同种异体半月板移植的研究现状

1 研究背景 1.1半月板的解剖与功能 半月板是膝关节内的软骨盘,位于胫骨平台与股骨髁之间,内侧为C型,外侧为近似O型.均分为前角、后角和体部.前后角借助"止点"结构固定于胫骨平台,内侧半月板前角止于胫骨髁间前斜坡处,后角止于内侧髁间棘后侧、后交叉韧带止点之前;外侧半月板前角止于外侧髁间棘前部,部分纤维与前交叉韧带相延续,后角止于外侧髁间棘后缘.     

前交叉韧带退变与髁间窝撞击及内侧半月板撕裂的相关性研究

目的探讨膝骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)患者前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)退变与髁间窝撞击、内侧半月板撕裂间的相关性。方法回顾分析2014年7月-2016年2月收治伴ACL退变的KOA患者55例(55膝,退变组)临床资料,另随机选择55例(55膝)ACL正常的KOA患者作为对照(55膝,正常组)。两组患者性别、年龄、体质量指数、侧别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。于术前MRI测量髁间窝指数,评价是否存在髁间窝狭窄;关节镜下观察内、外侧半月板撕裂发生情况以及发生部位,有无ACL胫骨止点骨赘形成;计算各部位半月板撕裂及骨赘形成发生率。结果两组内侧半月板前角、体部撕裂发生率,外侧半月板前角、体部、后角及后根部撕裂发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);内侧半月板后角及后根部撕裂发生率、ACL胫骨止点骨赘形成发生率、髁间窝狭窄发生率以及髁间窝指数比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组13例存在ACL胫骨止点骨赘患者中,内侧半月板后根部撕裂发生率为53.8%(7/13);97例无ACL胫骨止点骨赘患者中,其发生率为16.5%(16/97);比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=9.671,P=0.002)。结论 KOA患者ACL退变与髁间窝撞击以及内侧半月板后角、后根部撕裂密切相关,ACL胫骨止点骨赘形成与内侧半月板后根部撕裂发生率相关。     

膝关节半月板根部附着区的解剖学测量

目的:测量国人膝关节内外侧半月板前后根部附着区的解剖学数据,为临床修复半月板根部损伤提供解剖学基础。方法:选取30个国人成人尸体膝关节标本,其中男16例,女14例;死亡年龄35～68(55.6±7.8)岁。对半月板根部附着区结构进行解剖,测量内外侧半月板根部附着区中心点与胫骨内外侧髁间棘、后交叉韧带前缘、内侧胫骨平台软骨后方外侧缘及外侧胫骨平台软骨后方内侧缘等标志点的位置关系和各个附着区的面积。结果:内侧半月板后根部附着区:中心点位于胫骨内侧髁间棘后方(11.73±3.10) mm、外侧(2.77±0.86) mm,后交叉韧带前缘前(2.76±0.76) mm,内侧平台软骨外侧缘外(3.92±0.22) mm,附着区面积(31.29±5.18) mm~2。内侧半月板前根部附着区:中心点位于胫骨内侧髁间棘前方(25.40±5.27) mm、外侧(3.01±0.86) mm,附着区面积(46.18±11.60) mm~2。外侧半月板后根部附着区:中心点位于胫骨外侧髁间棘后方(4.51±1.35)mm、内侧(1.85±0.34) mm,后交叉韧带前缘前(6.91±1.11) mm,外侧平台软骨内侧缘内(3.16±0.96) mm,附着区面积(44.10±6.23) mm~2。外侧半月板前根部附着区:中心点位于胫骨外侧髁间棘前方(12.97±2.92) mm、外侧(1.31±0.22) mm,附着区面积(60.84±14.98) mm~2。结论 :该试验定量描述内外侧半月板前后根部附着区的面积以及其中心点与相应标志点的位置关系,为临床修复半月板根部损伤提供一定的解剖学参考。     

膝关节外侧半月板假撕裂MRI征象分析及临床意义

目的:明确板股韧带及膝横韧带所致外侧半月板假撕裂的发生机制,探讨外侧半月板假撕裂与真撕裂的鉴别方法。方法:对自2012年6月至2014年2月间72例(左膝44例,右膝28例)经关节镜证实的无外侧半月板撕裂的膝关节进行矢状及冠状位MR扫描,其中男41例,女31例;年龄25～61岁,平均33.7岁。观察板股韧带及膝横韧带的MRI表现。结果:膝横韧带与外侧半月板前角及其中央腱性附着部之间以脂肪组织分隔,在MRI矢状像上,可见脂肪组织在膝横韧带与外侧半月板前角之间形成的线样稍高信号裂隙,类似外侧半月板前角撕裂,称为外侧半月板前角假撕裂。板股韧带在矢状像上表现为位于后交叉韧带前或后方的类圆形或短棒状低信号结构,而在冠状像上表现为自外侧半月板后角至股骨内侧髁外侧面的条带样低信号结构。在矢状像上,板股韧带与外侧半月板后角之间显示出一线样高信号,称为外侧半月板后角假撕裂。膝横韧带在MRI上的出现率约34.7%(25/72),表现为外侧半月板前角假撕裂18例,均表现为外侧半月板形态规则、撕裂线斜行,矢状位图像可连续显示膝横韧带,冠状位图像能显示该韧带的长轴。板股韧带显示率为73.6%(53/72),其中板股前韧带为23.6%(17/72),板股后韧带为70.8%(51/72),两条韧带同时存在为16.7%(12/72).表现为外侧半月板后角假撕裂25例,假撕裂仅有两种走行方向,即后下斜行(19/25)或垂直方向(6/25).结论:根据外侧半月板形状、撕裂线方向、观察矢状和冠状位图像,可正确区分外侧半月板的真、假撕裂。     

关节镜辅助下治疗反式Segond骨折2例

正Segond骨折是外侧胫骨平台前外侧韧带止点的撕脱骨折,其损伤由暴力使膝关节屈曲内翻时胫骨内旋引起,常常合并有前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)损伤或外侧关节囊半月板损伤[1]。因此Segond骨折是ACL断裂的间接征象。反式Segond骨折位于胫骨平台内侧缘累及内侧副韧带深层的撕脱骨折,与Segond骨折位置相对应,于1997年,由Hall和Hochman[2]首先报道。其受伤机制与Segond     

半月板撕裂和切除对前交叉韧带断裂力学稳定性的影响

目的探讨半月板对前交叉韧带断裂及重建术后胫骨前向稳定性的影响。 方法收集2017年1月至2018年10月期间前交叉韧带重建患者,排除前交叉韧带部分断裂和多发韧带损伤病例。所有不稳定半月板撕裂均行半月板部分切除术,根据半月板损伤部位及程度进行分组。采用KT-1000测量术前、术后3个月和6个月的胫骨前平移量(ATT)。组间对照采用独立样本t检验。 结果共纳入158例前交叉韧带断裂患者,其中半月板正常组61例,内侧半月板后角撕裂组49例(19例为撕脱<总宽度40%;30例为撕脱≥总宽度40%);外侧半月板撕裂组35例(12例为撕脱<总宽度40%;23例为撕脱≥总宽度40%);内侧半月板前角或体部撕裂组13例(6例为撕脱<总宽度40%;7例为撕脱≥总宽度40%)。术前内侧半月板后角撕裂≥总宽度40%患者的胫骨前平移量较半月板正常患者明显增加,差异有统计学意义(t＝12.141,P<0.01)。术后3个月及6个月,各个半月板撕裂组的ATT值与半月板正常患者相比均无差异(P >0.05)。 结论内侧半月板后角撕裂与前交叉韧带断裂可增加膝关节的不稳定性,半月板部分切除术对前交叉韧带重建术后患者的膝关节稳定性无影响。     

膝关节前交叉韧带胫骨止点的软组织解剖标记

背景：膝关节前交叉韧带（ACL）重建时,胫骨骨道定位不准会产生重建韧带与髁间窝的撞击或起不到维持膝关节稳定性的作用。因此,确定ACL胫骨止点的位置非常重要。目的：研究膝关节ACL胫骨止点前内束（AMB）和后外束（PLB）与软组织标记后交叉韧带（PCL）和外侧半月板前角的距离,从而明确ACL胫骨止点在胫骨平台的位置,为ACL损伤双束重建提供理论支持。方法：解剖18个膝关节尸体标本（左膝10个,右膝8个）,测量ACL中点、AMB中点、PLB中点与PCL和外侧半月板前角的距离,并分析左、右膝关节是否存在差异。结果：AMB中点与PCL和外侧半月板前角的距离分别为（15.00±3.97）mm和（19.78±4.10）mm;PLB中点与两者的距离分别为（10.17±5.56）mm和（19.50±4.40）mm;ACL中点与两者的距离分别为（12.67±4.52）mm和（19.61±3.87）mm。左右膝关节ACL中点、AMB中点、PLB中点与软组织解剖标记的距离无明显统计学差异。结论：膝关节ACL损伤行手术重建时,可采用PCL和外侧半月板前角作为定位标记。     

经胫骨隧道止点重建治疗外侧半月板后角撕裂的临床疗效观察

目的 探讨关节镜辅助下经胫骨隧道止点重建治疗外侧半月板后角撕裂的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2016年6月至2018年6月深圳市龙岗区骨科医院采用关节镜辅助下经胫骨隧道止点重建治疗膝关节外侧半月板后角撕裂的19例病人,其中男12例,女7例;年龄为16～45岁,平均32.3岁.11例伴有前交叉韧带断裂.收集并比较19例病人...     

严重型胫骨平台骨折的手术治疗

严重型胫骨平台骨折临床上治疗相当困难,近年来这个课题逐渐受到重视。本院自1999年3月至2002年7月间共收治18例,均手术治疗。现报道如下。1临床资料1.1一般资料:本组18例,男13例,女5例;年龄30～69岁,平均年龄45.4岁。左12例,右6例。损伤原因,均为交通伤。据Schatzker分型:IV型3例,V型10例,VI型5例。其中11例存在前交叉韧带胫骨附丽点撕脱骨折,前交叉韧带股骨外髁附着处断离1例(共66.7%),5例存在后交叉韧带胫骨附丽点骨折(27.8%),3例外侧半月板严重撕裂伤,5例外侧半月板外缘游离损伤,1例内侧半月板严重撕裂伤,3例内侧半月板边缘游离损伤(…     

前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的治疗进展

前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)胫骨止点呈扇形附丽于髁间棘前方内侧沟内,位于内外侧半月板前角之间.Poncet早在1875年描述了胫骨髁间棘骨折[1].     

Arthroscopic Fixation of Avulsion of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament From Femoral Insertion

Femoral avulsion of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is not common, especially in adults. We present a case and an arthroscopic repair technique using 4 transfemoral tunnels; 2 anterior tunnels for fixation of the anterior bundle of the PCL and 2 posterior for the posterior bundle. Our case was that of a femoral avulsion of the PCL associated with tibial avulsion of the anterior cruciate ligament and femoral avulsion of the medial collateral ligament of the left knee in an adult. We repaired the tibial avulsion of anterior cruciate ligament using an arthroscopic transtibial suture technique and the femoral avulsion of the medial collateral ligament by using staple fixation.     

The anatomy of tibial eminence fractures: arthroscopic observations following failed closed reduction

BACKGROUND: Failed manipulative reduction of avulsion fractures of the tibial insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament has been attributed to interposition of soft tissues, particularly the anterior horn of the medial meniscus. The objectives of the present report were (1) to show that the failure to reduce Meyers and McKeever type-III tibial eminence fractures was not due to interposition of soft tissues and (2) to discuss the relevance of the finding that the anterior third of the lateral meniscus was attached to the avulsed anterior cruciate ligament insertion site in all patients studied. METHODS: Twelve patients who had had a failed manipulative reduction of a type-III tibial eminence fracture underwent arthroscopic reduction and fixation of the avulsed fragment. RESULTS: A number of consistent findings were noted. The avulsed intercondylar eminence was displaced superiorly into the intercondylar notch. Attached to this fragment was not only the anterior cruciate ligament, but also, in all cases, the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus. The anterior third of the lateral meniscus had been torn from its tibial attachment and displaced together with the osseous fragment into the intercondylar notch. No interposition of bone or soft tissue was observed. Reduction of the osseous fragment was facilitated by traction on, or sutures passed around, the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus. Standard fixation methods were utilized. CONCLUSIONS: The concept that avulsion fractures of the tibial insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament cannot be reduced by manipulation because of soft-tissue interposition was not supported by the findings of the present study. The attachment of the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus to the avulsed tibial insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament may not be an irrelevant incidental finding. The observation that the displaced osseous fragment was attached simultaneously to the anterior cruciate ligament and to the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus, both pulling in different directions, may explain why type-III tibial eminence fractures are irreducible by manipulation.     

Simultaneous avulsion fracture of the posterior medial and posterior lateral meniscus root: a case report and review of the literature

Injuries of the meniscus roots are increasingly recognized as a serious knee joint pathology. An avulsion fracture of the meniscus root is a rare variant of this injury pattern. In this article, a case of a traumatic simultaneous avulsion fracture of both the posterior medial and posterior lateral meniscus root associated with a tear of the anterior cruciate ligament is presented. Both avulsion fractures were treated by indirect arthroscopic transtibial pullout fixation of the bony fragment. Based on the findings of our literature review, root avulsion fractures seem to be more common in young male patients after an acute trauma to the knee joint.     

Arthroscopic management of intra-articular low-velocity gunshot wounds of the knee

This article reports on the arthroscopic management of intra-articular low-velocity gunshot wounds. Thirteen (12 men and 1 woman) patients comprised the study population treated over a 5-year period. All patients underwent arthroscopy within 24 hours of injury. Four patients had additional limited arthrotomies for internal fixation of associated fractures and removal of an embedded bullet. Allograft reconstruction as a delayed procedure was required in 1 patient with extensive bone deficiency of the medial femoral condyle. Two patients suffered cruciate ligament tears: one avulsion fracture of the femoral attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament and one avulsion tear of the tibial attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament. Meniscal damage was observed in 2 patients, one of which required a primary repair. No infections or operative complications occurred. Arthroscopic evaluation of the affected knees allowed debridement of osteochondral loose bodies, retained foreign materials and bullet fragments, and also aided in surgical decision making.     

Medial and lateral segond fractures in a skeletally immature patient: a radiographic marker for the multiply injured knee

Marginal fractures of the medial tibial plateau have been reported in the literature as a secondary type of Segond fracture. Some reports described this entity in the setting of combined injuries such as root avulsions of the medial meniscus, complete disruption of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), partial tear of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and tears of the medial meniscus and medial collateral ligament. It has been postulated that medial marginal fractures are secondary to compression of the medial aspect of the femoral condyle and tibial plateau with a corresponding posterolateral corner injury. However, this mechanism of injury may not always be as straightforward.This article presents a case of an alternate injury pattern in a skeletally immature patient. A 16-year-old boy sustained a varus force and twisting injury to his knee, resulting in radiographic evidence of multiple avulsion fractures of the knee, including a fibular epiphyseal avulsion fracture and medial and lateral Segond fractures. Usually, the avulsion fractures serve as markers for significant ligamentous injuries in adult patients, but our patient had minimal injury to the PCL, ACL, and posterolateral corner. Further physical examination and imaging studies revealed an anterior horn root avulsion, meniscocapsular separation, and anterior cortical rim fracture. A combination of imaging modalities helped us further characterize the injury pattern to devise the optimal surgical plan, especially the fixation of the anterior cortical fracture of the tibia.     

胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折的特点及临床诊治分析

目的 :探讨膝关节损伤中胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折的特点及临床诊治。方法 :自2011年1月至2015年12月运用关节镜技术微创治疗关节内损伤结合双锚钉内固定胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折29例,男17例,女12例;年龄27~62岁,平均41岁。20例合并前交叉韧带断裂(包含前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折),3例合并后交叉韧带断裂,1例同时合并前交叉韧带和后交叉韧带断裂,3例合并侧副韧带撕裂,2例合并胫骨平台骨折(内侧平台骨折和外侧平台骨折各1例)。术前均行X线、CT及MRI检查明确诊断,在受伤后5~14 d进行手术,平均7 d。采用Lysholm膝关节评分对膝关节术前、术后功能进行评价。结果:手术时间40~125 min,平均85 min;出血量10~30 ml,平均15 ml。术后所有患者获随访,时间12~18个月,平均14个月。Lysholm膝关节评分由术前的52.0±4.2明显提高至术后1年的91.9±1.4(t=-49.24,P0.05)。抽屉试验、Lachman试验及侧方应力试验均阴性,骨折均骨性愈合。结论 :胫骨平台外侧缘撕脱骨折提示合并有膝关节静力稳定结构(关节韧带、关节囊、半月板等)的损伤,甚至关节内骨折。常规要行CT和MRI检查,建议行关节镜探查,防止漏诊,以使患者能得到及时、全面的治疗,为膝关节功能最大限度恢复创造有利条件。     

Arthroscopic one-piece reshaping for symptomatic discoid medial meniscus with anomalous amalgamating into anterior cruciate ligament

Discoid shapes of lateral menisci are relatively common finding, whereas discoid medial menisci are less common. Discoid medial meniscus with associated anomalous variants has been reported. However, symptomatic complex tear of complete type discoid medial meniscus with anomalous blending with anterior cruciate ligament is an extremely rare pathology. A 35-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with left knee pain and loss of terminal extension for 2 years. On physical examination, the patient presented with clicking and restriction during the extension motion of the knee joint. Magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy indicated complex tear of complete discoid medial meniscus in association with anomalous connection between entire apical portion of discoid medial meniscus and tibial insertion portion of the anterior cruciate ligament. We obtained a successful outcome with arthroscopic resection and shaping in one-piece method using no. 11 scalpel blade.     

Meniskusersatz durch Hoffaschen Fettkörper-Erste klinische Ergebnisse

Between December 1986 and July 1988 a replacement of the absent medial, meniscus was taken by means of the infrapatellar adipose body in seven patients. A replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament by means of the middle one third of the patellofemoral ligament was taken too. This operation was done for reconstruction, of the synergism between the anterior cruciate ligament and the posterior horn of the medial meniscus. All patients are controlled in our special knee outpatient service. There were no complication postoperatively and on all seven patients a control arthroscopy was performed twelve months postoperatively. The subjective results are very satisfying because of the restoration of knee stability. The arthroscopic controls of the meniscal replacements, however, showed a reduction in size of the transplants after one year, the tissue was weak and not identical to that of a normal meniscus. Autologous strong tissue, e.g. quadriceps tendon, may have better presuppositions for meniscal replacement.     

Arthroscopic Pullout Repair of a Complete Radial Tear of the Tibial Attachment Site of the Medial Meniscus Posterior Horn

We developed an effective arthroscopic pullout technique for repairing complete radial tears of the tibial attachment site of the medial meniscus posterior horn (MMPH). In our technique, the torn meniscus is reattached to the tibial plateau immediately medial or anteromedial to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) using two No. 2 Ethibond sutures (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ). After a complete radial tear of the tibial attachment site of the MMPH and its reparability were confirmed, using a Caspari suture loaded with a suture shuttle, one No. 2 Ethibond suture is placed through the meniscus, through the red-red zone, 3 to 5 mm medial to the torn edge of the MMPH, and the other is passed through the meniscocapsular junction 3 to 5 mm medial to the torn edge of the meniscus. Then, a tibial tunnel, 5-mm in diameter, is made from the anteromedial aspect of the proximal tibia to the previously prepared tibial plateau, immediately medial or anteromedial to the PCL, and the two No. 2 Ethibond sutures are pulled out through the tibial tunnel and then fixed to the proximal tibia using a 3.5-mm cortical screw and washer. Firm reattachment of the torn meniscus was confirmed arthroscopically.