.2%(10/98)、17.3%(17/98)、13.3%(13/98)]比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);单纯GCT异常组孕妇的剖宫产率[72.4%(84/116)]、阴道顺产率[17.2%(20/116)]、大于胎龄儿出生率[25.9%(30/116)],与GCT正常组[分别为51.0%(50/98)、44.9%(44/98)、6.1%(6/98)]比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)新生儿体质指标:单纯GCT异常组新生儿出生体重为(3.4±0.4)kg,与GCT正常组的(3.3±0.4)kg比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);单纯GCT异常组新生儿身长[(49.9±1.3)cm]、头围[(33.4±1.5)cm]、肩周围[(35.4±2.3)cm]、上臂围[(11.0±0.7)cm]、肱三头肌皮褶厚度[(9.7±1.0)mm]、腹壁皮下脂肪厚度[(7.2±1.2)mm]等体质指标,与GCT正常组[分别为(49.7±1.4)cm、(33.8±1.7)cm、(35.0±2.3)cm、(10.9±0.8)cm、(9.9±1.4)mm、(7.2±1.0)mm]比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 单纯GCT异常对新生儿体质指标无影响,但GCT异常的孕妇剖宫产率、大于胎龄儿出生率、新生儿出生体重均高于GCT正常的孕妇.     

Values of fasting glucose levels, glucose tolerance tests, and glucose-insulin ratios as predictors of glucose tolerance

OBJECTIVE: To examine the ability to use parameters obtainable from an oral glucose tolerance test to predict insulin action as determined under hyperinsulinemic, hyperglycemic conditions. DESIGN: Prospective clinical investigation. SETTING: University medical center clinical research unit. PATIENT(S): Healthy male volunteers. INTERVENTION(S): Oral glucose tolerance test and hyperglycemic (+125 mg/dL) clamp studies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Glucose and insulin (I) levels, rate of glucose uptake (M) under hyperglycemic conditions, and M/I ratios. RESULT(S): Among individuals with normal glucose tolerance, as assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test, the fasting insulin level is the glucose tolerance test parameter that correlates best with insulin action during a hyperglycemic clamp. CONCLUSION(S): Measurement of fasting serum insulin levels in conjunction with an oral glucose tolerance test improves the ability to assess insulin action. Such combinations may improve the ability to diagnose insulin-resistant states.     

Relationships between age, sex, anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance.

To establish the relationships between age, sex, anthropometric measurements and bioelectrical impedance, 446 healthy subjects (242 men and 204 women), aged 17 to 88 years, were enrolled in our study. Anthropometric parameters included body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), skinfold thickness of the triceps (TSF), and arm muscle circumference (AMC). Using the BIA-106, RJL System, the bioelectrical resistance, bioelectrical reactance and phase angle were measured. Correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between gender, anthropometry and bioelectrical resistance. A significant correlation between age, anthropometry and reactance was also noted. Both male and female subjects in the fourth quartile of the age distribution showed significantly lower reactance and phase angle. The quartile study of the body mass index revealed corresponding changes in weight, BMI, TSF, AMC and resistance in quartiles, but not reactance. In conclusion, in addition to anthropometry, gender has an effect on bioelectrical resistance, and age has an effect on reactance.     

Evaluation of body composition of large-for-gestational-age infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus compared with women with normal glucose tolerance levels

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in body composition and the factors that are associated with fat mass in the large-for-gestational-age infants of women with gestational diabetes mellitus compared with the large-for-gestational-age infants of women with normal glucose tolerance levels. STUDY DESIGN: Large for gestational age was defined as weight >90th percentile for gestational age, race, and sex on the basis of our population's normative data. Anthropometric measurements and/or total body electrical conductivity estimated body composition that included fat mass, percent body fat, and lean body mass were obtained. Multiple stepwise regression was used to determine factors correlating with fat mass. RESULTS: Fifty cases of women with gestational diabetes mellitus and 52 cases of women with normal glucose tolerance levels were evaluated. Infants of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus had increased fat mass (662 vs 563 g; P = .02) and percent body fat (16.2% vs 13.5%; P = .002) but decreased lean body mass (3400 vs 3557 g; P = .0009), as compared with infants of mothers with normal glucose tolerance levels, despite similar birth weights. Stepwise regression on all 102 women showed gestational age and a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus correlated with fat mass (r2 = 0.11; P = .001). For gestational diabetes mellitus alone, both gestational age and fasting value of the oral glucose tolerance test correlated with fat mass and percent body fat (r2 = 0.33 [P = .0009] and r2 = 0.26 [P = .005], respectively). CONCLUSION: Large-for-gestational-age infants of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus have increased fat mass and decreased lean body mass compared with infants of mothers with normal glucose tolerance levels. In gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational age and fasting value of the oral glucose tolerance test correlated best with fat mass.     

The relationship between carbohydrate intake and glucose tolerance in pregnant women

OBJECTIVE: We verified whether a misdiagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus can result in pregnant women when glucose tolerance has deteriorated after a low-carbohydrate meal, and tried to elucidate the mechanism behind the different outcome of the test. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-seven pregnant women were given directions for their evening meal the day before each of two 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). The evening meal was either a low-carbohydrate meal (carbohydrate, 6.7%; Low), or a high-carbohydrate meal (carbohydrate, 85.7%; High). RESULTS: The OGTT showed that the glucose tolerance was significantly impaired after Low than after High, with a significant increase of fasting plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) level. Moreover, the insulinogenic index (I-I) after High significantly decreased than that after Low. CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggests that there is a risk of misdiagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance with only one intake of this extremely low-carbohydrate meal on the evening before testing. The decrease of insulin secretion and the activation of glucose-fatty acid cycle may be considered as the mechanism.     

Menopause,energy expenditure,and body composition

OBJECTIVES: The effects of menopause transition on metabolic and cardiovascular disease risk in women are unclear. It is unknown whether estrogen deficiency, aging, or a combination of both factors are independent contributors to a worsening health profile in women. We considered the effects of menopause transition and hormone replacement therapy on body composition, regional body fat, energy expenditure, and insulin sensitivity. METHODS: A brief review of current literature that has considered the role of menopause transition and hormone replacement therapy on body composition, energy expenditure, and insulin sensitivity with an emphasis on longitudinal investigations. RESULTS: Preliminary evidence suggests that natural menopause is associated with reduced energy expenditure during rest and physical activity, an accelerated loss of fat-free mass, and increased central adiposity and fasting insulin levels. Hormone replacement therapy has been shown to attenuate these changes. Longitudinal and longer intervention studies are needed to confirm these initial findings. CONCLUSIONS: Menopause transition may represent a risky period in a woman's life, 'triggering' adverse metabolic and cardiovascular processes that predispose women to a greater incidence of obesity-related comorbidities. Dietary, exercise, and hormonal interventions specifically targeted at premenopausal women may help mitigate the worsening cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile associated with menopause.     

Calcium and vitamin D status in the adolescent: key roles for bone, body weight, glucose tolerance, and estrogen biosynthesis

This review paper highlights a number of important public health issues related to calcium and vitamin D status in adolescents. Dietary calcium intake has declined dramatically over the past several decades among adolescents, and inadequate serum vitamin D levels have been documented in up to 54% of teens. A recent trend of decreasing consumption of dairy foods, especially milk, has contributed to this problem. Calcium and vitamin D are critically important for bone mineral accrual during adolescence, and altered calcium homeostasis can impact optimal bone acquisition. Serum and cellular calcium concentrations are controlled, in part, by the actions of vitamin D. Newer research seeks to clarify the potential functions of calcium and vitamin D in the regulation of body weight, glucose tolerance, and ovarian function. Numerous observational studies have noted an inverse association between body weight, percent body fat, and dietary calcium intake; however, clinical trials evaluating the affect of increased calcium on weight loss have been mixed. There is a reduced incidence of insulin resistance syndrome with increasing dairy intake in overweight individuals, and serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels are positively correlated with insulin sensitivity. Vitamin D receptor is expressed in all calcium-regulated tissues, including the ovary; thus, calcium and vitamin D appear to be necessary for full ovarian function. This review paper will examine the important role of vitamin D and calcium in the regulation of bone, weight, glucose tolerance, and estrogen biosynthesis.     

Relation between body mass and postmenopausal symptoms in surgically castrated women

Introduction Post-menopause androgens are the essential precursors for estrogen synthesis through their conversion in peripheral tissues. The main postmenopausal estrogen is estrone, which is also peripherally converted into estradiol. Concentrations of these two estrogens are directly proportional in circulation. We wanted to establish whether there is a direct correlation between body mass and postmenopausal symptoms in surgically castrated women.Materials and methods We analyzed 30 patients with artificially induced menopause, 3–12 months after the operation (hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy). Prior to being put on hormone substitution therapy the following was obtained from the patients: Body Mass Index—BMI (kg/m²), measurement of estradiol (E₂) by RIA method, and 12 subjective symptoms analyzed according to intensity and frequency. The relationship between BMI, E₂ level and subjective symptoms were assessed.Results By analyzing the correlation coefficient it was shown that there was statistically significant causal-consequential connection between the E₂ level and BMI (R²=0.1647, p<0.05). There is no strong correlation between BMI and symptoms (R²=0.004, p<0.05). However, E₂ level correlated with subjective symptoms (R²=0.2123, p<0.05).Conclusions Estrogen production in postmenopause is dependent on the substrate availability, and thus with adiposity. Therefore, we were surprised by the lack of correlation between BMI and symptoms. This suggests that estrogen metabolism and biological effects are not primarily affected by BMI, and that expression of postmenopausal symptoms does not depend only on estrogen level.     

Glucose tolerance in pregnancy in South India: relationships to neonatal anthropometry

BACKGROUND: The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing worldwide, most rapidly in developing countries such as India. Exposure as a fetus to maternal gestational diabetes is thought to be a risk factor for developing the disease. This study was set up to determine the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in one urban maternity unit in South India and to examine its effect on the offspring's neonatal anthropometry, childhood growth, and glucose/insulin metabolism. This paper reports neonatal outcomes. METHODS: Seven hundred and eighty five women were recruited consecutively from the antenatal clinic of the Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore and underwent a 100 g, 3-hr oral glucose tolerance test at 30 +/- 2 weeks gestation. Gestational diabetes was defined using Carpenter and Coustan criteria. The babies were measured in detail at birth. RESULTS: Mean maternal age and body mass index were 23.6 years and 23.1 kg/m(2). The incidence of gestational diabetes was 6.2%. Mothers with gestational diabetes had babies that were heavier (3339 g compared with 2956 g for non-diabetic mothers) and larger in measurements of fat, muscle, and skeleton. Even in non-diabetic pregnancies, neonatal weight, head circumference, and ponderal index were positively related to maternal fasting glucose concentrations (P < or = 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of gestational diabetes was high in this unselected sample of mothers booking into one urban Indian maternity unit. Community-based studies are required to confirm this. The effect of maternal glucose concentrations on neonatal anthropometry is continuous and extends into the "normal" glycemic range.     

妊娠期糖耐量受损与孕妇及围生儿结局的关系

目的　探讨妊娠期糖耐量受损 (GIGT)与孕妇及围生儿结局的关系。方法　 2 0 0 0年 1月至 2 0 0 1年 3月对GIGT孕妇 75例 (GIGT组 ) ,妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM )孕妇 4 3例 (GDM组 ) ,糖耐量正常孕妇 10 0例 (对照组 )的孕妇及围生儿结局进行比较。结果　GIGT组的妊高征、巨大儿、胎儿窘迫、羊水过少、早产发生率以及手术产率均高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,新生儿低血糖、高胆红素血症发生率高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　GIGT与GDM均是影响孕妇及围生儿结局的重要因素 ,对妊娠期不同程度糖耐量异常均应进行监测和处理