颈椎病及后纵韧带骨化症单开门术后疗效分析

目的 探讨单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症(ossification of the posteriorlongitudinal ligament OPLL)及脊髓犁颈椎病的临床效果.方法 对26例OPLL(A组)及30例脊髓型颈椎病(B组)患者进行回顾性研究.全部患者均行单开门椎管扩大成形术.结果 所有患者均获随访,术后3、6、12个月JOA评分均较术前明显增加(P<0.05),JOA评分术后3个月A组小于B组(P<0.05),术后6个月两组间无差别(P>0.05).而术后12个月A组大于B组(P<0.05).结论 单开门椎管成形术是治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症和脊髓型颈椎病的一种有效方式,二者近期疗效无明显差异,术后12个月随访OPLL组JOA评分优于脊髓型颈椎病.     

颈椎后路单开门成形扩大椎管术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症

目的总结颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症（ossification of posterior longitud inal ligam ent,OPLL）的临床效果。方法对13例OPLL患者施行颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术。结果本组平均手术时间150（120～180）m in,术中出血量平均为500（300～800）m l。随访3～18个月,术后15月JOA平均改善率53.35%（18.3%～85.7%）,临床症状较术前明显改善。本组2例术后有节段性神经根麻痹,无一例出现脑脊液漏、感染等其它并发症。结论颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗颈椎OPLL效果确切,并发症少。     

保留一侧肌肉韧带复合体单开门椎管扩大成形术临床分析

目的探讨保留一侧肌肉韧带复合体单开门椎管扩大成形术的临床效果。方法实施保留一侧肌肉韧带复合体单开门椎管扩大成形术分别治疗发育性颈椎管狭窄(DCS)组30例,颈椎后纵韧带骨化(OPLL)组20例,脊髓型颈椎病(CSM)50例。分析治疗效果。结果术后13例失访,余87例患者获得随访时间3个月~5 a,术后JOA评分改善率:DCS组优25例,良2例。OPLL组优10例,良2例,差1例。CSM组优37例,良10例。未发生传统术式常见的轴性疼痛、颈椎不稳及再关门现象。结论对颈椎病患者实施保留一侧肌肉韧带复合体单开门椎管扩大成形术,对维持术后颈椎稳定性,保持颈椎生理曲度,减少术后轴性症状具有积极临床意义。     

单开门椎板成形微钛板固定治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症

目的：探讨单开门椎板成形微钛板固定治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2012-06-2013-06于我院接受手术治疗的颈椎后纵韧带骨化症患者48例,随机分为两组,两组分别记录手术时间、出血量,术后3个月、6个月、12个月,门诊复查颈椎X线、CT、MRI,测量椎管前后径指数,开门角度,评估椎管扩大率,采用JOA评分观察术后神经功能的恢复情况。结果钛板组：术前平均JOA评分为（8.4±1.7）,末次随访时为（13.6±2.2）,改善率为60.5%。传统组：术前平均JOA评分为（8.5±1.5）,末次随访时为（11.6±2.0）,改善率为50.5%。结论颈椎单开门椎板成形术中应用颈椎微钛板固定可有效维持术后开门角度,预防“再关门”出现,是治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的有效方法。     

伊藤法"单开门"颈椎椎管扩大椎板成形术的并发症及其原因分析

目的探讨伊藤法"单开门"颈椎椎管扩大椎板成形术并发症的发生率及其原因.方法对1983年2月～1992年3月行伊藤法"单开门"颈椎椎管扩大椎板成形术的87例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,通过查阅病历及门诊随访,确定其手术并发症.采用临床观察、影像学评价及统计学方法分析其原因.结果随访2～14年,平均5.3年.39例(45%)患者出现轴性症状,4例(4.6%)出现神经根麻痹,颈部旋转受限48例(55.2%),过伸受限33例(37.9%),屈曲受限17例(18.3%),侧屈受限17例(18.3%).颈椎曲度术前平均14.8°,术后平均4.9°,平均减少9.9°.结论伊藤法"单开门"颈椎椎管扩大椎板成形术后轴性症状较多见,术后颈椎前凸减小,尤其是颈椎后凸可能是产生轴性症状的原因之一.     

颈椎管扩大术疗效探讨

本文报告56例颈椎管扩大术，单开门颈椎管扩大术50例，双开门颈椎管扩大术6例。治疗多发性椎间隙颈椎病19例，后纵韧带骨化症（简称OPLL）18例，OPLL合并颈椎外伤3例，颈椎管狭窄合并OPLL2例，发育性颈椎管狭窄症14例，术后一个月和一年分别评估疗效，均明显优于以往的椎板减压术。     

颈前路椎间盘切除椎间融合器融合术加颈后路单开门术治疗脊髓型颈椎病

[目的]探讨颈椎前路椎间盘切除椎间融合器融合术加颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗脊髓型颈椎病在临床上的应用价值。[方法]应用Cervical Cage行颈椎前路椎间盘切除椎间融合术，同时，颈椎后路行单开门椎管扩大成形术11例，平均随访6个月。按40分法和JOA评分对手术前后脊髓功能进行评分，并测量颈椎术前术后前柱高度及椎管宽度和进行相关性分析．[结果]颈椎前路椎间盘切除椎间融合器融合术加颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术，明显改善脊髓型颈椎病的脊髓功能。40分法平均37分，改善率83％；JOA评分16．5分，改善率91％；前柱高度平均增加1．28mm；椎管宽度平均增加2．22mm。[结论]颈椎前路椎间盘切除椎间融合器融合术加颈椎后路单开门椎管扩大成形术，有效恢复了颈椎前柱高度、增加椎管宽度，明显改善了脊髓型颈椎病的脊髓功能。     

弹性支撑植骨式单开门椎管扩大成形术

目的：评价一种新的，改良的单开门椎管扩大成形术，方法：治疗17例慢性压迫性颈脊髓病，其中后纵韧带骨化4例，颈椎管狭窄5例，脊髓型颈椎病及多间隙颈椎间盘脱出7例，迟发性创伤性颈脊髓病1例，手术要点是绞链侧骨槽截面为浅弧形而非V形，掀起的椎板具有弹性能将植骨块紧密相嵌于椎板与关节突间，结果：手术优良率88．3％，结论：弹性支撑植骨式椎管扩大成形术手术效果确切，有更高安全度。     

单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术在颈椎病再手术中的应用及疗效分析

目的 评价应用单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术进行颈椎病再手术的适应证及临床疗效.方法 自2003年2月至2009年6月,对15例颈椎前路融合术后症状复发或加重的患者行后路单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术.分析再手术的原因和疾病进展过程,采用日本骨科学会制定的JOA评分系统评估患者脊髓神经功能恢复情况,Nurick分级评价患者行走功能.结果 1例失随访,1例术后随访时间过短,未统计入本组.其余13例患者随访时间13～52个月,平均26个月.前后两次手术间隔时间为5个月～6年,平均24个月.再手术原因包括:邻近节段退变压迫颈髓2例,首次手术减压不彻底5例,后纵韧带骨化症(OPLL)误诊颈椎病4例,局限型OPLL进展2例.再手术均采用C3-6或C7后路单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术.13例患者JOA评分术前和末次随访时分别为10.5和13.8分(P＜0.05),平均神经功能改善率为53.0%.Nurick分级术前和随访时分别为3.1和1.9级(P＜0.05),平均改善1.2级.术后并发症包括脑脊液漏1例,颈肩部轴性痛1例,C5神经根麻痹l例.结论 对于颈椎前路融合术后减压不彻底、邻近节段退变或OPLL进展导致症状复发者采用后路单开门椎管扩大椎板成形术可以有效缓解脊髓压迫,改善脊髓神经功能,避免再次经前方入路引起的手术风险.     

单开门椎板成形椎管扩大术治疗脊髓型颈椎病

脊髓型颈椎病在颈椎病中占10％～15％,主要手术治疗。我院自1991年8月以来对引起颈椎管狭窄多因素和多节段椎间退行性改变致椎管狭窄的脊髓型颈椎病40例采用“单开门”椎板成形椎管扩大术治疗,疗效满意。报告如下:1 临床资料1.1 一般资料 本组男27例,女13例,年龄37～69岁,平均50.2岁。其中发育性颈椎管狭窄21例,占50.3％;多节段椎间退变性椎管狭窄10例;合并后纵韧带骨化(OPLL)7例;前路术后效果不佳2例。病程:2个月～4年,平均1.4年。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.