成人气管切开机械通气并发气管狭窄的相关因素分析

【目的】探讨成人气管切开并行机械通气患者并发气管狭窄的影响因素。【方法】选择本院1994-2003年气管切开并行机械通气治疗的246例患者为研究对象,就性别、年龄、术前有否气管插管,术前插管时间、术后持续机械通气时间、既往气管切开史、更换气管套管次数、环甲膜切开及反复呼吸道感染、糖尿病、胃食管返流等11个相关临床因素,用x~2检验和Logistic回归进行单因素和多因素分析。【结果】本组病例中,并发气管狭窄28例(11.4％),相关因素的单因素分析显示：术前插管时间(P=0.025)、术后持续机械通气时间(P=0.02)、反复呼吸道感染(P＜0.001),糖尿病(P＜0.001),胃食管返流(P=0.026)与气管狭窄发生有关。而多因素分析结果表明：术后持续机械通气时间、糖尿病、反复呼吸道感染、胃食管返流与发生气管狭窄明显相关。【结论】气管切开并行机械通气患者并发气管狭窄的影响因素是多方面的。统计学研究表明,术后机械通气持续时间、反复呼吸道感染、胃食管返流和合并有糖尿病等是其危险因素。     

气囊-面罩、食管气管导管和经口气管内插管在心肺复苏中的应用评价

【目的】探讨气囊-面罩、食管．气管导管盲插法和经口气管插管法在心肺复苏中（CPR）的应用价值。【方法】351例心脏呼吸骤停患者按照有无咽部解剖生理异常，分为正常组和异常组。每组根据CPR时对患者建立人工气道的不同措施将其随机均分为3组，A组常规CPR时即使用气囊-面罩通气；B组常规CPR时即行食管-气管导管盲插法；C组常规CPR时即行气管导管经口插管法。比较3种方法建立人工通气所需时间，复苏过程中患者的血氧饱和度以及复苏成功率。【结果】正常组气囊-面罩通气复苏成功率最差（P〈0．01），异常组食管气管导管盲插法复苏成功率最高（P〈0．01）。【结论】经口气管内插管是临床最常用和有效的建立高级气道的方法，在异常情况下，食管气管导管可作为首选。     

成人气管切开机械通气并发气管狭窄的相关因素分析

目的分析成人气管切开机械通气并发气管狭窄的相关因素,为开展气管狭窄防治提供依据。方法以2011年1月至2014年12月,医院ICU等科室收治并应用气管切开机械通气465例患者作为研究对象,采用回顾性分析方法,调取患者病历资料,将诊断出的气管狭窄纳入病例组,未并患者纳入对照组,进行因素分析。结果气管狭窄发生率9.46%,管内型25.00%、管壁型38.64%、管外型4.55%、混合型2.95%、完全闭塞型2.27%;病例组、对照组年龄≥60岁、套管黏膜损伤、合并原发慢性呼吸系统疾病、吸烟史、呼吸道感染、有意识障碍、机械通气时间≥7 d比重差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);机械通气时间、有气管切开史、呼吸道感染、年龄成为独立危险因素,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论成人气管切开机械通气并发气管狭窄影响因素较多,需关注高危患者。     

呼吸机相关性气管-支气管炎和肺炎的对比研究

【目的】探讨老年机械通气患者呼吸机相关性气管支气管炎和肺炎的临床和病原学特点，为临床更好地防治呼吸机相关的院内感染提供帮助。【方法】分析92例机械通气〉48h老年患者的资料，依据临床症状、X线胸片和下呼吸道分泌物的细菌培养结果，将符合标准的研究对象分成38例呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）组和32例呼吸机相关性气管-支气管感染（VAD组。分析两组发生率、病原学和预后差异。【结果】VAP、VAT发生率分别为41.3％和34．8％，13例VAT（40．6％）继发VAP。对比VAT组，VAP组机械通气2周前使用抗生素、COPD患者的比率显著增高，感染发生潍后，病死率高，机械通气时间、ICU时间延长，差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。VAP组前四位致病菌是铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、真菌。VAT组是铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希氏杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌。分离的G-菌株70％为多重耐药菌株，亚胺培南耐药率最低。【结论】VAT的早期发现和控制，有利于防止VAP发生，并降低病死率。     

气管插管与气管切开机械通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病并发呼吸衰竭救治中的应用比较

目的比较气管插管与气管切开机械通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）并发呼吸衰竭治疗中的临床应用。方法对40例COPD并发呼吸衰竭患者的住院资料进行回顾性分析。结果气管切开组与气管插管组在重症监护室住院时间、总住院费用、人工气道留置时间上差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）,气管插管组明显优于气管切开组。结论 COPD并发呼吸衰竭若非存在气管插管禁忌证,均应首选气管插管下的机械通气治疗,对COPD患者行气管切开须持谨慎态度。     

气管切开与经鼻气管插管抢救老年呼吸衰竭患者的护理

目的 探讨老年呼吸衰竭患者行气管切开与经鼻气管插管后机械通气的护理措施及疗效对比.方法 选择2009年1月-2011年6月在我院呼吸内科或危重症监护室(ICU)需进行有创机械通气的老年呼吸衰竭患者(年龄≥70岁)80例,按人工气道建立方式不同分为经鼻气管插管组(42例),气管切开组(38例),入选病例均接受专业、全面的护理及药物治疗,比较两组患者护理效果和临床疗效.结果 两组呼吸衰竭患者人工气道建立后即刻抢救成功率100％,气管切开组患者在防止痰痂堵塞管道、呼吸机撤机时间、撤机成功率、呼吸衰竭治愈及院内死亡率方面均优于经鼻气管插管组,在并发院内感染或二重感染方面两组无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 气管切开及经鼻气管插管后机械通气是抢救老年呼吸衰竭患者的重要措施,相比经鼻气管插管,气管切开能使老年患者的呼吸道分泌物更易排出,减少气道堵塞,缩短呼吸机撤机时间及提高撤机成功率.     

老年患者气管插管全身麻醉后下呼吸道感染相关因素分析及预防

目的：探讨气管插管全身麻醉患者术后下呼吸道感染的相关因素及预防方法。方法手术中接受气管插管全身麻醉的老年患者459例,分析老年患者气管插管全身麻醉发生下呼吸道感染的相关危险因素。结果459例气管插管全身麻醉老年患者发生下呼吸道感染62例,发生率为13．51％。痰培养出病原菌117株,主要病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌、产气肠杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌,其构成比分别为26．50％、22．22％、17．09％和15．38％。单因素分析显示,患者感染与性别、年龄、慢性心血管疾病以及糖尿病无相关性（P ＞0．05）,与吸烟史、慢性呼吸系统疾病、麻醉持续时间及术后拔管时间有关（P ＜0．01）。Logistic 回归分析显示老年患者气管插管全身麻醉发生下呼吸道感染的危险因素为吸烟、慢性呼吸系统疾病、患者麻醉持续时间及术后拔管时间（P ＜0．05）。结论老年患者气管插管全身麻醉后下呼吸道感染与患者吸烟、慢性呼吸系统疾病、麻醉持续时间≥3h 以及术后拔管时间≥2h 有关,应根据以上危险因素对呼吸道感染这一并发症进行有效防治。     

气管插管或气管切开术后并发肺部感染的原因及防治

气管插管或气管切开术后并发肺部感染的原因及防治张红李成立武超英（日照市人民医院，２７６８００）关键词气管插管；气管切开；肺部感染气管插管或气管切开对救治呼吸道阻塞患者有重要作用，特别是对急性呼吸衰竭患者为关键性的治疗手段，但也常常导致肺部感染等并发症...     

气管导管在抢救急性有机磷中毒病人中的作用及护理

目的探讨气管导管在抢救急性有机磷农药中毒导致呼吸衰竭中的两种作用。方法对我院收治的86例重度有机磷农药中毒并发呼吸衰竭患者采用经口明视插管，一条气管导管插入气管开放呼吸道，改善通气功能；另一条气管导管插入食管，然后从气管导管中插入胃管洗胃。结果由于呼吸道保持通畅并机械辅助通气，同时得以及时彻底地清除胃内毒物，82例病人得到成功抢救，使急危重病人的抢救成功率达95％。结论对急性有机磷农药中毒并发呼吸衰竭患者同时实施紧急气管插管与在气管导管导引下插胃管洗胃，可达到尽快改善通气与清除胃内毒物的作用，并可避免吸入性肺炎、急性肺损伤以及切开洗胃造成的创伤，极大地提高了中毒患者的抢救成功率。     

重型颅脑损伤患者早期气管切开的临床研究

目的：探讨早期气管切开（建立人工气道4～5天）和晚期气管切开（建立人工气道9—10天）对重型颅脑损伤病人呼吸机相关肺炎发生率、呼吸机治疗时间、住ICU时间和28天病死率的影响。方法：选取67例在ICU行经口气管插管并行机械通气的重型颅脑损伤患者,所有患者呼吸机治疗时间〉48小时,且插管前无肺部感染,均预期行气管切开,入ICU即行APACHEⅡ评分、GCS评分,将这些病人随机分成2组：观察组予早期气管切开,对照组予晚期气管切开,观察2组病人：建立人工气道3天、7天、14天呼吸机相关肺炎发生率的差异;呼吸机治疗时间、住ICU时间和28天病死率的差异。结果：2组病人建立人工气道3天呼吸机相关肺炎发生率无统计学差异（P〉0．05）,建立人工气道7天、14天观察组病人呼吸机相关肺炎发生率明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）;观察组病人呼吸机治疗时间、住ICU时间明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）;观察组28天病死率稍低于对照组,但无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：重型颅脑损伤病人予早期气管切开可明显降低呼吸机相关肺炎发生率;缩短呼吸机治疗时间及住ICU时间,从而缩短住院时间,降低医疗费用,但不能降低病死率,对远期预后无明显改善。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.