长链非编码RNA与肿瘤的研究进展

分子生物学遗传中心法则表明．人类基因组RNA只是一个在DNA与蛋白质之间的信使．但只有2％的序列是编码蛋白质．大部分被转录为非编码RNA（non—codingRNA,ncRNA）。     

长链非编码RNA与肿瘤

已经有越来越多的证据表明基因组的非编码序列的转录对于生命活动具有重要意义。相对于蛋白编码序列以及各种小分子RNA,长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）的研究还仅仅处于起步阶段,其功能与调控机制仍有待进一步研究。本文对目前关于lncRNA与肿瘤关系的研究进展进行综述,认为lncRNA可能为肿瘤诊断和治疗提供新依据和靶点。     

长链非编码RNA与肿瘤

已经有越来越多的证据表明基因组的非编码序列的转录对于生命活动具有重要意义.相对于蛋白编码序列以及各种小分子RNA,长链非编码RNA(IncRNA)的研究还仅仅处于起步阶段,其功能与调控机制仍有待进一步研究.本文对目前关于IncRNA与肿瘤关系的研究进展进行综述,认为IncRNA可能为肿瘤诊断和治疗提供新依据和靶点.     

长链非编码RNA与肿瘤

已经有越来越多的证据表明基因组的非编码序列的转录对于生命活动具有重要意义.相对于蛋白编码序列以及各种小分子RNA,长链非编码RNA(IncRNA)的研究还仅仅处于起步阶段,其功能与调控机制仍有待进一步研究.本文对目前关于IncRNA与肿瘤关系的研究进展进行综述,认为IncRNA可能为肿瘤诊断和治疗提供新依据和靶点.     

肝癌相关长链非编码RNA的研究进展

人类基因组中超过98%的基因不编码蛋白质。根据人类基因组DNA元件百科全书(ENCyclopedia of DNA elements,ENCODE)计划的结果推测,超过80%的基因组具有生物活性,但其中仅不到2%的基因组是蛋白质编码基因[1]。因此在人类基因组序列稳定转录的产物中,存在大量无蛋白质编码能力的转录物,其中包括长链非编码RNA(long     

长链非编码RNA的调控机制及其在原发性肝癌中的研究进展

长链非编码 RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)是近年来生命科学领域研究的热点,它是指一类转录本长度超过200 nt 的非蛋白编码序列。近年来的研究表明,lncRNA 具有基因调控的功能。某些 lncRNA 在肿瘤中的表达也是失调的,可以在转录前、转录、转录后及表观遗传学等多个层面发挥作用,本文就 lncRNA 生物学特点和调控机制及其在原发性肝癌中的研究进展作一综述。     

长链非编码RNA与膀胱癌的研究进展

近年研究发现长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)在正常细胞与肿瘤细胞的基因表达调控中起着重要作用,且lncRNA的异常表达与肿瘤发生、进展密切相关。lncRNA可通过类似癌基因或抑癌基因的作用,参与肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭、转移等调控过程。由于lncRNA在肿瘤中表达的高特异性,因此,lncRNA可作为疾病的诊断及预后指标,并有望成为疾病治疗的新靶点。本文对近年来lncRNA与膀胱癌发生、进展及诊治等的研究进展作一综述,为临床膀胱癌的诊断和治疗提供新的思路。     

长链非编码RNA与前列腺癌的研究进展

长链非编码RNA（Longnon-coding RNA,LncRNA）在人类生命活动过程中发挥着重要的作用,并维持着正常的细胞功能,然而它们的异常表达与肿瘤发生密切相关。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,LncRNA通过类似癌基因或抑癌基因的作用,参与前列腺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭、转移等调控过程,并由于特定LncRNA在肿瘤当中表达的高特异性,可作为前列腺癌诊断及预后的指标。本文对近年来LncRNA与前列腺癌发生、发展的关系及诊治的研究进展作一综述。     

非编码RNA在胃癌中的作用机制研究进展

胃癌是目前世界上恶性程度最高的肿瘤之一.近年来大量的研究证明非编码RNA在胃癌的发生、增殖、转移等生物过程中占据着重要地位,其中小RNA(miRNA)、环状RNA(circRNA)和长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)组成的非编码RNA调控网络涉及多种基因调控过程.目前对胃癌的诊断主要依赖于内镜检查,缺乏简单有效的筛查手段...     

人类胰腺癌Ki—67基因表达的研究

目的 应用原位杂交结合免疫组化分析胰腺癌Ｋｉ－６７基因的ｍＲＮＡ转录和蛋白翻译,研究该基因结构和功能表达的关系。方法 胰腺癌４０例,正常胰腺及良性病变９例;扁桃体组织及Ｈｅｌａ细胞作为阳性对照。通过地高辛标记的Ｋｉ－６７ｃＲＮＡ探针原位杂交和Ｋｉ－６７等效单克隆抗体的免疫组化分析该基因的ｍＲＮＡ转录和蛋白翻译。结果正常胰腺及良性病变Ｋｉ－６７ 指数均小于２０％;胰腺主分化腺癌、低分化腺癌各２０例,     

Myeloperoxidase and chlorinated peptides in osteoarthritis: potential biomarkers of the disease.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disabling condition in which multiple initiating events or conditions (heritable and nonheritable) result in eventual loss of articular cartilage. However, the etiology of OA remains poorly understood, and diagnosis of early disease is difficult due to the lack of specific identifiers. Recent literature suggests that a series of inflammatory processes may be involved in initiating and propagating OA. We hypothesized that products of neutrophils and macrophages, namely myeloperoxidase (MPO), a specific enzyme responsible for the production of both highly reactive hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and chlorine gas (Cl(2)) and chlorinated peptides, may be present in the synovial fluid of patients with OA. We examined the synovial fluid from 30 patients to identify and profile the presence of MPO. We divided the samples into three groups using radiographic and clinical assessment: (1) control, patients with acute knee injury with no history of OA and no radiographic evidence of OA; (2) early OA, patients with a mild OA based on radiographs; and (3) late OA, patients with a longstanding history of OA and with radiographic evidence of complete joint loss. Patients with early OA demonstrated significantly elevated levels of MPO. We also demonstrated the presence of HOCl and Cl(2) modified proteins (Cl-peptides) in early OA synovial fluid samples by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Patients in the control and advanced OA groups demonstrated little elevation in MPO levels and Cl-peptides were undetectable. These results indicate that MPO and Cl-peptides may serve as diagnostic markers for the detection of early OA.     

KLK31P is a novel androgen regulated and transcribed pseudogene of kallikreins that is expressed at lower levels in prostate cancer cells than in normal prostate cells

BACKGROUND: Fifteen human tissue kallikrein (KLK) genes have been identified as a cluster on chromosome 19. KLK expression is associated with various human diseases including cancers. Noncoding RNAs such as PCA3/DD3 and PCGEM1 have been identified in prostate cancer cells. METHODS: Using massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) technology, RT-PCR, and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), we identified and cloned a novel gene that maps to the KLK locus. RESULTS: We have characterized this gene, named as KLK31P by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, as an unprocessed KLK pseudogene. It contains five exons, two of which are KLK-derived while the rest are "exonized" interspersed repeats. KLK31P is expressed abundantly in prostate tissues and is androgen regulated. KLK31P is expressed at lower levels in localized and metastatic prostate cancer cells than in normal prostate cells. CONCLUSIONS: KLK31P is a novel androgen regulated and transcribed pseudogene of kallikreins that may play a role in prostate carcinogenesis or maintenance.     

5-氮杂-2'-脱氧胞苷和曲古菌素A对胰腺癌Panc-1细胞系TFPI-2基因甲基化水平及表达的影响

目的 探讨甲基化酶抑制剂5-氮杂2'-脱氧胞苷(5-Aza-dC)及组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂曲古菌素A(TSA)对胰腺癌Panc-1细胞系中TFPI-2基因甲基化水平及基因表达的影响.方法 单独或联合应用5-Aza-dC及TSA处理Panc-1细胞,应用甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应、逆转录聚合酶链反应及蛋白印迹实验检测药物处理前后Panc-1细胞TFPI-2基因启动子区甲基化状态、mRNA及蛋白表达情况.结果 经5-Aza-dC单独处理或5-Aza-dC及TSA联合处理Panc-1细胞后,TFPI-2基因启动子区高甲基化状态得到逆转,表现为非甲基化,原本不表达的TFPI-2基因mRNA及蛋白重新表达,两组作用效果相似.经TSA单独处理的Panc-1细胞TFPI-2基因启动子区仍为异常高甲基化状态,原本不表达的TFPI-2基因未见重新表达.结论 胰腺癌Panc-1细胞系中TFPI-2基因启动子区高甲基化可能是导致该基因失活的主要原因,5-Aza-dC单独作用或与TSA联合作用均能逆转TFPI-2基因的高甲基化状态,使该基因重新表达,TSA对受抑制的TFPI-2基因重新表达作用不明显.     

长链非编码RNA TUG1在骨肉瘤中的发生机制—系统回顾和荟萃分析

目的本研究旨在系统回顾长链非编码RNA TUG1（lncRNA TUG1）在骨肉瘤发生、发展中的机制,以及探讨TUG1在评估骨肉瘤患者预后中的价值。 方法系统检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、CochraneLibrary、中国知网（CNKI）和万方医学数据库,收集TUG1与骨肉瘤发生及预后的相关文献。系统回顾TUG1在骨肉瘤发生、发展中的机制,并采用Stata12软件（Stata公司,美国）对TUG1与骨肉瘤患者预后的相关性进行meta分析。 结果目前的研究表明,TUG1主要通过发挥竞争性内源RNA（competing endogenous RNA）效应调控骨肉瘤细胞增殖、凋亡和侵袭等过程,涉及通路包括AKT信号通路和Wnt/β-catenin信号通路。本研究共纳入4篇文献进行meta分析,共244例骨肉瘤患者。TUG1表达升高的骨肉瘤患者总体生存率低于TUG1表达降低的骨肉瘤患者（OR=1.921,95% CI：1.361,2.712,P=0.000）。不仅如此,骨肉瘤患者组织中TUG1表达升高往往提示肿瘤具有更大的体积（OR=4.084,95% CI：2.313,7.211,P=0.000）、较高的临床分级（OR=0.247,95% CI：0.133,0.539,P=0.000）和更早期远处转移（OR=1.943,95% CI：1.130,3.339,P=0.016）。然而,其与患者性别（OR=1.055,95% CI：0.620,1.793,P=0.844）和肿瘤发生部位（OR=0.806,95% CI：0.424,1.530,P=0.509）无显著相关性。 结论长链非编码RNATUG1与骨肉瘤发生、发展密切相关。不仅如此,TUG1表达升高提示骨肉瘤患者不良临床预后,其可能是一种评估骨肉瘤患者预后的生物学标志物。     

Modulation of oncogene and tumor-suppressor gene expression: A novel strategy for cancer prevention and treatment

Background: Advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of cancer have the potential for translation into clinical cancer prevention and treatment strategies. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have been implicated in the development of human cancers Mutations in gene families occur in both premalignant lesions and invasive tumors. Conclusion: Recombinant DNA constructs can be made that eliminate expression of a mutant oncogene protein or provide a normal copy of a tumor suppressor gene to the cancer cell. Reversal of a single genetic lesion is sufficient to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenicity. Viral vectors are now being evaluated for direct delivery of these constructs to human tumors.     

Impact of biomarkers and genetic profiling on breast cancer prognostication: A comparative analysis of the 8th edition of breast cancer staging system

The 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging guidelines combine traditional TNM system with biomarkers to reflect our current understanding of tumor biology and targeted therapy. In this study, we investigated the impact of the TNM + Biomarkers staging system and the additive value of Oncotype Dx? genomic profile recurrence score (RS) (TNM + Biomarkers+RS <11) for the staging of breast cancer (BC) using data from two tertiary referral cancer centers. Compared to TNM alone, the TNM + Biomarkers system changed the stage group in 32.7% of BCs (27% downstage, 5.7% upstage). Most (98.3%) of the downstaged BCs were estrogen receptor (ER)+/progesterone receptor (PR)+, whereas 78% of the upstaged BCs were ER?/PR?/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)?. Compared to TNM + Biomarkers staging, the addition of genetic profile data (TNM + Biomarker+RS <11) downstaged only <1% BCs. Our analysis suggests that for T1‐T2N0 ER+/HER2? BCs, Oncotype Dx? RS <11 provides added value as a staging parameter only in a very small group of cases compared to TNM + Biomarkers alone.     

Experimental therapy of human prostate cancer by inhibiting MDM2 expression with novel mixed-backbone antisense oligonucleotides: in vitro and in vivo activities and mechanisms

BACKGROUND: MDM2 oncogene is overexpressed in many human cancers including prostate cancer and MDM2 levels are associated with poor prognosis. This study was undertaken to investigate the functions of MDM2 oncogene in prostate cancer growth and the value of MDM2 as a drug target for prostate cancer therapy by inhibiting MDM2 expression. METHODS: Antisense anti-human-MDM2 mixed-backbone oligonucleotide and its mismatch control were tested in in vitro and in vivo human prostate cancer models (LNCaP, DU 145, and PC-3) for anti-tumor activity. Targeted gene products and related proteins were analyzed and the anti-tumor activity was determined when the oligonucleotides were used alone or in combination with cancer therapeutics. RESULTS: The antisense oligonucleotide specifically inhibited MDM2 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner, resulting in significant anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. In LNCaP cells, p53 and p21 levels were elevated. The antisense oligonucleotide also potentiated the effects of p53 activation and p21 induction by chemotherapeutic agents 10-hydroxycamptothecin, adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil, and paclitaxel. In DU145 cells, following inhibition of MDM2 expression, p21 levels were elevated although p53 levels remained unchanged. In both cell lines, the antisense oligonucleotide inhibited tumor cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. In a dose-dependent manner, the antisense oligonucleotide showed anti-tumor activity in nude mice bearing DU145 or PC-3 xenografts. It significantly increased therapeutic effectiveness of the chemotherapeutic agent irinotecan and slightly improved the effects of paclitaxel and Rituxan. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that MDM2 has a role in prostate tumor growth through both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms, indicating that MDM2 inhibitors have a broad spectrum of anti-tumor activities in human prostate cancers regardless of p53 status.