Comparison of perfusion computed tomography with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in hyperacute ischemic stroke

OBJECTIVE: In this study, perfusion CT and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) were compared as means of assessing the ischemic brain in hyperacute stroke. METHODS: Twenty patients with ischemic stroke underwent perfusion computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies <3 hours after stroke onset. Cerebral blood flow thresholds were used to delineate the ischemic lesion, penumbra, and infarct. Correlations between the volume of the hypoperfused areas, the abnormality volume in admission DWI and follow-up CT/MRI studies, and the clinical National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were performed. RESULTS: The volume of the ischemic (core and penumbra) lesion on admission perfusion CT was correlated with the volume of admission DWI abnormalities (r=0.89, P=0.001). The infarcted core tissue volume (on admission CT) correlated more strongly (r=0.77, P=0.0001) than the admission DWI abnormality volume (r=0.69, P=0.002) with the follow-up infarct volume on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. A correlation was demonstrated between infarct volume in perfusion CT and follow-up DWI abnormality volume (r=0.89, r=0.77, P=0.002). Significant correlations were found between ischemic and infarct region volumes in perfusion CT and NIHSS admission and follow-up scores (P < or = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Both imaging modalities provide a sufficient assessment of the hyperacute brain infarct, with significant correlation between them and the clinical condition at admission. Perfusion CT allows differentiation of the penumbra and infarct core region with significant predictive value of follow-up infarct volume and clinical outcome.     

Multiphasic Perfusion CT in Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Ischemic Stroke: Prediction of Final Infarct Volume and Correlation with Clinical Outcome

Objective

To assess the utility of multiphasic perfusion CT in the prediction of final infarct volume, and the relationship between lesion volume revealed by CT imaging and clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients who have not undergone thrombolytic therapy.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-five patients underwent multiphasic perfusion CT within six hours of stroke onset. After baseline unenhanced helical CT scanning, contrast-enhanced CT scans were obtained 20, 34, 48, and 62 secs after the injection of 90 mL contrast medium at a rate of 3 mL/sec. CT peak and total perfusion maps were obtained from serial CT images, and the initial lesion volumes revealed by CT were compared with final infarct volumes and clinical scores.

Results

Overall, the lesion volumes seen on CT peak perfusion maps correlated most strongly with final infarct volumes (R²=0.819, p<0.001, slope of regression line=1.016), but individual data showed that they were less than final infarct volume in 31.4% of patients. In those who showed early clinical improvement (n=6), final infarct volume tended to be overestimated by CT peak perfusion mapping and only on total perfusion maps was there significant correlation between lesion volume and final infarct volume (R²=0.854, p=0.008). The lesion volumes depicted by CT maps showed moderate correlation with baseline clinical scores and clinical outcomes (R=0.445-0.706, p≤0.007).

Conclusion

CT peak perfusion maps demonstrate strong correlation between lesion volume and final infarct volume, and accurately predict final infarct volume in about two-thirds of the 35 patients. The lesion volume seen on CT maps shows moderate correlation with clinical outcome.     

Defining reperfusion post endovascular therapy in ischemic stroke using MR-dynamic contrast enhanced perfusion

ObjectivesCerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements after endovascular therapy (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke are important to distinguish early secondary injury related to persisting ischemia from that related to reperfusion when considering clinical response and infarct growth.MethodsWe compare reperfusion quantified by the modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction Score (mTICI) with perfusion measured by MRI dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion within 5 h of EVT anterior circulation stroke. MR perfusion (rCBF, rCBV, rTmax, rT0) and mTICI scores were included in a predictive model for change in NIHSS at 24 h and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesion growth (acute to 24 h MRI) using a machine learning RRELIEFF feature selection coupled with a support vector regression.ResultsFor all perfusion parameters, mean values within the acute infarct for the TICI-2b group (considered clinically good reperfusion) were not significantly different from those in the mTICI <2b (clinically poor reperfusion). However, there was a statistically significant difference in perfusion values within the acute infarct region of interest between the mTICI-3 group versus both mTICI-2b and <2b (p = 0.02). The features that made up the best predictive model for change in NIHSS and absolute DWI lesion volume change was rT0 within acute infarct ROI and admission CTA collaterals respectively. No other variables, including mTICI scores, were selected for these best models. The correlation coefficients (Root mean squared error) for the cross-validation were 0.47 (13.7) and 0.51 (5.7) for change in NIHSS and absolute DWI lesion volume change.ConclusionMR perfusion following EVT provides accurate physiological approach to understanding the relationship of CBF, clinical outcome, and DWI growth.Advances in knowledgeMR perfusion CBF acquired is a robust, objective reperfusion measurement providing following recanalization of the target occlusion which is critical to distinguish potential therapeutic harm from the failed technical success of EVT as well as improve the responsiveness of clinical trial outcomes to disease modification.     

Cerebral blood flow index: dynamic perfusion MRI delivers a simple and good predictor for the outcome of acute-stage ischemic lesion

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of utilizing cerebral blood flow (CBF) index images, calculated automatically and quickly from dynamic perfusion imaging (DPI), to identify acute cerebral ischemia. We attempted to investigate (1) whether the CBF index has a threshold for assessing tissue outcome, (2) whether CBF index images can predict the resulting infracted area, and if so, (3) whether the predictive capacity of the CBF index image is comparable to the regional CBF (rCBF) image delivered from singular value decomposition (SVD) deconvolution methods, which are regarded as most accurate in predicting the final infarct area. METHODS: Diffusion-weighted images (DWI) and DPI were obtained in 17 patients within 12 hours of stroke onset and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). On 3 DPI-delivered images, namely relative regional cerebral blood volume (rrCBV), uncorrected mean transit time (MTTu) and CBF index images, univariate discriminant analysis was done to estimate cut-off values to discriminate between infarcted and noninfarcted areas. Subsequently, correlations between the initial lesion volume of 3 images together with rCBF images delivered with SVD methods and the final infarct volume on follow-up T2-weighted MRI taken at the 8th to 20th day were determined. RESULTS: Among the 3 images, only the CBF index image was able reveal the threshold of the ischemic region. Lesion volume of CBF index images against follow-up infarct volume had the highest correlation (r = 0.995) to a linear fit and the slope was closest to 1.0 (0.91) among the 3 and had identical accuracy to the regression coefficient of rCBF images. CONCLUSIONS: CBF index images can predict final infarct volume. Evaluating CBF index images together with DWI can guide the initial assessment in the acute stage of cerebral ischemia.     

Predicting final infarct size using acute and subacute multiparametric MRI measurements in patients with ischemic stroke

PURPOSE: To identify early MRI characteristics of ischemic stroke that predict final infarct size three months poststroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multiparametric MRI (multispin echo T2-weighted [T2W] imaging, T1-weighted [T1W] imaging, and diffusion-weighted imaging [DWI]) was performed acutely (<24 hours), subacutely (three to five days), and at three months. MRI was processed using maps of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), T2, and a self-organizing data analysis (ISODATA) technique. Analyses began with testing for individual MRI parameter effects, followed by multivariable modeling with assessment of predictive ability (R(2)) on final infarct size. RESULTS: A total of 45 patients were studied, 15 of whom were treated with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) before acute MRI. The acute DWI and DWI-ISODATA mismatch lesion size, and the interactions of ADC, T2, and T2W imaging lesion with tPA remained in the final multivariable model (R(2) = 70%). A large acute DWI lesion or DWI < ISODATA lesion independently predicted increase in the final infract size, with predictive ability 68%. Predictive ability increased (R(2) = 83%) when subacute MRI parameters were included along with acute DWI, DWI-ISODATA mismatch, and acute T2W image lesion size by tPA treatment interaction. Subacute DWI > acute DWI lesion size predicted an increased final infarct size (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Acute-phase DWI and DWI-ISODATA mismatch strongly predict the final infarct size. An acute-to-subacute DWI lesion size change further increases the predictive ability of the model.     

Ultra-fast three-dimensional MR perfusion imaging of the entire brain in acute stroke assessment

We sought to evaluate a three-dimensional (3D) whole-brain perfusion technique based on echo-shifting (PRESTO) for its performance in evaluation of acute stroke. Twenty-six patients were scanned within 6 hours after onset of hemispheric symptoms, and the results were compared with results of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The signal-to-noise ratio of the images was 61 +/- 3 pre-contrast and 47 +/- 3 at the bolus peak. Brain coverage on perfusion parameter maps was 95% +/- 2% compared with that displayed on T2-weighted images, with only minor artifacts related to susceptibility at the skull base. Measured regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) reduction closely correlated to lesion size on initial DWI and to final clinical outcome (P = 0.006), consistent with results previously reported for 2D perfusion methods. Mismatches between DWI and perfusion imaging characterized the total extent of tissue at risk, and the contrast timing correlated with the amount of collateral circulation as shown on DSA. In conclusion, 3D imaging using the PRESTO technique permits high-quality perfusion imaging of the entire brain.     

Perfusion CT in acute stroke: predictive value of perfusion parameters in assessing tissue viability versus infarction

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the value of computed tomography (CT) perfusion parameters in differentiating tissue viability in acute stoke patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen patients (mean age 63.3 years) with nonhaemorrhagic stroke underwent multidetector perfusion CT within 3 h of symptom onset. Images were continuously acquired at the basal ganglia over 40 s during injection of 90 ml of iodinated contrast medium injected at a rate of 9 ml/s with a 9-s delay. Z-axis coverage was 20 mm. All patients underwent diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) within 12 h of perfusion CT to define the extent of the infarct. Perfusion CT data were analysed in regions of interests (ROIs) on regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and mean transit time (MTT) maps placed in various parts of the perfusion-deficient territory and in the contralateral hemisphere. Statistical analysis was performed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test to assess differences in CT perfusion parameters. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed to assess possible threshold values that predict tissue infarction vs. viability. RESULTS: Normal CT findings with abnormal CT perfusion parameters were seen in the region of infarction and in the viable tissue (penumbra) within a 1.5-cm distance from the infarct margin as outlined on DWI images. Infarcted areas demonstrated significant prolongation of MTT values compared with noninfarcted areas (p<0.0001). Average MTT was 9.8 s in areas of infarction, 5.1 s in the viable tissue adjacent to the infarct (penumbra), and 3.4 s in the contralateral control area. An MTT threshold level of 6.05 s has a 100% positive predictive value (sensitivity 84.6%, specificity 100%, accuracy 92.3%) for the presence of infarcted tissue. Average rCBF was 24.6 ml/100 g per min in infarcted tissue, 64.8 in penumbra and 70.8 in normal tissue. Average rCBV was 3.5 ml/100g in infarcted tissue, 3.9 in penumbra and 2.9 in normal tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Prolongation of MTT was the most frequent CT perfusion finding observed in acute stroke patients. Average MTT values of 5.1 s may distinguish viable tissue, whereas MTT values >6.05 s identify infarcted tissue.     

Dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging combined with contrast-enhanced MR imaging in the follow-up of immunogene-treated glioblastoma multiforme

Purpose: To assess the value of the combined use of dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and conventional contrast-enhanced MRI for the follow-up of treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).

Material and Methods: 79 examinations were performed in six surgically and immunogene-treated patients and two surgically treated patients. Ratios of the relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in lesions and in the contralateral normal-appearing white matter were calculated. The regions with elevated rCBV were compared with those with contrast enhancement. Tissue specimens from surgical biopsies and autopsies were studied histopathologically.

Results: The lesion-to-normal rCBV ratios were high in the tumors prior to operation (7.3 to 18.2) as well as in the recurrent tumors (1.6 to 13.2). The volumes of the regions with elevated rCBV were similar to those with contrast enhancement in 63 of the 79 examinations. However, in 11 of 79 examinations, the regions with high rCBV were smaller than the regions with contrast enhancement (“mismatch”). In two samples from the immunogene-treated patients this was correlated with the histopathological finding of malignant tumor with numerous proliferating GBM vessels with multiple minimal lumina, sometimes thrombotized or ruptured. These vessels may have increased permeability with contrast enhancement not accompanied by increased microvascular volume.

Conclusion: 1) Elevated rCBV on perfusion MRI corresponding to the contrast-enhancing lesion supports the diagnosis of recurrent malignant tumor. 2) A mismatch showing a volume of rCBV elevation smaller than that of contrast enhancement can be seen in particularly aggressive tumor growth and is thus not always a sign of reactive non-tumor changes. 3) The combination of perfusion MRI and conventional contrast MRI provides useful information in the follow-up of glioblastoma multiforme treatment.     

CT灌注成像对脑肿瘤瘤周水肿的评价

目的　应用CT灌注成像半定量估计脑肿瘤瘤周水肿的灌注状况。方法　应用SomatomPlus4螺旋CT机,对21例脑肿瘤瘤周水肿患者[脑膜瘤4例,胶质瘤(Ⅲ~Ⅳ级)7例、转移瘤10例]进行CT灌注成像,经灌注软件处理分别计算瘤周水肿区局部脑血流量(rCBF)、局部脑血容量(rCBV)、对比剂平均通过时间(MTT),并与对侧脑白质和不同肿瘤瘤周水肿间的灌注参数进行比较。结果　脑膜瘤和转移瘤瘤周水肿的rCBF和rCBV明显低于对侧脑白质(rCBF:t=2 .92和3 .82,P值均<0. 05, 0. 005;rCBV:t=2 .42和3. 53, P<0 .05, 0 .01),胶质瘤瘤周水肿的rCBF和rCBV与正常脑白质无明显差别(t=1 .00和1 .33, P值均>0 .05)。瘤周水肿区与对侧正常脑白质rCBF、rCBV比值,脑膜瘤和转移瘤之间差异无统计学意义(t=0 .23和0. 73, P值均>0 .05),胶质瘤明显大于脑膜瘤和转移瘤(t=3 .05和3. 37, P<0 .01, 0 .005)。结论　脑膜瘤和转移瘤瘤周水肿区的rCBF、rCBV显著降低,而胶质瘤瘤周水肿区接近或高于对侧脑白质,CT灌注能定量脑肿瘤瘤周水肿血流灌注状况,有助于肿瘤的鉴别和随访。     

Combined perfusion- and diffusion-weighted MR imaging in acute ischemic stroke during the 1st week: a longitudinal study

PURPOSE: To compare findings with different magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion maps in acute ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Combined diffusion-weighted (DW) and perfusion-weighted (PW) MR imaging was performed in 49 patients with acute (<24 hours) stroke, on the 1st and 2nd days and 1 week after stroke. Volumes of hypoperfused tissue on maps of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and mean transit time (MTT) were compared with the volume of infarcted tissue at DW imaging. RESULTS: The mean infarct volume increased from 41 to 65 cm(3) between the 1st and 2nd days (P: <.001; n = 49). On the 1st day, all perfusion maps on average showed hypoperfusion lesions larger than the infarct at DW imaging (P: <.001; n = 49). MTT maps showed significantly (P: <.001) larger hypoperfusion lesions than did rCBF maps, which showed significantly (P: <.001) larger hypoperfusion lesions than did rCBV maps. The sizes of the initial perfusion-diffusion mismatches correlated significantly with the extent of infarct growth (0.479 < r < 0.657; P: 相似文献   

大鼠颅脑损伤动态CT灌注成像及相关病理生理学基础的初步研究

目的 探讨大鼠创伤性颅脑损伤后64排CT动态灌注成像的变化规律及其相关的病理生理学基础.方法 将80只成年雄性SD大鼠按照随机数字表法分为正常对照组、假致伤组以及致伤组,致伤组又分为2,6,12,24,48,72,120,168 h时相点组.致伤后各组分别进行CT灌注成像、脑含水量、血脑屏障通透性的测定,并观察病理改变,计算损伤区域CT灌注参数与病理生理学变化的相关性.结果 伤后2 h损伤区域血流灌注骤降达最小值,2～12 h内,相对脑血流量(rCBF)和相对脑血容量(rCBV)仍处于低灌注状态,但有所升高.相对平均通过时间(rMTT)延长,表面通透性(PS)增大.随着时间的延长,rCBF、rCBV逐渐升高,直至伤后24 h开始逆转,伤侧呈高灌注状态,PS值达最大.48 h为高灌注的顶峰期,后逐渐趋于正常.脑含水量于伤后2 h开始升高,48 h达到高峰期.伤后2 h血脑屏障通透性即开始增加,24 h达最大值.rCBF和rCBV与脑水肿的变化关系均呈正相关,PS与血脑屏障通透性的变化呈正相关.结论 CT灌注成像间接反映血脑屏障和水肿的演变过程,可以作为一种预测活体脑组织灌注和水肿程度的无创性影像学评价手段.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the variation of dynamic 64-slice CT perfusion imaging of rats with traumatic brain injury and discuss the relating pathophysiological basis.Methods A total of 80 adult male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups according to random number table,ie,normal control group,sham injury group and injury group.The injury group was divided into eight subgroups at time points of 2,6,12,24,48,72,120 and 168 hours.The detection of CT perfusion imaging,water content and blood-brain barrier permeability was done in the injured rats at all time points.The pathological changes were also observed to calculate their correlation with CT perfusion parameters of the injured region.Results The relative value of the blood perfusion was decreased significantly to the mimimum within 24 hours after injury.Within 2-12 hours,relative cerebral fluid(rCBF)and relative cerebral blood volume(rCBV)remained in a low perfusion state,with just a little increase.Relative mean transit time(rMTT)was prolonged and permeability surface(PS)increased.rCBF and rCBV were increased gradually with time,which was reversed till at 24 hours after injury and the injured side was in a high perfusion state,with the highest value of PS.The perfusion reached peak at 48 hours after injury and then became normal gradually.The water content was increased at 2 hours after injury and reached its peak at 48 hours.The permeability of blood-brain barrier(BBB)began to increase at 2 hours after injury and reached the peak at 24 hours.rCBF and rCBV were positively correlated with change of brain edema and PS was positively correlated with BBB permeability.Conclusion The dynamic 64-slice spiral CT perfusion imaging reflects the variation of BBB and edema and can be used as noninvasive imaging method for predicting the degree of brain perfusion and edema.     

Accuracy of dynamic perfusion CT with deconvolution in detecting acute hemispheric stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dynamic perfusion CT (PCT) with deconvolution produces maps of time-to-peak (TTP), mean transit time (MTT), regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), with a computerized automated map of the infarct and penumbra. We determined the accuracy of these maps in patients with suspected acute hemispheric stroke. METHODS: Forty-six patients underwent nonenhanced CT and dynamic PCT, with follow-up CT or MR imaging. Two observers reviewed the nonenhanced studies for signs of stroke and read the PCT maps for TTP, MTT, rCBF, and rCBV abnormalities. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and interobserver agreement were compared (Wilcoxon tests). Nonenhanced CT and PCT data were reviewed for stroke extent according to previously reported methods. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the computerized maps in detecting ischemia and its extent were determined. RESULTS: Compared with nonenhanced CT, PCT maps were significantly more accurate in detecting stroke (75.7-86.0% vs. 66.2%; P <.01), MTT maps were significantly more sensitive (77.6% vs. 69.2%; P <.01), and rCBF and rCBV maps were significantly more specific (90.9% and 92.7%, respectively, vs. 65.0%; P <.01). Regarding stroke extent, PCT maps were significantly more sensitive than nonenhanced CT (up to 94.4% vs. 42.9%; P <.01) and had higher interobserver agreement (up to 0.763). For the computerized map, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy, respectively, were 68.2%, 92.3%, and 88.1% in detecting ischemia and 72.2%, 91.8%, and 87.9% in showing the extent. CONCLUSION: Dynamic PCT maps are more accurate than nonenhanced CT in detecting hemispheric strokes. Despite limited spatial coverage, PCT is highly reliable to assess the stroke extent.     

Prognostic value of perfusion- and diffusion-weighted MR imaging in first 3 days of stroke

The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in cerebral perfusion seen on mean transit time (MTT) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) maps and to assess the subsequent prognostic value of the MTT–DWI (diffusion-weighted MRI) and CBV–DWI mismatch in the first three days of stroke on lesion enlargement and clinical outcome. In 38 patients, imaged 1–46 h after onset of symptoms, lesion volumes on proton-density (PD)-weighted MRI, DWI and PWI (both MTT and CBV maps) were compared with lesion volumes on follow-up PD-weighted scans, and to clinical outcome (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, Barthel index, and Rankin scale). The MTT-CBV, MTT–DWI and CBV–DWI mismatches were compared with change in lesion volume between initial and follow-up PD-weighted scans. Lesion volume on both DWI and PWI correlated significantly with clinical outcome parameters (p < 0.001) with strongest correlation for lesion volume on CBV. Perfusion–diffusion mismatches were found for both CBV and MTT and correlated significantly with lesion enlargement on PD-weighted imaging with strongest correlation for the CBV–DWI mismatch. The CBV–DWI mismatch has the highest accuracy in predicting lesion size on follow-up imaging and in predicting clinical outcome. Lesion volume measurements on CBV maps have a higher specificity than on PD-weighted, MTT or DWI images in predicting clinical follow-up imaging and in predicting clinical outcome. Received: 21 January 2000; Revised: 18 April 2000; Accepted: 20 April 2000     

猴大脑中动脉闭塞模型脑缺血半暗带的面积演变

目的 研究不同时间点猴脑缺血半暗带(IP)面积的演变规律.方法 成年猴7只,采用自体血栓介入法制作猴大脑中动脉闭塞模型.于导丝到位后1、5、10、15、20、24 h分别行CT灌注成像、DWI、PWI和T2WI.取4点ROI,1点为中心区,3点为边缘区,2点为1、3点的中点,4点为邻近的正常信号区.测量脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)、ADC和负性强化积分(NEI),计算时采用与正常对侧的比值(rCBF、rCBV、rMTr、rADC、rNEI).采用PWI(MIT)-DWI和计算机图像处理软件结合IP阈值两种方法计算IP面积.采用单因素方差分析计算不同时间点缺血灶内不同部位的差异,采用ROC曲线分析不同影像参数的IP阈值及其敏感度和特异度.结果 7只猴中5只造模成功.1、2、3点间20 h内rCBF、20 h内rNEI、15 h内rCBV、10 h内rADC、24 h时rMTT差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).1、2、3点ROI值分别为:rCBF:1 h(0.160 ±0.034、0.310±0.037、0.540±0.107),5 h(0.098±0.029、0.157±0.052、0.427±0.116),10 h(0.072±0.023、0.097 ±0.028、0.209 ±0.070),15 h(0.054 ±0.017、0.069±0.015、0.166 ±0.049),20 h(0.038±0.011、0.026 ±0.007、0.092±0.013);rNEI:1 h(0.219 ±0.085、0.303 ±0.099、0.463 ±0.132).5 h(0.143 ±0.057、0.195 ±0.055、0.348 ±0.127),10 h(0.127 ±0.029、0.171 ±0.058、0.259 ±0.079).15 h(O.128 ±0.024、0.164 ±0.031、0.217 ±0.030),20 h(0.075 ±0.019、0.147 ±0.058、0.129 ±0.045):rCBV:1 h(0.594 ±0.199、0.804 ±0.099、1.021 ±0.169),5 h(0.457±0.103、0.462 ±0.145、0.815 ±0.201),10 h(0.222 ±0.046、0.249 ±0.065、0.529 ±0.135),15 h(0.201 ±0.047、0.187 ±0.055、0.361±0.083);rADC:1 h(0.515±0.115、0.667 ±0.097、0.761±0.106),5 h(0.488 ±0.100、0.539 ±0.107、0.674 ±0.099),10 h(0.456±0.057、0.549 ±0.049、0.590±0.081);24 h rMTT(4.163 ±1.179、4.192±1.607、2.397 ±0.909).IP阈值分别 rCBF＞0.203、rCBV＞0.483、rADC＞0.571、rNEI＞0.250.rCBF阈值法所得IP面积15 h前大于PWI-DWI法,20、24 h rCBF阈值法所得IP面积小于PWI-DWI法.不同时间点猴脑IP面积演变:1 h 20%～38%,5 h 15%～36%,10 h 15%～35%.15 h13%～25%,20 h 9%～15%,24 h 3%～12%.结论猴脑IP存在的时间窗为15～20 h.缺血早期DWI高信号内存在IP,PWI-DWI不能准确显示IP,CT灌注与DWI相匹配更为准确.     

脑出血亚急性及慢性期血肿周围组织低灌注损伤的CT灌注成像研究

目的 探讨脑出血亚急性及慢性期血肿周围组织脑血液动力学变化及其相关影响因素。方法 对12例基底节区脑出血患者做了CT常规及灌注成像检查，对其中11例患者血肿体积及血肿周围局部脑血流量（regional cerebral blood flow，rCBF）、局部脑血容量（regional cerebral blood volume，rCBV）、对比剂平均通过时间（mean transit time，MTT）和最大峰值时间（time-to-peak，TTP）的比值（病侧／健侧）进行测量。结果 11例脑出血患者血肿体积最大为72．21ml，最小为13．68ml，血肿平均体积为26．83ml。rCBF参数图显示血肿周围低灌注梯度11例，表现为血肿周围rCBF减低区；rCBV参数图显示血肿周围低灌注梯度10例，表现为血肿周围rCBV减低区；血肿周围高灌注1例，表现为血肿周围rCBV增高区；同侧半球低灌注2例，表现为血肿侧脑组织rCBF、rCBV大面积减低区；时间参数图显示血肿周围TTP延长11例，MTT延长10例；血肿边缘区rCBF显著低于外层区rCBF；边缘区MTT、TTP明显长于外层区MTT、TTP；血肿外层区rCBF、rCBV与血肿边缘区rCBF、rCBV呈线性依从性改变。血肿周围（边缘区和外层区）rCBV与血肿体积有明显的相关性，r边缘区=0．764，r外层区=0．703（双侧），P值均〈0．05。血肿周围rCBF、rCBV、MTT和TTP与症状出现至行CT灌注扫描间期无明显相关性。结论 脑出血亚急性和慢性期，血肿周围脑组织依然存在低灌注梯度，低灌注区脑血流变化与血肿体积密切相关。CT灌注成像可清晰地显示出血肿周围异常的脑血液动力学变化，可为脑出血个体化救治及预后评估提供有价值的信息。     

High-grade and low-grade gliomas: differentiation by using perfusion MR imaging

AIM: Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) is a commonly used perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique for the evaluation of tumour grade. Relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) has been less studied. The goal of our study was to determine the usefulness of these parameters in evaluating the histopathological grade of the cerebral gliomas. METHODS: This study involved 33 patients (22 high-grade and 11 low-grade glioma cases). MRI was performed for all tumours by using a first-passage gadopentetate dimeglumine T2*-weighted gradient-echo single-shot echo-planar sequence followed by conventional MRI. The rCBV and rCBF were calculated by deconvolution of an arterial input function. The rCBV and rCBF ratios of the lesions were obtained by dividing the values obtained from the normal white matter of the contralateral hemisphere. For statistical analysis Mann-Whitney testing was carried out. A p value of less than 0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the relationship between the rCBV and rCBF ratios and grade of gliomas. Their cut-off value permitting discrimination was calculated. The correlation between rCBV and CBF ratios and glioma grade was assessed using Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS: In high-grade gliomas, rCBV and rCBF ratios were measured as 6.50+/-4.29 and 3.32+/-1.87 (mean+/-SD), respectively. In low-grade gliomas, rCBV and rCBF ratios were 1.69+/-0.51 and 1.16+/-0.38, respectively. The rCBV and rCBF ratios for high-grade gliomas were statistically different from those of low-grade gliomas (p < 0.001). The rCBV and CBF ratios were significantly matched with respect to grade, but difference between the two areas was not significant (ROC analysis, p > 0.05). The cut-off value was taken as 1.98 in the rCBV ratio and 1.25 in the rCBF ratio. There was a strong correlation between the rCBV and CBF ratios (Pearson correlation = 0.830, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Perfusion MRI is useful in the preoperative assessment of the histopathologicalal grade of gliomas; the rCBF ratio in addition to the rCBV ratio can be incorporated in MR perfusion analysis for the evaluation.     

创伤性颅脑损伤CT灌注成像的临床应用

目的探讨CT灌注成像(CTP)在创伤性颅脑损伤中应用的可能性,评估其对预后的判断价值。方法回顾性分析17例创伤性颅脑损伤病人CT灌注参数及图像,并与头颅CT平扫进行比较。结果 17例中CT平扫见创伤组织及周围脑实质低密度灶13例;CT灌注参数显示脑组织低灌注11例(64.7%),术区及挫伤脑组织高灌注4例(23.5%),2例未见明显脑组织灌注异常。低灌注者预后不良。结论对创伤性颅脑损伤行CT灌注有助于了解颅脑损伤后局部脑组织血流灌注情况,对预后判断提供帮助;在创伤性颅脑损伤的治疗中不仅注意脑低灌注,还应注意高灌注的存在。     

磁共振扩散加权成像对结肠癌术后肝转移灶检出的临床研究

目的:探讨磁共振扩散加权成像对结直肠癌肝转移的诊断价值。方法:27例结直肠癌患者行肝脏磁共振扩散加权成像、非增强磁共振和多层CT检查。阅片前告知阅片者患者为结直肠癌术后,但不提供临床病史和既往影像学资料。结果:多层CT、非增强磁共振和扩散加权成像对肝转移灶的敏感度分别为72%(45/63)、76%(48/63)和93%(58/63),扩散加权成像对肝转移灶具有更高的敏感度且与多层CT和非增强MRI相比,差异有显著性意义。扩散加权成像对肝转移患者敏感度最高(82%),而多层CT和非增强MRI分别为77%和66%。结论:磁共振扩散加权成像对结直肠癌肝转移灶的检出率高于多层CT和非增强MRI。     

Time evolution of cerebral perfusion and apparent diffusion coefficient measured by magnetic resonance imaging in a porcine stroke model

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the feasibility of sequential diffusion-weighted (DW) and perfusion-weighted (PW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a recently developed porcine stroke model and to evaluate the evolution of cerebral perfusion and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) over time. Materials and Methods In five pigs, DW imaging (DWI) and PW imaging (PWI) was carried out for 7 hours after stroke onset, starting 1 hour after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). RESULTS: The DWI lesion volume increased significantly with time, and final DWI lesion volume correlated well with lesion area on histological sections (r = 0.910). T2 changes could be recognized 3 hours after stroke onset. At 1 hour the ADC ratio (ischemic lesion/contralateral side) was reduced to 0.81 in the caudate-putamen and to 0.87 in the cortex, and the cerebral blood flow ratio was reduced to 0.40 in the caudate-putamen and 0.51 in the cortex. CONCLUSION: The level of flow reduction in the caudate-putamen and the cortex after 1 hour is in good correlation with human thresholds of irreversible and reversible ischemic damage, and accordingly, this model might be a model for mechanisms of infarct evolution and therapeutic intervention.     

Improving the prediction of final infarct size in acute stroke with bolus delay-corrected perfusion MRI measures

PURPOSE: To investigate whether bolus delay-corrected dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion MRI measures allowed a more accurate estimation of eventual infarct volume in 14 acute stroke patients using a predictive tissue classifier algorithm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tissue classification was performed using a expectation maximization and k-means clustering algorithm utilizing diffusion and T2 measures (diffusion-weighted imaging [DWI], apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC], and T2) combined with uncorrected perfusion measures cerebral blood flow ((CBF) and mean transit time [MTT]), bolus delay-corrected perfusion measures (cCBF and cMTT), and bolus delay-corrected perfusion indices (cCBF and cMTT with bolus delay). RESULTS: The mean similarity index (SI), a kappa-based correlation statistic reflecting the pixel-by-pixel classification agreement between predicted and 30-day T2 lesion volumes, were 0.55 +/- 0.19, 0.61 +/- 0.15 (P < 0.02) and 0.60 +/- 0.17 (P <0.03), respectively. Spearman's correlation coefficients, comparing predicted and final lesion volumes were 0.56 (P < 0.05), 0.70 (P < 0.01), and 0.84 (P < 0.001), respectively. We found a more significant correlation between predicted infarct volumes derived from bolus delay-corrected perfusion measures than from conventional perfusion measures when combined with diffusion measures and compared with final lesion volumes measured on 30-day T2 MRI scans. CONCLUSION: Bolus delay-corrected perfusion measures enable an improved prediction of infarct evolution and evaluation of the hemodynamic status of neuronal tissue in acute stroke.