责任护士的临床作用

目的探讨责任护士在护理管理中的重要作用。方法责任护士对指定床位进行管理,护士长每月对责任护士进行量化考核,将开展量化考核结果作为评价每位护士综合业务的客观依据之一。结果开展责任护士期间,整体护理质量明显提高,患者对护理工作满意度提高,医疗纠纷减少。结论通过制定责任护士,融洽了护患关系,又提高了业务水平使临床护理质量不断提高,护士工作的主动性和积极性明显提高。     

手术中量化护理对潜在风险预防效果

目的 研究手术室中采用量化护理对潜在风险的预防效果.方法 研究年限为2013年12月至2014年12月,研究对象选择手术室48名护士及护生;根据护理方式的不同将其分为研究组(24例,执行量化护理)和对照组(24例,执行常规手术室护理);选择护理工作中具有共性的量化指标对两组护士的绩效进行考核,并分析归纳风险事件的发生情况.结果 研究组绩效考核优良率(95.83％)高于对照组(75.00％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组护理差错、患者投诉、护理不规范以及护理态度差等风险事件的发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 量化护理将临床护理工作进行硬性考核,通过具体绩效考核对护士的工作进行肯定,有效避免风险事件的发生,充分调动护士的主观能动性,具有较高的临床实践价值.     

浅谈手术室护理工作与情商的应用

目的探讨在手术室的护理工作中情商应用的方法及意义。方法对手术室的护士进行情商方面的培训，并应用到工作中。结果手术室护士熟练掌握了情商的基本知识并将其运用到日常工作得到了医生、麻醉师、患者的好评。结论手术室护士情商能力的提高，有利于协调医护关系、护患关系、护理团队内部的关系，从而提高护理工作质量。     

手术室护理岗位管理

目的探讨手术室护理岗位的管理以推动构建和谐的护患关系。方法我院手术室护士管理中实施护理岗位管理,主要从岗位设置、护士配备、绩效激励、绩效考核、岗位培训等方面制定和完善制度框架。结果与结论良好的护理岗位管理为促进护理质量的持续提高和构建和谐的护患关系起到了推动作用。     

护理绩效考核在护理管理中的应用

目的探讨护理绩效管理在护理管理中的应用价值。方法按照行政管理、护理质量及护理带教三方面制定护理绩效考核办法,病区护理人员全部参与考核,对比考核前后基础护理落实情况、病患对护士工作态度的满意度和护患纠纷情况。结果实施后基础护理落实率明显提高,病患对护士工作态度的满意度明显提高,护患纠纷发生率显著降低,差异均有统计学意义。结论护理绩效考核有效规范了护士的护理行为,提高了护理质量。     

提高新护士护理操作技能的探讨

目的：通过培训考核提高新护士的护理技术操作技能。方法：组织新护士理论学习、模拟培训、科室培训、随机考核等方法进行护理技术操作培训考核。结果：护士的护理操作技术技能明显提高,护患沟通能力、工作协调能力、应急能力也得到明显提高。结论：新护士护理操作技能的提高,对满足患者的身心需求,构建良好的护患关系,提高护理质量具有重要的临床意义。     

手术室护理查对制度在防范护理纠纷中的临床分析

目的探讨分析手术室护理查对制度在防范护理纠纷中的应用及效果。方法将我院自2011年12月至2013年12月150例手术室患者作为对照组(未采用手术室护理查对制度),选取同期我护理中采用手术室护理查对制度的150例手术室患者作为观察组,比较两组患者护理中护患纠纷发生情况。结果观察组出现3例护患纠纷,发生率为4%,参考组出现24例护患纠纷,发生率为16%,数据比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在手术室护理中采用护理查对制度有助于预防减少护理事故的发生,避免护理纠纷,从而有效改善护患关系。     

手术室绩效管理对提高护理质量的效果观察

目的探讨手术室绩效管理对护理质量的影响。方法 2012年采用传统绩效考核方法（传统组）,即单纯以专业技术职务系数和工作数量进行护士绩效考核;2013年采用改进后的绩效考核方法（改进组）,即综合护士层级系数、工作数量、工作质量、患者和医生满意度、专项奖惩等方面进行护士绩效考核。比较两组手术室护理质量,患者和医生满意度、护士对绩效考核满意度等情况。结果改进组在护理质量、患者和医生满意度、护士对绩效考核满意度等方面均较传统组提高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论改进后的绩效考核方法能促进护士增强工作责任感和发挥积极性,能提高护理质量、患者和医生满意度、护士对绩效考核满意度等,有利于手术室护理工作的高效开展。     

量化考核在手术室护理管理中的应用

目的讨论合理的手术室护理管理模式。方法根据工作量、质量、出勤三方面制定量化考核细则，每月统计每个护士的月总分，作为绩效工资分配的依据。结果量化考核的实施，能有效激发护士的工作积极性与主动性，增强护士的工作责任心。     

优质护理在手术室中的应用

目的探讨优质护理服务在手术室中的应用效果。方法对2012年1月至2013年2月手术室采用优质护理模式,改革护理方法,加强心理护理,实施人性化护理,术前、术中、术后采取优质护理服务。结果优质护理的实施减轻了患者及家属对手术室环境陌生的恐惧和焦虑,患者及家属对手术室的满意度明显提高。结论通过开展优质护理服务,提高了患者对手术室护士的满意度,促进了护患关系,减少了医疗纠纷的发生。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.