Mean flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery is associated with rehabilitation success in ischemic stroke patients

Treger I, Aidinof L, Lutsky L, Kalichman L. Mean flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery is associated with rehabilitation success in ischemic stroke patients.

Objective

To evaluate the association between mean flow velocity (MFV) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) measured by using transcranial Doppler (TCD) and functional and neurologic impairment change during rehabilitation after acute stroke.

Design

Cross-sectional observational study.

Setting

Acute neurologic rehabilitation department.

Participants

Consecutive patients (N=67; 53 men, 14 women; mean ± SD age, 61.54±8.92y) referred to the rehabilitation center during the first 6 months of 2006 for a first ischemic stroke in the MCA area.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

All subjects were evaluated on admission and at discharge by using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the FIM. TCD measurements of MFV of the ipsilateral and contralateral MCA were performed on admission (during the first 20 days after stroke) and a few days before discharge.

Results

Contralateral MFV at admission was associated significantly with all indexes of functional rehabilitation success (FIM score at discharge [β=.169; P=.010], change in FIM score [β=.554; P=.010], relative improvement in FIM score [β=.783; P=.003]). No significant association was found between indexes of NIHSS change and ipsilateral or contralateral MFV.

Conclusions

Ipsilateral or contralateral MFV measured at admission did not change during the 2-month rehabilitation period. Our data showed a significant association between blood flow velocity in the contralateral MCA and functional rehabilitation parameters of patients after first ischemic stroke in the MCA area.     

Cognitively impaired stroke patients do benefit from admission to an acute rehabilitation unit

Rabadi MH, Rabadi FM, Edelstein L, Peterson M. Cognitively impaired stroke patients do benefit from admission to an acute rehabilitation unit.

Objective

To determine whether cognitively impaired stroke patients benefit (defined as having an improved level of functional independence and capable of being discharged home) from admission to an acute rehabilitation unit.

Design

Retrospective analysis of data from a historical cohort of patients with acute stroke within the last 4 weeks or less.

Setting

Acute stroke rehabilitation unit.

Participants

The study sample was divided into 4 distinct groups based on admission Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores: cognitively intact (MMSE score range, ≥25 points), mild cognitive impairment (MMSE score range, 21-24), moderate cognitive impairment (MMSE score range, 10-20), and severe cognitive impairment (MMSE score range, ≤9 points).

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Primary outcome measures were: change in total FIM instrument score, cognitive FIM subscore, length of stay (LOS), FIM efficiency, and discharge disposition (home vs not-to-home).

Results

Based on the MMSE cut scores, there were 233 cognitively intact patients and 435 cognitively impaired (mild, n=139; moderate, n=165; severe, n=131) patients. The cognitively intact and the 3 cognitively impaired groups were similar in age, sex, and ethnicity. The data show that the 3 cognitively impaired groups of patients had delayed onset to acute rehabilitation admission and greater stroke severity and disability. The change in FIM total score and FIM efficiency was similar between the cognitively intact and the 3 cognitively impaired groups (P=.058). There were, however, statistically significant changes in the FIM cognitive subscore favoring the cognitively impaired groups (P<.001). Similarly, patients in the cognitively intact group had a shorter LOS (P<.001) and more home discharges (P<.001).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that despite severe neurologic impairment(s) and disability, cognitively impaired stroke patients make significant functional gains while undergoing rehabilitation and many can be discharged home. Based on these results, stroke patients with cognitive impairments benefit from rehabilitation and should be given the same access to acute rehabilitation services as stroke patients who are cognitively intact.     

Impact of comorbidities on stroke rehabilitation outcomes: does the method matter?

Berlowitz DR, Hoenig H, Cowper DC, Duncan PW, Vogel WB. Impact of comorbidities on stroke rehabilitation outcomes: does the method matter?

Objectives

To examine the impact of comorbidities in predicting stroke rehabilitation outcomes and to examine differences among 3 commonly used comorbidity measures—the Charlson Index, adjusted clinical groups (ACGs), and diagnosis cost groups (DCGs)—in how well they predict these outcomes.

Design

Inception cohort of patients followed for 6 months.

Setting

Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals.

Participants

A total of 2402 patients beginning stroke rehabilitation at a VA facility in 2001 and included in the Integrated Stroke Outcomes Database.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Three outcomes were evaluated: 6-month mortality, 6-month rehospitalization, and change in FIM score.

Results

During 6 months of follow-up, 27.6% of patients were rehospitalized and 8.6% died. The mean FIM score increased an average of 20 points during rehabilitation. Addition of comorbidities to the age and sex models improved their performance in predicting these outcomes based on changes in c statistics for logistic and R² values for linear regression models. While ACG and DCG models performed similarly, the best models, based on DCGs, had a c statistic of .74 for 6-month mortality and .63 for 6-month rehospitalization, and an R² of .111 for change in FIM score.

Conclusions

Comorbidities are important predictors of stroke rehabilitation outcomes. How they are classified has important implications for models that may be used in assessing quality of care.     

Rates and Predictors of Manual and Powered Wheelchair Use for Persons With Stroke: A Retrospective Study in a Canadian Rehabilitation Center

Mountain AD, Kirby RL, MacLeod DA, Thompson K. Rates and predictors of manual and powered wheelchair use for persons with stroke: a retrospective study in a Canadian rehabilitation center.

Objectives

To determine the rates of manual and powered wheelchair use at discharge for people with stroke admitted to a rehabilitation center and to determine whether any predictors of wheelchair use at discharge could be identified.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Rehabilitation center.

Participants

Consecutive former inpatients (N=100) with a primary diagnosis of stroke, a sample of convenience.

Interventions

None.

Main Outcome Measures

We reviewed the inpatient health records to determine the rates of wheelchair use at discharge and to record some readily available demographic and clinical data that might serve as predictors of wheelchair use.

Results

At discharge, 40 people (40%) were using manual wheelchairs, 1 person (1%) was using a powered wheelchair, and 59 (59%) were not using a wheelchair. Of the patients who were walkers on admission (ie, walking FIM scores of 6 or 7), none (0%) used wheelchairs at discharge. Of those with nonwalking FIM scores (1-5) on admission, 56% were using wheelchairs at discharge. Multivariate analyses revealed that the adjusted odds ratios of using a wheelchair (manual or powered) were 3.33 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-8.33) for those with left-hemisphere versus right-hemisphere strokes (P=.010), .94 (CI, .91-.96) for each point rise in the total raw FIM score on admission (P<.0001), and 19.46 (CI, 6.33-59.81) if the total admission FIM score was less than 80 versus greater than or equal to 80 (P<.0001).

Conclusions

On discharge from our rehabilitation center, 40% of people with stroke were using manual wheelchairs and 1% powered wheelchairs. People who were not walking on admission, those with left-hemisphere strokes, and those with lower total admission FIM scores were more likely to use a wheelchair. These findings may permit clinicians to predict wheelchair use better early in the rehabilitation process, when it can affect rehabilitation planning.     

Paraplegia after aortic aneurysm repair versus traumatic spinal cord injury: functional outcome, complications, and therapy intensity of inpatient rehabilitation

Yokoyama O, Sakuma F, Itoh R, Sashika H. Paraplegia after aortic aneurysm repair versus traumatic spinal cord injury: functional outcome, complications, and therapy intensity of inpatient rehabilitation.

Objective

To compare outcomes, complications, and therapy intensity of inpatient rehabilitation in patients with paraplegia caused by spinal cord injury associated with aortic aneurysm repair (SCI-AA) versus patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI).

Design

Case-controlled study.

Setting

SCI unit in a rehabilitation center.

Participants

Seventeen patients with SCI-AA and 17 patients with traumatic SCI.

Intervention

Standard rehabilitation therapy for SCI.

Main Outcome Measures

Length of stay (LOS) in acute and rehabilitation hospitals; FIM instrument scores; FIM change; FIM efficiency; complications; therapy intensity; and ambulatory state and return to community at discharge.

Results

No significant differences were noted in acute and rehabilitation LOS and admission FIM scores. Discharge FIM scores, FIM change, and FIM efficiencies were significantly lower in the SCI-AA group, which had many complications related to AA and SCI. Intensity of rehabilitation sports therapy in the SCI-AA group was significantly lower than that of the traumatic SCI group, but total therapy intensity did not differ significantly. Both had similar rates of return to ambulatory state and discharge to the community.

Conclusions

SCI-AA patients had many complications that interfered with rehabilitation therapy, and could not achieve functional gains comparable to those with traumatic SCI. However, both groups achieved comparable success with return to ambulatory state and discharge to the community.     

Ability of People With Stroke to Learn Powered Wheelchair Skills: A Pilot Study

Mountain AD, Kirby RL, Eskes GA, Smith C, Duncan H, MacLeod DA, Thompson K. Ability of people with stroke to learn powered wheelchair skills: a pilot study.

Objectives

Our primary objective was to test the hypothesis that people with stroke can learn to use powered wheelchairs safely and effectively. Our secondary objective was to explore the influence of visuospatial neglect on the ability to learn powered wheelchair skills.

Design

Prospective, uncontrolled pilot study using within-participant comparisons.

Setting

Rehabilitation center.

Participants

Inpatients (N=10; 6 with visuospatial neglect), all with a primary diagnosis of stroke.

Interventions

Participants received 5 wheelchair skills training sessions of up to 30 minutes each using the Wheelchair Skills Training Program (version 3.2).

Main Outcome Measures

Powered wheelchair skills were tested before and after training using the Wheelchair Skills Test, Power Mobility version 3.2 (WST-P).

Results

The group's total mean WST-P scores improved from 25.5% of skills passed at baseline to 71.5% posttraining (P=.002). The participants with neglect improved their WST-P scores to the same extent as the participants without neglect, although their pretraining and posttraining scores were lower. The training and testing sessions were well tolerated by the participants, and there were no serious adverse events.

Conclusions

Many people with stroke, with or without visuospatial neglect, can learn to use powered wheelchairs safely and effectively with appropriate training.     

Factors Predicting Inpatient Rehabilitation Length of Stay of Acute Stroke Patients in Singapore

Tan WS, Heng BH, Chua KS, Chan KF. Factors predicting inpatient rehabilitation length of stay of acute stroke patients in Singapore.

Objective

To determine the predictors of hospital length of stay (LOS) of stroke patients at the point of admission.

Design

A retrospective cohort study.

Setting

An acute hospital rehabilitation center in Singapore.

Participants

Stroke patients (N=491) admitted between March 2005 and December 2006.

Interventions

None.

Main Outcome Measures

Rehabilitation LOS was calculated as the total number of rehabilitation days before discharge. We measured the functional status of patients by using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM).

Results

The median LOS was 29 days (mean = 30.8d). Independent clinical and sociodemographic characteristics found to significantly predict rehabilitation LOS were FIM motor score at admission, the presence of more than 3 comorbid conditions at admission, living with nonimmediate relatives before admission, and the hospital subsidy status of the patient. In particular, the admission FIM motor score explained 43% of the variation in LOS and decreased the LOS by approximately 1.1 days for each 1-point increase in score.

Conclusion

Patients' socioeconomic status and family structure was found to influence LOS and should be considered in allocating resources and determining treatment need. The extent of motor function of patients at admission is an important factor influencing rehabilitation LOS and is a useful tool for facilitating rehabilitation resource planning for stroke patients.     

Rehabilitation Outcomes in a Population of Nonagenarians and Younger Seniors With Hip Fracture, Heart Failure, or Cerebral Vascular Accident

Conner D, Barnes C, Harrison-Felix C, Reznickova N. Rehabilitation outcomes in a population of nonagenarians and younger seniors with hip fracture, heart failure, or cerebral vascular accident.

Objectives

To compare rehabilitation characteristics and patient outcomes between nonagenarians and younger seniors with hip fracture (HFx), heart failure (HF), or cerebral vascular accident (CVA).

Design

Data only, retrospective cohort.

Setting

Seven skilled nursing facilities providing rehabilitation services to a managed care organization.

Participants

Subjects (N=2563; age, ≥65y) with HFx, HF, or CVA receiving rehabilitation services.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Patient and rehabilitation characteristics influencing FIM score at discharge and the proportion of patients discharged to the community were compared between nonagenarians and younger seniors with HFx, HF, or CVA.

Results

Patients with higher admission FIM scores were discharged with better function. Different patient characteristics were important for successful rehabilitation for different conditions and outcomes. Except for HFx, nonagenarians had admission and discharge characteristics similar to those of younger seniors, although fewer were discharged to the community. Nonagenarians and younger seniors with CVA were most similar for all measures.

Conclusions

Fewer nonagenarians were admitted from the community and fewer were discharged to the community, even if admitted from the community. Nonagenarians with HFx differed most strikingly from their younger counterparts in admission and discharge measures, as well as total discharge FIM score and discharge to the community. Nonagenarians and younger seniors with CVA were most similar for all measures. Our results suggest that a large proportion of the nonagenarian population can benefit from rehabilitation efforts for these 3 conditions; however, more rehabilitation resources may be required for some conditions to achieve similar outcomes.     

Relationship Between Diabetes Codes That Affect Medicare Reimbursement (Tier Comorbidities) and Outcomes in Stroke Rehabilitation

Graham JE, Ripsin CM, Deutsch A, Kuo Y-F, Markello S, Granger CV, Ottenbacher KJ. Relationship between diabetes codes that affect Medicare reimbursement (tier comorbidities) and outcomes in stroke rehabilitation.

Objectives

To examine the extent to which diabetes codes that increase reimbursement (tier comorbidities) under the prospective payment system are related to length of stay and functional outcomes in stroke rehabilitation.

Design

Secondary data analysis.

Setting

Inpatient rehabilitation facilities (N=864) across the United States.

Participants

Patients (N=135,097) who received medical rehabilitation for stroke in 2002-2003.

Intervention

None.

Main Outcome Measures

Length of stay, FIM instrument, and discharge setting. Diabetes status was assigned to 1 of 3 categories: tier (increases reimbursement), nontier (no reimbursement effect), and no diabetes.

Results

Mean ± standard deviation age of the sample was 70.4±13.4 years, and 31% had diabetes (6% tier, 25% nontier). Diabetes status by age demonstrated significant (P<.05) interaction effects, which lead to the following age-specific findings. In younger stroke patients (60y), tier diabetes was associated with shorter lengths of stay compared with both groups, lower FIM discharge scores compared with both groups, and lower odds of discharge home relative to the no-diabetes group. In older stroke patients (80y), tier diabetes was associated with longer lengths of stay compared with both groups and with higher FIM discharge scores compared with the nontier group.

Conclusions

The diabetes-related conditions identified as tier comorbidities under the prospective payment system are significant predictors of stroke rehabilitation outcomes, but these relationships are moderated by patient age.     

Team training and stroke rehabilitation outcomes: a cluster randomized trial

Strasser DC, Falconer JA, Stevens AB, Uomoto JM, Herrin J, Bowen SE, Burridge AB. Team training and stroke rehabilitation outcomes: a cluster randomized trial.

Objective

To test whether a team training intervention in stroke rehabilitation is associated with improved patient outcomes.

Design

A cluster randomized trial of 31 rehabilitation units comparing stroke outcomes between intervention and control groups.

Setting

Thirty-one Veterans Affairs medical centers.

Participants

A total of 237 clinical staff on 16 control teams and 227 staff on 15 intervention teams. Stroke patients (N=487) treated by these teams before and after the intervention.

Intervention

The intervention consisted of a multiphase, staff training program delivered over 6 months, including: an off-site workshop emphasizing team dynamics, problem solving, and the use of performance feedback data; and action plans for process improvement; and telephone and videoconference consultations. Control and intervention teams received site-specific team performance profiles with recommendations to use this information to modify team process.

Main Outcome Measures

Three patient outcomes: functional improvement as measured by the change in motor items of the FIM instrument, community discharge, and length of stay (LOS).

Results

For both the primary (stroke only) and secondary analyses (all patients), there was a significant difference in improvement of functional outcome between the 2 groups, with the percentage of stroke patients gaining more than a median FIM gain of 23 points increasing significantly more in the intervention group (difference in increase, 13.6%; P=.032). There was no significant difference in LOS or rates of community discharge.

Conclusions

Stroke patients treated by staff who participated in a team training program were more likely to make functional gains than those treated by staff receiving information only. Team based clinicians are encouraged to examine their own team. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00237757).     

Black-white differences in patient characteristics, treatments, and outcomes in inpatient stroke rehabilitation

Horn SD, Deutscher D, Smout RJ, DeJong G, Putman K. Black-white differences in patient characteristics, treatments, and outcomes in inpatient stroke rehabilitation.

Objective

To describe racial differences in patient characteristics, nontherapy ancillaries, physical therapy (PT), occupational therapy (OT), and functional outcomes at discharge in stroke rehabilitation.

Design

Multicenter prospective observational cohort study of poststroke rehabilitation.

Setting

Six U.S. inpatient rehabilitation facilities.

Participants

Black and white patients (n=732), subdivided in case-mix subgroups (CMGs): CMGs 104 to 107 for moderate strokes (n=397), and CMGs 108 to 114 for severe strokes (n= 335).

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measure

FIM.

Results

Significant black-white differences in multiple patient characteristics and intensity of rehabilitation care were identified. White subjects took longer from stroke onset to rehabilitation admission and were more ambulatory prior to stroke. Black subjects had more diabetes. For patients with moderate stroke, black subjects were younger, were more likely to be women, and had more hypertension and obesity with body mass index greater than or equal to 30. For patients with severe stroke, black subjects were less sick and had higher admission FIM scores. White subjects received more minutes a day of OT, although black subjects had significantly longer median PT and OT session duration. No black-white differences in unadjusted stroke rehabilitation outcomes were found.

Conclusions

Reasons for differences in rehabilitation care between black and white subjects should be investigated to understand clinicians' choice of treatments by race. However, we did not find black-white differences in unadjusted stroke rehabilitation outcomes.     

Interrater Reliability of Functional Status Scores for Patients Transferred From One Rehabilitation Setting to Another

Kohler F, Redmond H, Dickson H, Connolly C, Estell J. Interrater reliability of functional status scores for patients transferred from one rehabilitation setting to another.

Objective

To report the interrater reliability of FIM total score, FIM motor subscore, and FIM cognitive subscore from scoring that occurred in routine clinical practice in 2 closely linked inpatient rehabilitation services in Sydney, Australia.

Design

A natural-experiment blind clinical interrater reliability cohort study of the FIM across 2 rehabilitation units.

Setting

This study is set in 2 inpatient rehabilitation units immediately adjacent to each other in southwestern Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Participants

All patients (N=143) who were transferred between the 2 rehabilitation units between August 2006 and October 2007 were included in the study.

Intervention

Discharge FIMs were scored by the first unit and an admission FIM was scored independently by the second unit within a few days. The FIM scores were analyzed for agreement and systematic bias.

Main Outcome Measure

Intraclass correlation coefficients, kappa statistic, weighted kappa statistic, and Bland-Altman plots were used.

Results

There were 143 sets of scores identified. The range of differences between the 2 FIM totals was −32 to 50, between the FIM motor subscores was −22 to 43, and between the FIM cognitive subscores was −14 to 21. Bland-Altman plots demonstrated poor agreement. Few FIM totals were perfectly matched. The intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from .872 for the FIM total to .830 for the cognitive subscales. Values for kappa ranged from −.007 (FIM motor subscore) to .123 (FIM cognitive subscore). Values for weighted kappa ranged from .465 (FIM cognitive subscore) to .521 (FIM total).

Conclusions

There was no systematic scoring bias evident. Intraclass correlation coefficients were high, but tests of agreement demonstrated poor agreement. These findings have implications for the use of the FIM and any patient classification or funding system based on the FIM, especially if poor levels of agreement were found in the presence of all staff being FIM credentialed and standardization of methods of assessment. This study indicates that further investigation of agreement of both FIM totals and FIM item scores in the clinical setting is warranted.     

Comparison of the Responsiveness of the FIM and the interRAI Post Acute Care Assessment Instrument in Rehabilitation of Older Adults

Glenny C, Stolee P, Husted J, Thompson M, Berg K. Comparison of the responsiveness of the FIM and the interRAI Post Acute Care Assessment Instrument in rehabilitation of older adults.

Objective

To compare the responsiveness of 2 major systems developed for rehabilitation settings—the FIM and the interRAI Post Acute Care (PAC) assessment—in older patients.

Design

Trained raters assessed patients with both tools at admission and discharge.

Setting

Musculoskeletal (MSK) and geriatric rehabilitation units (GRUs) in 2 rehabilitation hospitals.

Participants

Older adults receiving rehabilitation (N=208; mean age ± SD, 78.5±9.3; 67% women).

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Responsiveness was evaluated using effect size (ES) and standardized response mean (SRM).

Results

ES and SRM were somewhat higher for the FIM motor (GRU ES=1.68, SRM=1.31; MSK ES=2.12, SRM=2.25) than the PAC (GRU ES=1.64, SRM=1.29; MSK ES=1.57, SRM=1.89) in both patient groups. Both tools were more responsive in MSKs than GRUs. This may reflect the greater frailty and clinical complexity of GRU patients.

Conclusions

Both the FIM motor and the PAC were able to detect clinically relevant improvement in functional ability in older rehabilitation inpatients.     

Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Patients Enrolled in an Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation Program

Brooks D, Davis L, Vujovic-Zotovic N, Boulias C, Ismail F, Richardson D, Goldstein RS. Sleep-disordered breathing in patients enrolled in an inpatient stroke rehabilitation program.

Objective

To report the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in an inpatient stroke rehabilitation unit and to explore correlations with functional status and health-related quality of life.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Rehabilitation center.

Participants

Consecutive patients (N=45; mean age, 67±12y) (28 men) enrolled in inpatient rehabilitation after ischemic (84%) or hemorrhagic stroke (16%).

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Overnight respiratory polysomnography was performed on all subjects. Interviewer-administered scales of sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) and functional status (FIM, Barthel Index) were completed. Health-related quality of life was assessed by using a general questionnaire (Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey [SF-36]).

Results

Of the 45 subjects tested, only 4 (9%) had an apnea-hypopnea index of less than 10 per hour. The mean apnea-hypopnea index was 32.2 (19.4) per hour; most events were obstructive. There was no relationship between the respiratory index and the components of SF-36 (P values>.2).

Conclusions

There was a dramatically high prevalence of respiratory events in patients after stroke enrolled in an inpatient stroke rehabilitation unit. The awareness of this will influence patient evaluation and management.     

Hospital disposition after stroke in a national survey of acute cerebrovascular diseases in Israel

Treger I, Ring H, Schwartz R, Tsabari R, Bornstein NM, Tanne D; for the National Acute Stroke Israeli Survey Group. Hospital disposition after stroke in a national survey of acute cerebrovascular diseases in Israel.

Objective

To investigate predictive factors for disposition after acute stroke.

Design

A nationwide survey (2004 National Acute Stroke Israeli Survey).

Setting

All 28 primary general medical centers operating in Israel.

Participants

Acute stroke patients (n=1583) admitted during February and March 2004 and discharged from the primary hospital.

Interventions

Data collected on baseline characteristics, stroke presentation, type and severity, in-hospital investigation and complications, discharge disability, acute hospital disposition, and mortality follow-up.

Main Outcome Measure

Hospital disposition to home, acute rehabilitation, or nursing facility.

Results

Among patients, 58.9% (n=932) were discharged home, 33.7% (n=534) to rehabilitation departments, and only 7.4% (n=117) to nursing facilities. Admission neurologic status was a good predictor of hospital disposition. Patients with severe strokes were mostly discharged to rehabilitation facilities. Patients with significant functional decline before the index stroke, resulting from a previous stroke or another cause, were sent to inpatient rehabilitation less frequently. Disability level at discharge from acute hospitalization had high predictive value in hospital disposition after stroke. In the northern region of Israel, a higher proportion of patients were sent home and a lower proportion to rehabilitation and nursing facilities, probably because of lower availability of rehabilitation care in this region of Israel.

Conclusions

This nationwide survey shows that most stroke survivors in Israel are discharged home from the acute primary hospital. Good functional status before the index stroke is an important predictor for being sent to acute inpatient rehabilitation. Severity of neurologic impairment and level of disability after the stroke at discharge from the primary hospital are strong predictors for disposition after stroke in Israel. Our data may be useful in discharge planning for stroke patients by policy-makers and health care providers in Israel.     

Cognitive and Affective Predictors of Rehabilitation Participation After Stroke

Skidmore ER, Whyte EM, Holm MB, Becker JT, Butters MA, Dew MA, Munin MC, Lenze EJ. Cognitive and affective predictors of rehabilitation participation after stroke.

Objective

To examine associations between cognitive and affective impairments and rehabilitation participation during stroke rehabilitation.

Design

Secondary analyses of stroke patients who received acetylcholinesterase inhibitors during inpatient rehabilitation.

Setting

University-affiliated inpatient rehabilitation facilities.

Participants

Patients (N=44) admitted to inpatient stroke rehabilitation with impairment in attention, memory, or executive functions.

Interventions

Secondary analysis of patients receiving inpatient stroke rehabilitation care plus random assignment to one of two acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or no drug at rehabilitation admission.

Main Outcome Measures

Correlations between measures of cognitive (Digit Span, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, Executive Interview) and affective impairments (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Apathy Evaluation Scale) and participation (Pittsburgh Rehabilitation and Participation Scale) were examined. Significant correlates of participation were examined in a linear multiple regression model.

Results

Executive functions and depressive symptoms were significant correlates of participation. After controlling for baseline disability, executive functions predicted participation, but depressive symptoms did not (F_4,32=9.35; R²=.54, P<.001).

Conclusions

These findings are an important first step toward understanding potentially modifiable clinical factors that contribute to rehabilitation participation and overall functional status after rehabilitation. A better understanding of cognitive impairment and rehabilitation participation may be used to develop strategies for improving functional outcomes after stroke.     

The predictive validity of a brief inpatient neuropsychologic battery for persons with traumatic brain injury

Hanks RA, Millis SR, Ricker JH, Giacino JT, Nakese-Richardson R, Frol AB, Novack TA, Kalmar K, Sherer M, Gordon WA. The predictive validity of a brief inpatient neuropsychologic battery for persons with traumatic brain injury.

Objective

To examine the predictive validity of a brief neuropsychologic test battery consisting of the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test, the California Verbal Learning Test-II, Trail-Making Test (TMT), Symbol Digit Modalities Test, grooved pegboard, phonemic and categorical word generation tasks, the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR), and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 relative to functional outcome at 1 year in persons with traumatic brain injury.

Design

Inception cohort study. Follow-up period of 12 months.

Setting

Seven Traumatic Brain Injury Model System centers. Neuropsychologic testing was conducted during the acute inpatient rehabilitation stay and functional outcome measures were obtained at 1-year outpatient follow-up.

Participants

Adults (N=174) who met criteria for admission to inpatient brain injury rehabilitation.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

FIM instrument, Disability Rating Scale, Supervision Rating Scale, Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and Glasgow Outcome Scale−Extended.

Results

Multiple regression analyses revealed that performance on the neuropsychologic test battery was predictive of outcome at 1 year postinjury for all outcome measures, except FIM motor scores and the SWLS. Cognitive performance using this battery was found to predict 1-year outcomes above and beyond functional variables and injury severity variables collected during inpatient rehabilitation, thereby indicating incremental validity for this test battery. Individual tests that were found to be significant predictors of 1-year outcomes included the WTAR and TMT part B.

Conclusions

These findings support the clinical utility and ecological validity of this battery with respect to level of disability, functional independence, and supervision required.     

Attitudes of nursing staff towards electronic patient records: A questionnaire survey

Background

A growing number of health care organizations are implementing a system of electronic patient records (EPR). This implies a change in work routines for nursing staff, but it could also be regarded as an opportunity to improve the quality of care.

Objective

The objective of this paper is to obtain more insight into the usefulness of EPR as perceived by nursing staff and to clarify the determinants of nursing staff's acceptance of EPR. Determinants were tested using an extended version of the Technology Acceptance Model.

Design

Nursing staff members (NAs and RNs) completed a survey questionnaire about the use of EPR in health care, and their experiences, perceptions and attitudes regarding EPR.

Settings

All nursing staff members were working in Dutch hospitals, psychiatric organizations, care organizations for mentally retarded people, home care organizations, nursing homes or homes for the elderly.

Participants

The study population is a nationally representative Dutch research sample, further referred to as the Nursing Staff Panel. The Panel consists of a permanent group of Nursing Assistants (NAs) and Registered Nurses (RNs), who are prepared to fill in a postal questionnaire twice a year on average. In January 2009, 685 participants completed the questionnaire.

Results

Nursing staff members associate EPR with improved care, especially qualitatively better and safer care. They also expect an increase in costs of care, while anticipating only a relatively small rise in the number of patients that can be cared for. In general, the effects of EPR on the work circumstances of nursing staff are expected to be negative. Job-related characteristics were found to be determinants of attitudes towards using EPR. A relatively positive attitude towards EPR was found in three categories of nursing staff in particular, i.e. staff working at least 30 h per week, staff already using EPR and staff working in hospitals. Nursing staff in management positions also tend to have a more positive attitude. When the Technology Acceptance Model was tested, attitudes towards EPR were primarily associated with job-related characteristics and perceived usefulness with respect to quality of care.

Conclusions

The implementation strategies for EPR need to take account of the job characteristics of the intended future users. If implementation is to be successful, it is important that the users understand the beneficial effects of EPR on the quality of care.     

Action Observation Treatment Improves Recovery of Postsurgical Orthopedic Patients: Evidence for a Top-Down Effect?

Bellelli G, Buccino G, Bernardini B, Padovani A, Trabucchi M. Action observation treatment improves recovery of postsurgical orthopedic patients: evidence for a top-down effect?

Objective

To assess whether action observation treatment (AOT) may also improve motor recovery in postsurgical orthopedic patients, in addition to conventional physiotherapy.

Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Department of rehabilitation.

Participants

Patients (N=60) admitted to our department postorthopedic surgery were randomly assigned to either a case (n=30) or control (n=30) group. Exclusion criteria were age 18 years or younger and 90 years or older, Mini-Mental State Examination score of 21 of 30 or lower, no ambulating order, advanced vision impairment, malignancy, pneumonia, or heart failure.

Interventions

All participants underwent conventional physiotherapy. In addition, patients in the case group were asked to observe video clips showing daily actions and to imitate them afterward. Patients in the control group were asked to observe video clips with no motor content and to execute the same actions as patients in the case group afterward. Participants were scored on functional scales at baseline and after treatment by a physician blinded to group assignment.

Main Outcomes Measures

Changes in FIM and Tinetti scale scores, and dependence on walking aids.

Results

At baseline, groups did not differ in clinical and functional scale scores. After treatment, patients in the case group scored better than patients in the control group (FIM total score, P=.02; FIM motor subscore, P=.001; Tinetti scale score, P=.04); patients in the case group were assigned more frequently to 1 crutch (P=.01).

Conclusions

In addition to conventional physiotherapy, AOT is effective in the rehabilitation of postsurgical orthopedic patients. The present results strongly support top-down effects of this treatment in motor recovery, even in nonneurologic patients.     

“Holding Me Back”: Living With Arthritis While Recovering From Stroke

Wood JP, Connelly DM, Maly MR. “Holding me back”: living with arthritis while recovering from stroke.

Objective

To describe the experience of living with arthritis while recovering from stroke.

Design

Qualitative, phenomenological study. During the first three months post-stroke, 14 one-on-one semi-structured interviews were conducted. Analysis was guided by the modified van Kaam method.

Setting

General community.

Participants

Three men and two women with self-reported pre-existing knee arthritis who were recovering from a first stroke.

Intervention

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Not applicable.

Results

“Holding me back” was central to the experience of living with knee arthritis while recovering from stroke, due to pain, mobility limitations, frustration, and additional coping demands. Experiencing arthritic pain occurred during daily physical activity. As a result, arthritis interfered with participants' ability to fully engage in stroke rehabilitation. The resulting mobility limitations due to arthritis were frustrating experiences that required additional coping strategies by all participants.

Conclusions

From the perspective of the participants, the slowed recovery from stroke due to arthritis illustrated the need to consider the influence of knee arthritis on stroke recovery during inpatient rehabilitation and after discharge. Stroke rehabilitation interventions that emphasize weight-bearing exercise may not be tolerated by those with arthritis. Alternate pharmacological treatments and physical rehabilitation should be considered for people with pre-existing knee arthritis post-stroke.