Gingival crevicular fluid and serum matrix metalloproteinase-8 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 levels in renal transplant patients undergoing different immunosuppressive therapy

Aim: We investigated gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) levels from renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporine‐A (CsA) and having gingival overgrowth (GO), from patients receiving CsA therapy and having no GO and patients receiving tacrolimus therapy. Material and Methods: GCF samples were collected from sites with GO (GO+) and without GO (GO?) in CsA patients having GO; and GO? sites in CsA patients having no GO; sites from tacrolimus, gingivitis and healthy subjects. GCF and serum MMP‐8 and TIMP‐1 levels were determined by a time‐resolved immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results: GO+ sites in CsA patients having GO had elevated GCF MMP‐8 levels compared with those of CsA patients having no GO, tacrolimus and healthy subjects (p<0.005), but these levels were similar to those of gingivitis. The GCF MMP‐8 level was higher in GO+ compared with GO? sites in CsA patients having GO (p<0.05). GCF TIMP‐1 levels were similar between groups. Tacrolimus patients had lower GCF MMP‐8 levels than gingivitis (p<0.005), but levels similar to the healthy group. Conclusion: These results show that CsA and tacrolimus therapy has no significant effect on GCF MMP‐8 levels, and gingival inflammation seems to be the main reason for their elevations.     

Gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase-13 levels and molecular forms in various types of periodontal diseases

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels, molecular forms and activation degree of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with periodontal diseases and to correlate these findings with periodontal clinical parameters. METHODS: Sixty one subjects participated in this study as healthy (n = 18), gingivitis (n = 17), aggressive periodontitis (AgP; n = 15) and chronic periodontitis (CP; n = 11) groups. Clinical measurements and GCF samples were obtained from each subject. The molecular forms of MMP-13 in GCF samples were analyzed by Western immunoblotting method. Differences among the groups were assessed using non-parametric statistical analysis. RESULTS: In the CP group, levels of 29-30 kDa fragment of MMP-13, total MMP-13, and activated form of MMP-13 were significantly higher than in the healthy, gingivitis and AgP groups. GCF levels of all molecular forms of MMP-13 in AgP group were similar to those of healthy and gingivitis groups. Total and activated MMP-13 levels were positively correlated with all clinical parameters. 29-30 kDa fragment levels of MMP-13 were also positively correlated with papillary bleeding index and plaque index. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that elevated GCF MMP-13 levels may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CP. These data demonstrate, for the first time, pathologically activated and elevated MMP-13 in GCF.     

Matrix metalloproteinase-3 gene polymorphism in renal transplant patients with gingival overgrowth

Drozdzik A, Kurzawski M, Lener A, Kozak M, Banach J, Drozdzik M. Matrix metalloproteinase‐3 gene polymorphism in renal transplant patients with gingival overgrowth. J Periodont Res 2009; doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0765.2009.01221.x. © 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Munksgaard Background and Objective: Gingival enlargement frequently occurs in transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs. It was hypothesized that gingival enlargement associated with cyclosporine use results from reduced degradation of extracellular matrix in the gingiva. Matrix metalloproteinase‐3 (MMP‐3) is involved in biodegradation of the extracellular matrix, and its inhibition may contribute to an abnormal accumulation of fibronectin and proteoglycans, which are MMP‐3 substrates. The aim of this study was to investigate whether an association exists between MMP‐3 genotypes and gingival enlargement in kidney transplant patients medicated with cyclosporine A. Material and Methods: Sixty‐four unrelated kidney transplant patients suffering from gingival overgrowth, as well as 111 control transplant patients without gingival overgrowth, were enrolled in the study. Gingival overgrowth was assessed 6 mo after transplantation. During the post‐transplant period all patients were given cyclosporine A as a principal immunosuppressive agent. MMP‐3 polymorphism was determined using a PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Results: In kidney transplant patients suffering from gingival overgrowth the mean gingival overgrowth score was 1.35 ± 0.57, whereas in control subjects the mean gingival overgrowth score was 0.0. The distribution of MMP‐3‐1178A/*dupA alleles among all kidney transplant patients, as well as in the two study subgroups, did not differ significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The frequency of the MMP‐3‐1171*A/*A genotype (28.1% for gingival overgrowth vs. 26.1% for controls) and of the MMP‐3‐1171*dupA/*dupA genotype (32.8% for gingival overgrowth vs. 22.5% for controls) was similar for both study groups. The risk of gingival overgrowth was lowest among patients carrying the MMP‐3‐1171*A/*dupA genotype (odds ratio 0.52), but this did not differ markedly from the other genotypes. Conclusion: No association between MMP‐3 gene polymorphism and gingival overgrowth was revealed in kidney transplant patients administered cyclosporine A.     

Influence of phase I periodontal therapy on levels of matrix metalloproteinase 1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1

Background

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is a member of a family of enzymes that can degrade most extracellular matrix macromolecules. Extracellularly, MMPs are controlled by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) and by mechanisms of pro-MMP activation. Levels of MMPs and TIMPs change during healing, inflammation, and normal tissue turnover. Herein we aimed to evaluate the levels of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from periodontally healthy patients (control group) and chronic periodontitis patients before and after phase 1 therapy.

Methods

In this study we examined 30 patients who had chronic periodontitis with probing depth sites ⩾5 mm and a clinical attachment level (CAL) ⩾5 mm. We included 30 periodontally healthy patients as a control. Clinical measurements such as plaque (PI) and gingival (GI) indices, papillary bleeding index (PBI), probing depths (PD), and CAL were recorded both before treatment (BT) and after phase I periodontal treatment (AT). Assays for MMP-1 and TIMP-1 were performed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.

Results

All clinical parameters were significantly reduced at the post-therapy visit. MMP-1 levels were significantly higher in patients BT than the controls; however, the patients AT were not statistically different than the controls. TIMP-1 levels in patients BT were significantly lower than in the controls and significantly lower than patients AT. We observed a significant positive correlation between GCF volume and MMP-1 levels. Furthermore, TIMP-1 levels were significantly negatively correlated with both GCF volume and all clinical parameters.

Conclusions

We observed that as the extent of periodontal destruction increases, MMP-1 concentration increases and TIMP-1 concentration decreases in GCF. When chronic periodontitis patients were treated by scaling and root planing (SRP), the average MMP-1 concentrations decreased and TIMP-1 concentrations increased in GCF.     

慢性牙周炎患者治疗前后龈沟液中IL-23、IL-17表达水平的变化

目的研究慢性牙周炎患者牙周基础治疗前后龈沟液(gingival crevicular fluid,GCF)中IL-17、IL-23表达水平的变化,探讨IL-23/IL-17轴在慢性牙周炎发生、发展过程中的作用。方法选取来我科就诊的慢性牙周炎患者50例为研究对象。于牙周基础治疗前后,采集龈沟液并测量体积,运用夹心酶联免疫吸附试验测定IL-17和IL-23的质量浓度以及测量两者之间的关系。结果牙周基础治疗后龈沟液中的IL-17、IL-23表达水平均较治疗前显著下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。牙周基础治疗前后龈沟液中的IL-17、IL-23表达水平与牙周临床指标呈正相关。结论 IL-17、IL-23在慢性牙周炎发生发展过程中起重要作用。     

儿童与成人正畸加力前后龈沟液中生化成分的比较

目的：研究儿童与成人正畸过程中龈沟液生化成分含量的变化,分析儿童与成人牙齿移动速度存在差异的原因,方法：对样本84例（儿童组43例,成人组41例）,采用放射免疫测试法,测定其上颌侧切牙受唇向倾斜力24h前后龈沟液中前列腺素E2（prostaglandin E2,PGE2)、白细胞介素6（interleukin-6,IL-6）和粒－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulatin factor,GM-CSF)总量和浓度的变化,讨论其变化规律及两个年龄组变化的差异。果：正畸加力24h前后两组GCFPGE2总量和浓度均明显增加（P＜0．01）,对照侧均无变化（P＞0．05）;两组GCF－IL－6总量明显增加（P＜0．01）,浓度只有儿童组增加（P＜0．01）;两组GCF－GM－CSF总量明显增加（P＜0．01）。浓度只有儿童组增加（P＜0．01）。结论：正畸牙齿移动过程中龈沟液生化成分的变化成儿童与成人间存在差异 。     

慢性牙周炎患者基础治疗前后龈沟液中瘦素水平变化的研究

目的：检测慢性牙周炎患者牙周基础治疗前后龈沟液中瘦素水平的变化。方法：选择轻、中、重度牙周炎患者共3组,每组11人,基础治疗前后收集龈沟液,采用酶联免疫法（Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay,ELISA）检测瘦素含量。结果：3组患者牙周基础治疗后龈沟液中瘦素水平均明显高于治疗前（P＜0.01）;瘦素与轻度牙周炎组治疗前的出血指数正相关（r=0.675）（P＜0.05）,与重度牙周炎组治疗前的探诊深度负相关（r=-0.799）（P＜0.01）;重度牙周炎组治疗后比治疗前的探诊深度减小（P＜0.01）,附着丧失减小（P＜0.05）。结论：龈沟液中瘦素含量变化与牙周炎的基础治疗密切相关,可以通过测定瘦素水平评估牙周炎治疗的临床疗效。     

GCF levels of MMP-3 and MMP-8 following placement of bioresorbable membranes

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are responsible for remodeling and degrading extracellular matrix and basement membrane components. MMP-3 and -8 levels were assessed in this study during the early healing phase following a guided tissue regeneration (GTR) procedure. 32 patients, having 2 or 3 walled intrabony defects of PD > or =6 mm, were stratified into 2 groups on the basis of age, sex, smoking status and disease severity. All intrabony defects were treated using the resorbable Guidor membrane but only 1 group of patients was given a pre-operative dosage of antibiotic (3 g amoxycillin). GCF samples for the quantification of MMP-3 and -8 levels were obtained from the intrabony site where a membrane was placed (membrane site), from the non-adjacent site on the adjacent tooth which was involved in the surgical flap (surgical control site), and from a healthy site (healthy) on the contralateral side. The GCF samples taken at baseline, 1 week, 4 weeks and 3 months after surgery were analyzed using an enzyme linked immunoabsorbent essay (ELISA) for MMP-3 and using a time-resolved immunofluorescence assay (IFMA) for MMP-8. MMP-3 was detected in a very low % of sites at baseline while relatively high levels of MMP-8 were detected at all 3 types of sites at baseline. MMP-8 levels increased for all sites at week 1, and this was statistically significant for the membrane site, but at week 4, the levels decreased for both the membrane and the surgical sites. There was no statistically significant difference between the levels of MMP-3 and -8 in the antibiotic and non-antibiotic group. Collagen remodelling occurs during the early wound healing period following surgical and regenerative procedures. The levels of MMP-3 and -8 in GCF appear to reflect these processes. Interestingly, the presence of the membranes appeared to increase the levels of MMP-3 and -8 and may relate to the resorption of the resorbable membrane by host systems.     

Gingival crevicular fluid transforming growth factor-beta1 in cyclosporine and tacrolimus treated renal transplant patients without gingival overgrowth

BACKGROUND: Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) have been previously investigated in relation to the pathogenesis of cyclosporine-A (CsA)-induced gingival overgrowth (GO) but no clinical data are available regarding the GCF levels of TGF-beta(1) in patients treated with tacrolimus (Tac). However, as gingival inflammation is pronounced at sites of GO and this consequently may lead to an elevation in TGF-beta(1) levels the present study aimed to evaluate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) TGF-beta(1) levels in renal transplant patients using CsA or Tac without GO. METHODS: GCF TGF-beta(1) levels were investigated in 30 renal transplant patients without GO medicated with either CsA (n=15) or Tac (n=15). Sixteen gingivitis patients and 15 periodontally healthy subjects were selected as controls. Periodontal status was evaluated by measuring probing depth, plaque index and papilla bleeding index. The TGF-beta(1) levels were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Both CsA and Tac groups had significantly elevated GCF TGF-beta(1) total amount compared to gingivitis and healthy groups (p<0.008). GCF TGF-beta(1) total amount of CsA and Tac groups was similar (p>0.008). Gingivitis and healthy groups had also similar GCF TGF-beta(1) total amount (p>0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of the present data it is unlikely that TGF-beta(1) is an exclusive mediator of CsA- or Tac-induced GO. However, pathogenesis of GO is multifactorial and contribution of TGF-beta(1) to the interrelations between cytokines and growth factors with fibrogenic potential cannot be disregarded.     

Gingival crevicular fluid lactoferrin levels in adult per iodontitis patients

The present study was designed to determine in a cross-sectional study whether there was any relationship between the levels of lactoferrin in gingival crevicular fluid and clinical periodontal parameters. Crevicular fluid was collected from individual sites using standardized filter paper strips (clinically healthy sites, N=23; periodontitis sites, n=66) and evaluated for lactoferrin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data showed that: (1) the total amounts of lactoferrin were 0.003-0.021 ng (30 second sample) (average 0.009±0.005 ng) in a clinically healthy periodontium group and 0.016-3.847 ng (30 second sample) (average 0.575±0.069 ng) in adult periodontitis patients (statistically significantly higher in adult periodontitis patients); and (2) the total amounts of lactoferrin were significantly correlated with clinical parameters,     

IL-6 and IL-8 levels in GCF of the teeth supporting fixed partial denture

Objectives:  To evaluate the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) contents of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) and the clinical parameters of the teeth supporting fixed partial denture (FPD) and the contralateral teeth and to assess the effect of scaling and root planning (SRP) on clinical parameters and the GCF levels of cytokines.
Materials and methods:  The study population included 23 patients. Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), and gingival index (GI) were recorded, and GCF samples were collected for analysis of cytokine levels from the teeth with FPD (Test Group), the contralateral teeth (Control Group) of each participant at baseline. After initial measurements, all participants received primary phase of non-surgical treatment including oral hygiene instruction and scaling and root planning (SRP). At the 1st month and the 3rd month after SRP, these procedures were repeated.
Results:  In both groups, all clinical parameters and the total amount of IL-8 showed decreases from initial to the 3rd month ( P  < 0.05), but from the 1st month to the 3rd month; PD, PI, and GI values significantly increased in the test group ( P  < 0.05).
Conclusion:  The non-surgical periodontal treatment reduced the total amount of IL-8, not IL-6, and the clinical parameters of the teeth with FPD and contralateral teeth. But, there was a trend to the higher levels of PD, PI, and GI in the teeth with FPD. Therefore, a regular program for dental prophylaxis is also important for the maintenance of periodontal health in patients with FPD.     

牙龈卟啉单胞菌与龈沟液中白细胞介素8关系的研究

目的:探讨龈沟液(GCF)中白细胞介素8(IL -8)在慢性牙周炎病程中的变化、IL- 8与牙周临床检测指标以及同龈下菌斑中细菌含量的相关关系。方法: 5名非牙周炎患者的10颗牙周健康牙和30名慢性牙周炎(CP)患者的70颗牙(其中10颗为健康牙, 60颗为牙周炎患牙)纳入本研究。采集观察牙的GCF样本、龈下菌斑样本,同时记录所有牙的牙龈指数(GI)、牙周袋探诊深度(PPD)、临床附着丧失水平(CAL)。用ELISA法检测样本中IL -8的水平,用厌氧菌培养技术培养菌斑标本,用PCR法检测菌斑中的牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Pg),结果:慢性牙周炎组的GCF中IL -8的总量高于临床牙周健康组,而IL -8的质量浓度在各组中无差异。GCF中IL- 8浓度与GI、PPD、CAL无相关关系,而IL -8的总量与GI、PPD、CAL呈正相关关系。龈下菌斑中Pg的检出量与GCF中IL- 8的含量间未发现有相关关系。结论:慢性牙周炎患者龈沟液中IL- -8量增加与龈沟液分泌增加有关而与牙龈卟啉单胞菌检出CFU无关。     

MMP-13 promoter polymorphisms in patients with chronic periodontitis: effects on GCF MMP-13 levels and outcome of periodontal therapy

Aim: The aims of this study were to investigate (a) the matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) promoter polymorphisms in severe, generalized chronic periodontitis (CP), (b) the relationship of periodontal therapy outcome with these genotypes and (c) gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) MMP-13 level–MMP-13 genotype correlation.
Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral blood of 102 patients with severe, generalized CP, and 98 periodontally healthy subjects. MMP-13 −77A/G and 11A/12A polymorphisms were determined by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing methods, respectively. Fifty-eight CP patients received non-surgical periodontal therapy and were followed for 6 months. Clinical periodontal parameters and GCF samples were collected at baseline and at 6 months. GCF MMP-13 levels were analysed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: The distribution of MMP-13 −77AG genotypes and allele frequencies did not differ significantly between study groups ( p >0.05). Study subjects, except 3, had the 11A/11A genotype. MMP-13 −77G allele carriers had similar GCF MMP-13 levels and clinical periodontal parameters compared with AA genotypes after non-surgical periodontal therapy ( p <0.05).
Conclusions: These data suggest that the −77A/G and 11A/12A polymorphisms of MMP-13 gene are not associated with susceptibility to severe, generalized CP in a Turkish population. It seems that −77G allele carriage may not influence the outcome of periodontal therapy.     

Protein carbonyl levels in serum and gingival crevicular fluid in patients with chronic periodontitis

OBJECTIVE: Evidence reveals the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in many pathologies including periodontitis. Protein carbonylation is the most widely used biomarker for oxidative damage to proteins, and reflects cellular damage induced by ROS. In this study protein carbonyl (PC) levels in serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with CP and 24 healthy controls were included in the study. Following the clinical measurements and samplings, total protein levels in serum and GCF were determined by Bradford method, and serum and GCF PC levels were measured by modified Levine method. RESULTS: PC levels in serum and GCF were significantly higher in the CP group compared to the control group (p<0.05). In all subjects, serum and GCF PC levels showed statistically significant positive correlations with all clinical parameters (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that both systemic and local/periodontal protein carbonylation increase in CP compared to health and that elevated levels of PCs may be a sign of oxidative damage in periodontitis and correlate well with the periodontal status.     

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目的探讨龈沟液中白介素-18（IL-18）和基质金属蛋白酶-13（MMP-13）表达与种植体周围炎的关系,评价其作为种植体周围炎诊断客观指标的意义。方法选择2011年5月至2013年5月在佳木斯大学口腔医学院口腔种植科行ITI种植体种植的患者30例作为研究对象（种植体40颗）,根据种植体周围情况将其分为健康种植体组（28颗）和炎症种植体组（12颗）：将对侧同名健康天然牙作为对照（健康天然牙组,40颗）。分别检测各组的牙周探诊深度（PD）、出血指数（SBI）、龈沟液（GCF）量及GCF中的IL-18、MMP-13含量并进行分析。结果炎症种植体组的PD、SBI值显著高于健康种植体组和健康天然牙组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。炎症种植体组的GCF量以及GCF中IL-18和MMP-13含量均高于健康种植体组和健康天然牙组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。健康种植体组与健康天然牙组比较,两组的PD、SBI、GCF量以及GCF中IL—18和MMP-13含量的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论IL-18和MMP-13与种植体周围炎有密切关系,可作为种植体周围炎早期诊断的有效检测指标。     

MMP-13 and TIMP-1 determinations in progressive chronic periodontitis

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 is a collagenase involved in extracellular matrix degradation either by its direct degradative effects or by processing bioactive substrates. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of MMP-13 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and gingival biopsies obtained from active and inactive sites during chronic periodontitis progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a longitudinal study in which chronic periodontitis patients with moderate to severe disease were included and followed until they developed progression determined by the tolerance method. GCF samples were obtained from periodontitis, active, inactive and healthy sites and additional gingival biopsies were taken from active and inactive sites. MMP-13 and TIMP-1 determinations were carried out by immunodot blots and immunowestern blots. RESULTS: In progressive periodontitis, MMP-13 and TIMP-1 remained unchanged between active and inactive sites, but as the TIMP-1 relative levels increased together with MMP-13 elevation in inactive samples, an inverse correlation was observed in active sites. Besides, MMP-13 was undetectable in healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Chronic periodontitis is characterized by increased MMP-13 expression. During disease progression, active sites tended to decrease TIMP-1 levels in association with MMP-13 elevation.     

正畸牙齿龈沟液中白介素-17含量的研究

目的检测正畸牙加力前、加力后压力侧和张力侧龈沟液中白介素-17（IL-17）的含量。方法选择拔除4个第一双尖牙拉尖牙远移正畸患者20例,用滤纸条法收集加力前、加力1个月后上颌尖牙压力侧及张力侧龈沟液,采用双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测龈沟液中IL-17的浓度。结果加力前、加力后压力侧和张力侧龈沟液中IL-17的浓度有显著性差异,压力侧龈沟液中IL-17的浓度明显高于加力前和张力侧（P〈0.05）。结论正畸力作用下,压力侧龈沟液中IL-17表达高于加力前和张力侧。IL-17可能参与了正畸力诱导的破骨细胞分化和牙槽骨吸收的过程。     

Changes in gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels during periodontal treatment and maintenance

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) and the maintenance phase of treatment on the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical measurements and GCF samples were taken from four sites in 20 adult periodontitis patients before and after SRP and during a 3-month maintenance phase of treatment. MMP-8 levels were measured from GCF samples by time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) with monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: SRP improved the clinical indices as would be predicted, 6.1 mm (SD = 1.4) at baseline compared with 4.3 mm (SD = 1.6) post-treatment (P < 0.001). Attachment level (AL) reduced but not significantly between these two visits 13.4 mm (SD = 2.4) compared with 12.8 mm (SD = 2.4) (P < 0.08) post therapy. GCF MMP-8 levels reduced after initial treatment from 33.8 micro g/30 s sample to 23.5 micro g/30 s, which just failed to reach statistical significance (P = 0.07). However, when MMP-8 levels were expressed as a concentration, the differences following initial therapy were significant (54.1 ng/ micro L at baseline compared with 34.2 ng/micro L post treatment; P < 0.005). The difference, however, between the baseline MMP-8 levels (33.8 ng/30 s) and the final visit (16 ng/30 s) following maintenance was markedly significant (P < 0.001) for both absolute amounts and on a concentration basis. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, clinical improvement following SRP was associated with significant reductions in MMP-8 levels. The GCF concentration of MMP-8 decreased after initial therapy but reduced even more dramatically (approximately 50%) following a 3-month period of maintenance (P < 0.001).     

Effects of phase I periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phase I periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1. METHODS: Plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth and clinical attachment loss were recorded and GCF samples were collected from 20 chronic periodontitis (CP) patients and 20 periodontally healthy controls (C) before treatment. CP patients received phase I periodontal treatment and all clinical parameters were recorded and GCF samples were collected once more after treatment. Assays were performed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: All of the clinical parameters improved significantly after the therapy (p<0.05). Baseline GCF levels of MMP-3 were significantly higher than C and that level was reduced significantly by treatment compared with baseline levels (p<0.05). Baseline GCF levels of TIMP-1 were lower than post-treatment levels and C (p<0.05). GCF levels of TIMP-1 increased significantly by treatment compared with baseline levels (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study shows that the clinical improvements after phase I periodontal therapy are accompanied by reduction in MMP-3 and increasing in TIMP-1 GCF levels.     

Longitudinal evaluation of GCF IFN-gamma levels and periodontal status in HIV+ patients

BACKGROUND/AIM: Loss of periodontal support and related tooth loss is a common finding among HIV+ patients. The etiology of this destruction may be an increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and subsequent increase in periodontal disease activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between gingival crevicular fluid interferon gamma (GCF IFN-gamma) and clinical measures of periodontal disease in HIV+ individuals. We monitored GCF IFN-gamma and periodontal status of selected sites in 33 HIV+ subjects over a 6-month period. METHOD: Clinical measurements including gingival index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, attachment loss (AL), and GCF samples were taken from four lower incisors and the upper right posterior sextant of each patient at baseline and 6-month visits by means of sterile paper strips. GCF levels of IFN-gamma were determined by sandwich ELISA assays. A progressing site was defined as a site that had 2 mm or more AL during the 6-month study period. RESULTS: Twenty-five of the 264 examination sites showed 2 mm or more clinical AL during the 6-month study period. Significantly higher GCF levels of IFN-gamma were found at progressing sites than in nonprogressing sites (p < 0.001). GCF levels of IFN-gamma were highly correlated with clinical measurements taken at baseline and 6-month visits (0.001相似文献