认知功能筛查量表在MCI和轻度AD患者中的应用

目的:探讨认知功能筛查量表在轻度认知功能损害(Mild Cognitive Impairment,MCI)和轻度阿尔茨海默病(Alzhei mer disease,AD)患者中的应用。方法:对61例MCI患者和47例轻度AD患者进行系列神经心理学测验,同时选择41例正常老年人做对照。结果:MCI组和正常老年人比较,MGR、MMSE的短时记忆亚项、FOM、LM、DR、CDT均有统计学差异。轻度AD组和MCI组比较,MMSE的即刻记忆亚项、RVR、DS、ADL、IADL、POD均有统计学差异。CES-D在三组间无统计学差异。结论:MGR量表可用来鉴别正常人和认知功能损害人群,但不宜用来鉴别MCI和轻度AD患者。RVR和DS量表可以用于鉴别MCI和轻度AD患者。ADL量表在轻度AD患者显示损害,提示AD患者存在日常生活行为能力的损害。     

轻度认知功能损害诊断:脑血管病因素对神经心理学指标的影响

目的对神经心理学指标在轻度认知功能损害(MCI)诊断中的作用进行评价;了解脑血管病因素对MCI诊断标准的 影响。方法从老年人流行病学凋查人群中随机抽取78人为研究对象,设正常对照组(41人)及MCI组(37例)。 对2组进行以下 观测:简易精神状态检查(MMSE)、总体衰退量表(GDS)、临床痴呆分级量表(CDR)、日常生活能力(ADL)、Pfeffer功能活动量表 (FAQ)、物体记忆测验(FOM)、无意义图形再认(MGR)、词语流畅性测验(RVR)、数字广度测验(DS)、画钟测验(CDT)、流调用抑郁 自评量表(CES—D)、延迟记忆(DR)及逻辑记忆测验(LM)。结果MCI组的FOM、MGR、LM、MMSE、DR、FAQ、CDT、CDR、GDS等测 验成绩明显差于正常对照组。在排除了脑血管病之后,MCI组的MGR、FOM、LM、CDT、DR、CDR、GDS等测验分数仍明显差于正常对 照组,但MMSF、FAQ测验在2组之间的差别不再具有统计学意义。结论脑血管病因素对MCI诊断的某些神经心理学指标有影响: MCI存在异质性,部分可以由脑血管病造成。在诊断MCI时,应该增加排除标准。     

轻度认知功能障碍患者海马、内嗅皮层体积与嗅觉功能改变的临床研究

目的探讨轻度认知功能障碍(Mild Cognitive I mpairment,MCI)患者的海马、内嗅皮层体积与嗅觉功能变化及其相关性。方法从体检者中入选MCI组21例,认知功能正常(NC)组18人,进行一般情况评定、实验室检查和神经心理量表评测。MRI测量海马体积和内嗅皮层体积,"五味嗅觉测试液"进行嗅觉功能的评测并进行与认知功能的相关性分析。结果MCI组与NC组相比内嗅皮层体积[MCI组(2.661±0.173)cm3,NC组(3.033±0.122)cm3,P0.01]与海马体积[MCI组(6.186±0.740)cm3,NC组(6.802±0.796)cm3,P0.05]均有明显萎缩。MCI组的嗅觉识别阈值(2.429±0.263)分明显高于NC组(2.089±0.308)分(P0.01)。海马体积与内嗅皮层体积、临床记忆量表总分及嗅觉识别阈值显著相关(P0.01);内嗅皮层体积与临床记忆量表总分呈正相关,与嗅觉识别阈值呈负相关(P0.01);临床记忆量表总分与嗅觉识别阈值呈显著负相关(P0.01)。结论MCI患者存在海马、内嗅皮层萎缩及嗅觉识别或能的下降,MRI测量海马、内嗅皮层体积及嗅觉功能评定对诊断MCI及早期进行阿尔茨海默病防治有重要参考价值。     

老年轻度认知功能障碍与氧自由基代谢、乙酰胆碱酯酶、血脂及炎性介质的关系

目的 探讨老年轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)与氧自由基代谢、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)、血脂及炎性介质的关系.方法 分别检测老年MCI组(45例)与健康老年组(45例)记忆力、血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、AchE、血脂及白介素(IL)-1a、IL-6含量,并进行比较和相关分析.结果 与健康老年组比较,MCI组各项记忆分及记忆商明显降低(均P<0.05);血清SOD及高密度脂蛋白(HDL)水平显著降低(P<0.05～0.01),血清MDA、AchE、IL-1a水平及总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)及载脂蛋白B(ApoB)水平显著增高(P<0.05～0.01).MCI组血清AchE水平与SOD水平呈负相关(r=0.82,P<0.01),与MDA水平呈正相关(r=0.69,P<0.01);ApoB水平与TC、LDL水平正相关(r=0.71,0.76,均P<0.01).结论 记忆障碍是老年MCI患者的认知功能损害特点;血清AchE含量增高,可能是导致Ach不足使认知功能下降的原因之一;老年MCI与氧化损伤、炎症反应及脂质代谢紊乱可能有一定相关性.     

女性首发精神分裂症患者的性腺激素水平与认知功能的关系研究

目的研究女性首发精神分裂症患者的性腺激素分泌水平及其与认知功能之间的关系。方法采用放射免疫法测定30例女性首发精神分裂症患者(患者组)与20名正常女性(对照组)的血清性腺激素水平;以韦氏记忆量表(WMS-R)和事件相关电位P300评定患者认知功能。结果①患者组雌二醇(E2)水平低于对照组,催乳素(PRL)、睾丸酮(T)水平高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②与正常对照组比较,患者组在长时记忆(1-100、100-1、积累),短时记忆(图片、再生、联想、理解)及记忆商数(MQ)受损较为明显(P<0.05),P300靶潜伏期延迟(P<0.001)。③患者组E2与短时记忆的图片(r=0.53,P=0.002)、再生(r=0.37,P=0.04)、联想(r=0.44,P=0.02)、理解(r=0.42,P=0.02)4个分测验的评分,P(孕激素)、睾丸酮(T)分别与图片(r=0.41,P=0.03;r=0.47,P=0.008),联想(r=0.42,P=0.02;r=0.52,P=0.05)2个分测验的评分均呈正相关。而患者组P300潜伏期分别与E2、P水平呈负相关(r=-0.43,P=0.02;r=-0.46,P=0.01)。结论女性首发精神分裂症患者存在性激素分泌紊乱及注意力、记忆力缺陷和认知加工缓慢等认知障碍,性激素水平与认知功能显著相关。     

轻度认知功能障碍患者的日常生活能力改变

目的分析轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者的日常生活能力的改变情况。方法研究对象为50岁以上患者,根据欧洲AD协会MCI工作组于2005年提出的MCI诊断标准诊断轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)41例,对照(NC)34例,进行蒙特利尔认知评定量表(MoCA)、日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)测试。结果 41例MCI中有8例日常生活活动能力下降,MoCA、MoCA-mem与ADL得分有相关性[相关系数分别为-0.29,P<0.05(P=0.01)、-0.27,P<0.05(P=0.02)];MCI组与NC组在工具性日常生活活动量表(IADL)得分上差异明显[P=0.02(P<0.05)],在ADL得分及躯体生活自理量表(PSMS)得分上差异不明显,(P分别为0.09、0.75)。MCI组PSMS损害程度与IADL损害程度之间的差异明显[P=0.03(P<0.05)]。结论部分轻度认知功能损害患者存在日常生活活动能力的轻微下降,以IADL下降为主。     

首发精神分裂症患者认知功能损害的研究

目的 探讨首发精神分裂症患者认知功能状况. 方法对60例首发精神分裂症患者进行威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST),韦氏成人智力量表(WAIS-R)、韦氏记忆量表(WMS)、简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)评定,同时对60名正常健康志愿者进行WCST评定. 结果病例组在WCST完成分类数(t=-4.6,P<0.05)、正确应答数(t=-2.3,P<0.05)、概念化水平百分数(t=-4.9,P<0.05)、错误应答数(t=5.8,P<0.05)以及持续错误数(t=4.6,P<0.05)等评定指标上测试成绩明显差于对照组;患者的WCST正确应答数与操作智商(r=0.5,P<0.05)、总智商(r=0.5,P<0.05)以及总记忆商数(r=0.6,P<0.05)呈正相关;错误应答数与操作智商(r=-0.5,P<0.05)以及总智商呈负相关(r=-0.5,P<0.05);持续错误数与总记忆商数呈负相关(r=-0.5,P<0.05);BPRS迟滞因子分与WCST总用时、错误应答数呈正相关(r=0.4,P<0.05);敌对猜疑因子分与WCST总用时呈正相关(r=0.4,P<0.05). 结论精神分裂症患者部分认知功能受损,与精神症状之间存在相关.     

运用磁共振动脉自旋标记技术鉴别轻度认知功能障碍和血管性轻度认知功能障碍

目的研究轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)和血管性轻度认知功能障碍(VaMCI)患者各认知功能脑区域脑血流量(CBF)的特点,为早期诊断提供科学依据。方法选择2016年1月-2018年1月昆明市延安医院神经内科门诊及住院部确诊的24例MCI患者(MCI组)和24例VaMCI(VaMCI组)患者及24名老年健康志愿者(正常对照组)作为研究对象,运用动脉自旋标记(ASL)技术采集3组受试者认知功能脑区域的CBF数据。结果与正常对照组相比,MCI组双侧额叶、双侧海马脑血流灌注增加,双侧颞叶、楔前叶等部位脑血流灌注降低(P 0. 05);与正常对照组相比,VaMCI组双侧额叶、双侧海马脑血流灌注增加,双侧楔前叶、角回等部位脑血流灌注降低(P 0. 05);与MCI组相比,VaMCI组左侧颞叶、双侧扣带回、左侧杏仁核脑血流灌注增加,右侧颞叶、右侧扣带回等部位脑血流灌注降低(P 0. 05)。结论 MCI患者和VaMCI患者认知功能脑区域脑血流灌注具有不同的特点,磁共振ASL技术能够为两者的鉴别提供影像学帮助。     

首发与复发抑郁症患者的认知功能特征比较

目的 探讨首发与复发抑郁症患者的认知功能特征及两者间的差异,以及与疾病严重程度的相关性.方法 招募符合DSM-Ⅳ中抑郁症诊断标准的首发抑郁症患者共31例为首发组,复发性抑郁症患者30例为复发组,健康志愿者31名为对照组,对3组进行韦氏数字广度(DS)测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)和爱荷华赌博任务(IGT)测验,比较3组被试在各测量指标上的差异,同时用HAMD-24评估患者组的抑郁程度,并分析其与认知功能各指标的相关性.结果 (1)3组患者DS评分的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中复发组低于对照组(P<0.05),首发组与复发组及首发组与对照组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).(2)3组患者WCST评分的差异有统计学意义,其中复发组与对照组及复发组与首发组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),首发组和对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).(3)3组患者IGT评分的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中复发组除第二模块外,其余各项指标均高于对照组(P<0.05),复发组的总分、第三模块和第五模块评分均高于首发组(P<0.05).(4)患者组(首发组+复发组)的HAMD总分与DS评分、WCST分类数呈负相关(r=-0.373,P=0.003;r=-0.299,P=0.019),与WCST的错误应答数、持续性错误应答数、非持续错误应答数和IG T的总分、第三模块评分、第五模块评分呈正相关(r=0.265~0.461,P<0.05),与IG T第一模块、第二模块和第四模块无相关性(P>0.05).结论 首发抑郁症患者无明显短时记忆和执行功能损害,在情感决策方面,其倾向于低收益,低风险决策;而复发抑郁症患者的短时记忆、执行功能均有明显损害,且在情感决策上比首发患者对损失更为敏感;抑郁症患者的抑郁程度与认知损害呈正相关.疾病复发和病情加重都会对抑郁症患者的认知损害造成不良影响.     

轻度认知功能障碍与脑白质弥散张量成像的相关性研究

目的通过磁共振弥散张量成像研究不同区域脑白质损害与轻度认知功能(MCI)的关系。方法纳入2015年7月至2016年2月我院的住院患者56例为研究对象,其中MCI组34例,认知功能正常组22例。所有研究对象进行一般情况检查,完成神经心理学量表检测。通过头颅磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)检查对不同脑区白质纤维进行部分各向异性(FA)值测量。结果 MCI组患者与认知功能正常组相比,右侧额叶FA值(0.335±0.068)、左侧颞叶白质FA值(0.391±0.032)及胼胝体膝部FA值(0.658±0.053)降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。将上述FA值和MMSE、Mo CA量表中各认知域进行典型相关分析,结果显示右侧额叶白质FA值与注意与计算力呈正相关,左侧颞叶白质和胼胝体膝部FA值与记忆力呈正相关(P0.05)。结论 MCI患者注意与计算力的障碍可能与右侧额叶白质损害有关,而左侧颞叶白质及胼胝体膝部白质的损害可能导致早期的记忆障碍。DTI可能成为超早期识别与诊断MCI的新方法。     

Discriminating accuracy of medial temporal lobe volumetry and fMRI in mild cognitive impairment

We investigated structural and functional changes in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and compared the discriminative power of these measures with neuropsychological testing in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Functional MRI (fMRI) was performed in 21 elderly controls, 14 MCI subjects, and 15 mild AD patients during encoding and cued retrieval of word-picture pairs. A region-of-interest-based approach in SPM2 was used to extract the extent of hippocampal activation. The volumes of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex (EC) were manually outlined from anatomical MR images. Discriminant analyses were conducted to assess the ability of hippocampal fMRI, MTL volumetry, and neuropsychological measures to classify subjects into clinical groups. Entorhinal but not hippocampal volumes differed significantly between the control and MCI subjects. Both entorhinal and hippocampal volumes differed between MCI and AD patients. There were no significant differences in the extent of hippocampal fMRI activation during encoding or retrieval between the groups. Entorhinal volume was the best discriminator with a discriminating accuracy of 85.7% between controls and MCI, 86.2% between MCI and AD, and 97.2% between controls and AD. Delayed recall of a wordlist classified the subjects, second best, with a discriminating accuracy of 81.8% between controls and MCI, 75% between MCI and AD and 93.5% between controls and AD. The accuracy of hippocampal volumetry ranged from 42.9 to 69.4%, and hippocampal fMRI activation during encoding and retrieval had a classification accuracy of only 41.4-57.7% between the groups. Our results suggest that evaluation of entorhinal atrophy, in addition to the prevailing diagnostic criteria, seems promising in the identification of prodromal AD. Future technical improvements may improve the utilization of hippocampal fMRI for early diagnostic purposes.     

Regional metabolic patterns in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A 1H MRS study

BACKGROUND: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a recently described transitional clinical state between normal aging and AD. Assuming that amnestic MCI patients had pathologic changes corresponding to an early phase and probable AD patients to a later phase of the disease progression, the authors could approximate the temporal course of proton MR spectroscopic (1H MRS) alterations in AD with a cross-sectional sampling scheme. METHODS: The authors compared 1H MRS findings in the superior temporal lobe, posterior cingulate gyri, and medial occipital lobe in 21 patients with MCI, 21 patients with probable AD, and 63 elderly controls. These areas are known to be involved at different neurofibrillary pathologic stages of AD. RESULTS: The N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) ratios were significantly lower in AD patients compared to both MCI and normal control subjects in the left superior temporal and the posterior cingulate volumes of interest (VOI) and there were no between-group differences in the medial occipital VOI. Myoinositol (MI)/Cr ratios measured from the posterior cingulate VOI were significantly higher in both MCI and AD patients than controls. The choline (Cho)/Cr ratios measured from the posterior cingulate VOI were higher in AD patients compared to both MCI and control subjects. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the initial 1H MRS change in the pathologic progression of AD is an increase in MI/Cr. A decrease in NAA/Cr and an increase in Cho/Cr develop later in the disease course.     

阿尔茨海默病与轻度认知障碍弥散张量成像研究

目的:应用磁共振弥散张量成像技术(DTI)研究阿尔茨海默病(AD)与轻度认知障碍患者(MCI)脑白质损伤情况。方法:对21例AD患者、15例MCI患者和20名健康志愿者进行脑部DTI扫描后,测量双脑区感兴趣区的各向异性分数值(FA)且进行比较。结果:AD患者额叶、顶叶、颞叶和胼胝体的FA值与MCI组和对照组均存在显著性差异,MCI患者仅颞叶和胼胝体的FA值与对照组均存在显著性差异。结论:AD患者与MCI患者存在脑白质结构的差异,DTI技术能够在一定程度上提供MCI的早期诊断指标。     

Neuropsychological correlates of MRI measures in the continuum of cognitive decline at old age

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the independent associations between medial temporal lobe atrophy and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and cognitive functions in the elderly. METHODS: Cognitive functions of 41 Alzheimer's disease patients, 20 patients with mild cognitive impairment and 28 elderly subjects without memory complaints were assessed using a neuropsychological test battery. Quantitative MRI measures of medial temporal lobe volume and WMH were obtained. Multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the independent contribution of MRI measures to impairment in several cognitive functions. RESULTS: Scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale and Trails B depended selectively on medial temporal lobe volume, whereas WMH selectively contributed to performance on Trails A. Medial temporal lobe volume and WMH both contributed to scores on the Cambridge Cognitive Examination and the Boston naming task. CONCLUSIONS: MRI measures suggestive of Alzheimer-type pathology and microvascular pathology independently contribute to cognitive decline at old age. Memory impairment as measured using the Wechsler Memory Scale and performance on Trails B primarily depended on medial temporal lobe atrophy. Psychomotor slowness, as measured using Trails A, mainly depended on WMH. These results suggest that vascular pathology and Alzheimer-type pathology each have specific cognitive correlates.     

White Matter Integrity and Episodic Memory Performance in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study

White matter (WM) integrity in the medial temporal lobes and episodic memory performance were examined in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and age-matched cognitively intact controls. Material specific associations between WM in the left versus right hemisphere and verbal versus visual memory performance were examined as well. Fourteen right-handed amnestic MCI patients underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and received verbal (words, story) and visual (designs) memory tests. Delayed verbal memory was significantly correlated with loss of WM integrity in the medial temporal lobe. This finding was associated with both the left and right temporal regions. Immediate visual memory performance was significantly correlated with the loss of WM integrity in the left temporal region. The results indicate that WM integrity in the medial temporal lobe is associated with objective memory functioning in MCI. However, strong material specific relationships were not observed, possibly reflecting diverse encoding strategies used by participants such as imagery of verbal material and verbal encoding of designs. This research was supported by a pilot grant from the Emory Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center (NIH-NIA 5 P50 AG025688).     

Mnemonic strategy training partially restores hippocampal activity in patients with mild cognitive impairment

Learning and memory deficits typify patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and are generally attributed to medial temporal lobe dysfunction. Although the hippocampus is perhaps the most commonly studied neuroanatomical structure in these patients, there have been few attempts to identify rehabilitative interventions that facilitate its functioning. Here, we present results from a randomized, controlled, single‐blind study in which patients with MCI and healthy elderly controls (HEC) were randomized to either three sessions of mnemonic strategy training (MS) or a matched‐exposure control group (XP). All participants underwent pre‐ and posttraining fMRI scanning as they encoded and retrieved object–location associations. For the current report, fMRI analyses were restricted to the hippocampus, as defined anatomically. Before training, MCI patients showed reduced hippocampal activity during both encoding and retrieval, relative to HEC. Following training, the MCI MS group demonstrated increased activity during both encoding and retrieval. There were significant differences between the MCI MS and MCI XP groups during retrieval, especially within the right hippocampus. Thus, MS facilitated hippocampal functioning in a partially restorative manner. We conclude that cognitive rehabilitation techniques may help mitigate hippocampal dysfunction in MCI patients. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

轻度认知障碍和轻度Alzeimer病的磁共振波谱分析

目的探讨氢质子磁共振波谱（1H—MRs）在轻度认知障碍（MCI）、轻度Alzheimer病（AD）诊断与鉴别诊断中的作用。方法对20例MCI患者、20例AD患者、20例正常对照者行。H—MRS检查,采用点分辨自旋回波波谱序列（PRESS）,测定双侧内侧颞叶的N-乙酰天门冬氨酸（NAA）、胆碱（Cho）和肌醇（mI）与肌酸（Cr）的比值,并比较各组闻NAA／Cr、mI／Cr、Cho／Cr比值的差别。结果轻度AD组及MCI组与正常对照组间双侧NAA／Cr有显著性差异（P〈0．05）,MCI组、轻度AD组、正常对照组三组间双侧mI／Cr有显著性差异（P〈0．05）,三组间Cho／Cr比值差异无统计学意义。结论1H—MRs能无创性提供MCI、AD患者脑部的代谢情况,NAA／Cr降低和mI／Cr升高有助于MCI、轻度AD的早期诊断。     

A voxel based morphometry study on mild cognitive impairment

BACKGROUND: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the most widely used concept in classifying cognitive impairment in the elderly who do not fulfil the criteria for dementia. MCI is considered to confer an increased risk of progressing to dementia and most often Alzheimer's disease (AD). Various approaches such as imaging of the brain have been applied to predict the conversion of MCI to dementia. A number of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have detected atrophy of the medial temporal lobe in subjects with MCI, but for the other cerebral regions the results have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: To study the pattern of brain atrophy in MCI. METHODS: Thirty two controls and 51 individuals with MCI deriving from population based cohorts were studied by MRI using voxel based morphometry. The threshold of t maps was set at p < 0.001. RESULTS: Individuals with MCI had significant unilateral atrophy in the medial temporal lobe on the right side. Less extensive atrophy was found elsewhere-for example, in the temporal lobe, left superior parietal lobule, left anterior cingulate gyrus, and bilaterally in the thalami. CONCLUSIONS: The MRI findings in MCI resemble those seen in early AD.     

The neuropsychology of preclinical Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment

Subjects in the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) typically record neuropsychological performance between that of healthy older individuals and demented patients. More specifically, deficits on measures of verbal episodic memory are commonly reported in these patients, while other cognitive functions (e.g. language, praxis and executive function) seem to be spared. A similar neuropsychological profile is observed in elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a disorder that is attracting increasing research interest. Evidence from lesion and functional imaging studies, as well as volumetric imaging in probable AD and MCI patients, suggests that the cognitive deficits observed in these disorders may be related to medial temporal lobe dysfunction. An issue currently under investigation is whether MCI represents the preclinical stages of AD or a distinct and static cognitive aetiology. In an attempt to address this issue, present investigations are adopting a convergent approach to the detection of preclinical AD, where multiple risk factors are considered when making a diagnosis.