甲状腺癌患者甲状腺全切手术安全性探讨

目的 探讨甲状腺癌患者行甲状腺全切除手术的安全性.方法 回顾性分析1986年1月至2006年12月因甲状腺癌行甲状腺全切除(全切组)以及次全或近全切除术(双叶手术组)的患者资料,比较两组间喉返神经损伤和继发性甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率.结果 双叶切除手术组433例:13例发生暂时性单侧喉返神经损伤,5例发生永久性单侧喉返神经损伤;11例发生暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下,无永久性甲状旁腺功能下病例.甲状腺全切手术组共70例:4例发生暂时性单侧喉返神经损伤(P>0.05),1例发生永久性单侧喉返神经损伤(P>0.05);7例发生暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下(P<0.01),2例永久性甲状旁腺功能低下(P<0.05).结论 甲状腺全切除术并不增加喉返神经损伤的概率,但手术后甲状旁腺功能低下发生率增加,因此应该有选择的施行甲状腺全切除手术.     

Medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is subdivided into sporadic (75 %) and hereditary (25 %) forms. Several germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are the source of distinct clinical phenotypes in hereditary MTC including familial MTC (FMTC) and multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A (MEN 2A) and 2B (MEN 2B). The higher the penetrance of the MEN 2 phenotype the earlier the progression of MTC which forms the basis for the currently recommended codon-related concept of prophylactic thyroidectomy. In patients with sporadic MTC, routine calcitonin (CT) measurement in nodular goiter patients has been shown to reduce the frequency of advanced tumor stages. Patients with CT levels over 100 pg/ml after pentagastrin stimulation are recommended for total thyroidectomy. In patients with unexpected sporadic MTC after histological examination, completion thyroidectomy is currently only recommended when CT levels remain elevated. The extent of lymph node dissection in patients with MTC is controversial. However, with respect to lymphonodal micrometastases, systematic compartment-oriented microdissection has been shown to reduce the frequency of lymphonodal recurrence. On the other hand, to avoid unnecessary lymph node dissection, a more individualized concept is required in the future. New chemotherapeutic agents (tyrosine kinase inhibitors), therapeutic nuclids (90Yttrium-labeled octreotide), and chemoembolization of liver metastases are currently the most promising therapeutical concepts in patients with distant metastases.     

Complications after total thyroidectomy in thyroid carcinoma]

Authors report the postoperative complication rate in 52 patients who had undergone total thyroidectomy for cancer between 1984 to 1989. Total thyroidectomy has been performed in 9.8% of patients surgically treated for nodular thyroid pathology. Patients age average 49 years in a range 16-75; they were 49 women and 3 men. In 50% of cases we found papillary cancer, follicular in 40%, medullary 4% and anaplastic 6%. We shared postoperative complications in two mean groups: 1) aspecific complications as cardiocirculatory failure, respiratory failure, wound infections or collections, granulomas, keloids; 2) surgery related complications such as hypocalcemia, dysphagia, recurrent++ paralyses. The first group, we noticed just one case of respiratory mechanical failure due to severe tracheomalacia that required a temporary tracheostomy performed at the end of surgical procedure; we did not notice any death due to cardio-circulatory or respiratory failure, nor did we notice any postoperative hemorrhage; one patient presented a wound seroma, two patients presented granulomas due to subcutaneous stitches, and three developed papulous drug-induced erythema. The second group, eight patients developed a transient hypocalcemia beginning on the second postoperative day, without relevant tetanic crisis, well treated by calcium administration; only two of these patients developed permanent hypoparathyroidism. In 3 cases we had to perform exeresis of a laryngeal inferior nerve involved by the cancer, while in 5 more cases we noticed a transient monolateral paralysis that disappeared in 2 or 3 months. Three patients presented dysphagia before intervention and healed post-surgery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

甲状腺髓样癌

目的探讨甲状腺髓样癌的诊断要点及临床治疗原则。方法对我院１９７６～１９９６年收治的８８例甲状腺髓样癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果患者均以颈部肿块就诊,可伴发腹泻。病理证实淋巴结转移率７３２４％。散发型甲状腺髓样癌８６例,家族型甲状腺髓样癌２例。误诊率２３８６％（２１／８８）。治疗方法均以手术切除原发灶或合并颈淋巴结清除为主。术后随访局部广泛切除术的５,１０,１５年存活率分别为４５４５％,２５００％,１００％;合并行颈部淋巴清扫术的５,１０,１５年存活率分别为７２４１％,６３１６％,６６６７％。结论甲状腺髓样癌术前确诊困难,但有下列情况应考虑本病：不论甲状腺是否触及肿块,但有淋巴结肿大并伴有顽固性非炎性腹泻者;有家族史者;血清降钙素明显高于或低于正常者。作者主张不论是否触及肿大淋巴结,对甲状腺髓样癌均应行原发灶根治性切除加同侧颈部淋巴清扫术。     

甲状腺髓样癌

目的 评价手术治疗甲状腺髓样癌的疗效和术后监测血清降钙素的意义。方法 回顾性分析１９９２年１月～１９９８年１２月的１４例甲状腺髓样癌的诊治资料。结果 全组均经病理证实为甲状腺髓样癌,６４．３％并颈淋巴结转移。据ＡＪＣＣ临床分期,Ⅰ期１例,Ⅱ期７例,Ⅲ期５例,Ⅳ期１例。术后监测血清降钙素的９例中４例持续增高,经Ｂ超扫描证实有残留甲状腺癌病灶和淋巴结肿大而再次手术治疗。再次术后３例血清降钙素恢复正常,     

全甲状腺切除术治疗甲状腺癌适应证选择及并发症防治

全甲状腺切除术治疗甲状腺癌今年报道较多,但其临床应用难度大,并发症多,素来存在争议。国外随着手术技术之进步,全甲状腺切除术应用适应证不断扩展,国内指南应根据地区实际情况、个体化原则,衡量外科手术风险性和彻底性进行选择。以减少甲状腺癌术后复发或转移为前提,同时预防全甲状腺切除术并发症发生,保证病人术后生活质量。     

Completion thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma

We have reviewed the charts of 149 patients who underwent completion thyroidectomies for cancer of the thyroid. The purpose of the study was to evaluate extent of residual disease in the thyroid, and morbidity and mortality of the operation. Residual cancer was found in 58% of the cases, the morbidity was low, and there was no operative mortality.     

Medullary thyroid carcinoma]

The authors report a case of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid diagnosed at the 2nd Surgery Clinic of IRCCS Policlinico "San Matteo" in Pavia in a series of 600 cases of thyroid pathology. Having emphasised the rarity of this pathology, the authors report the characteristic pathological aspects. They also outline the clinical signs leading to suspected diagnosis, illustrate the diagnostic techniques used to achieve an early diagnosis and underline the importance of the tumour markers CT and CEA. They identify radical surgery, total thyroidectomy with MND lymphadenectomy, as the therapy of choice, followed by accurate and careful monitoring with a view to ensuring an early diagnosis of renewed disease or recidivation.     

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland.

Out of the discovery of concurrent multiple endocrine neoplasms has evolved the concept of multiple endocrine adenomatosis (MEA1 and MEA2). Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland is the most constant facet of MEA2 and is derived from C-cells of the neural crest. These cells, resembling parafollicular cells of lower animals, elaborate calcitonin which acts as a sensitive signal of the presence of the tumor. Ninety per cent of MCT occurs sporadically; in 10% the tumor presents as an atuosomal dominant trait. Other endocrinopathies, especially pheochromocytomas, are present in 70% of cases. The lesions are "cold" on iodine radioisotope scan. On microscopic examination, the appearance of amyloid is characteristic. Regional lymph node metastasis occurs early. The tumor deserves appropriate aggressive management. Surgical therapy should begin early and vigorously with the minimum procedure being total thyroidectomy. Frequent lymph node metastasis speaks for the need for regional neck dissection extended into the superior mediastinum. The search for, and the treatment of, the frequently associated endocrinopathies is essential. Pheochromocytoma must be suspected and eradicated before treatment of the thyroid tumor. A genetic workup should be included.     

甲状腺全切除术治疗甲状腺癌的临床体会

目的探讨甲状腺全切除术在治疗甲状腺癌中的临床应用价值.方法我院1985～2000年经同一外科医生施行甲状腺全切除术治疗甲状腺癌87例,对其发生并发症及术后131I治疗进行回顾性分析.结果术后观察喉返神经损伤2例(2.3%),低钙血症1例(1.1%),无永久性喉返神经损伤或低钙血症,无死亡.84例患者术后获得随访,平均随访5年,无瘤生存82例(97.6%),其中选择性进行131I治疗58例,占70.7%(58/82).结论甲状腺全切除术是治疗甲状腺癌安全、有效的手术方式,能彻底切除腺体内恶性肿瘤的潜在转移性病变,为术后进行131I治疗创造有利条件.     

甲状腺全切除术的安全性及有效性探讨

目的 探讨甲状腺疾病行甲状腺全切除术的安全性及其有效性.方法 回顾性分析2001年2月至2009年9月196例甲状腺全切除术的临床资料.手术均在全麻下沿甲状腺被膜精细分离,术中常规显露喉返神经并原位保护甲状旁腺及其供养血管,超声刀封闭甲状腺中静脉及甲状腺下动静脉分支等安全甲状腺外科技术.结果 术后病理:结节性甲状腺肿120例(其中胸骨后结节性甲状腺肿42例),结节性甲状腺肿合并桥本甲状腺炎27例,Grave's病8例,甲状腺乳头状腺癌22例,甲状腺滤泡状腺癌5例,甲状腺未分化腺癌3例,转移性肾透明细胞癌1例.术后无喉返神经损伤和永久性低钙血症发生,暂时性低钙血症的发生率为16.8%(33/196).术后出血需手术清创止血4例(2%),皮瓣下积液8例(4.1%).结论 甲状腺全切除术安全可靠,并不增加喉返神经损伤和永久性低钙血症的发生,但术者应严格掌握手术适应证.预防术后并发症的关键是熟悉颈部解剖和精细手术操作.     

Postoperative radioactive iodine evaluation of total thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma: reappraisal and therapeutic implications.

The records of 430 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with radioactive iodine (RAI) uptake studies performed postoperatively were reviewed. Indications for the administration of an ablative dose of iodine 131 are given. The majority (85.4%) had no or low (less than 2%) evidence of focal uptake and therefore were not treated with ablative doses of iodine 131. RAI scanning is necessary postoperatively to determine the completeness of the surgical procedure and to detect residual or metastatic disease. Small foci of residual disease or occult distant metastases can be adequately treated with therapeutic doses of RAI. Nodal or distant metastases that become clinically evident following thyroidectomy are usually not successfully treated with RAI.     

Completion thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Completion thyroidectomy is performed because of a deferred diagnosis of differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid or a significant thyroid remnant after initial operation. During a period of 6 years, data from 40 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma undergoing completion thyroidectomy were retrospectively reviewed. There were 4 men and 36 women (1:9), and the average age was 39.6 ± 1.9 years (range, 20 to 62 years). The indications for the initial surgery were a solitary thyroid nodule in 36 (90%) patients, multinodular goiter in 3 (7.5%) patients, and Graves’ disease in 1 (2.5%) patient. Three patients underwent completion thyroidectomy during the same hospital stay. In the remaining 37 patients, completion thyroidectomy was performed 4 to 252 days (44.1 ± 7.8 days) after the initial operation. The length of hospital stay for the initial operation was not different from that for completion thyroidectomy (5.1 ± 0.3 days vs. 5.2 ± 0.3 days). The length of time needed to accomplish the initial operation was not different from that required for the completion thyroidectomy (122 ± 7.5 minutes vs. 110.8 ± 5.9 minutes). There was no 30-day perioperative mortality. The postoperative morbidity in completion thyroidectomy consisted of transient hypoparathyroidism in 3 (7.5%) patients, permanent hypoparathyroidism in 1 (2.5%) patient, transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in 1 (2.5%) patient, and permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in 1 (2.5%) patient. On the other hand, one transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and one transient hypoparathyroidism occurred at the initial operation. Completion thyroidectomy is a safe procedure to remove the thyroid remnant. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:896-9.)     

Video-assisted thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma

Background: In patients with small papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC), we evaluated the operative feasibility and safety of video-assisted thyroidectomy (VAT) and the completeness of the surgical resection. Methods: Video-assisted thyroidectomy was attempted in 24 patients with thyroid malignancy. Total thyroid resection for PTC was achieved completely by VAT in 20 of them, who were included in this study. Results: In this study, 12 total thyroidectomies and 8 lobectomies followed by completion thyroidectomies were performed. Eight patients also underwent central neck lymph node dissection. Mean postoperative serum thyroglobulin was 0.2 ng/ml for patients receiving LT4 suppressive treatment and 4.2 ng/ml for patients after LT4 withdrawal. Postoperative ultrasonography showed no residual thyroid tissue. The mean radioiodine uptake at postoperative scintiscan was 2.2%. Conclusions: In the case of PTC, VAT is feasible and safe. The completeness of the surgical resection seems comparable with that reported for conventional surgery. Nevertheless, larger series and longer follow-up evaluation are necessary for definitive conclusions to be drawn about its oncologic validity. This article is based on a communication at the 10th European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (E.A.E.S.) Annual Congress, Lisbon Portugal, 2–5 June 2002     

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) is a rare tumor which, since its identification by Hazard et al. [2] in 1959, has attracted interest for 2 reasons. First, the secretion of the tumor marker, thyrocalcitonin, provides a means of making the diagnosis of MCT before the tumor is clinically evident. Second, MCT may be associated with pheochromocytoma and parathyroid hyperplasia as the autosomal dominant familial syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type II (MEN II). MCT may occur sporadically. When MCT is encountered in the familial form the natural history varies from family to family and also in individuals within a specific kindred. This variation creates difficulties in management and in reaching the decision for an aggressive approach to surgical treatment.     

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

A clinical study was conducted using histological slides of all cases diagnosed as carcinoma of the thyroid in the United Birmingham (England) Hospitals since 1940 and in the Regional Histological Collection from 1953-67. A total of 23 patients, or 8% were found to have medullary carcinonma. This type is histologically distinct, being the only type to contain amyloid in the stroma. The clinical features of the patients, treatment, pathological findings, histological findings, and course of the disease are discussed and tabulated. Microscopic photographs from 6 of the cases are presented. Medullary carcinomas are of intermediate malignancy but tend to metastasize to cervical and mediastinal glands at an early stage. They do not respond to external irradiation or radio-iodine. Prognosis following surgery, however, is good. Total thyroidectomy and regional clearance of any involved glands is the treatment of choice.     

Medullary thyroid carcinoma. Genetic screening and prophylactic thyroidectomies

Medullary thyroid cancer is a rare, neuroendocrine, tumor. It arises from parafollicular or C-cells with the ability to produce and secrete different bioactive substances like calcitonin (TC) and CEA (1-5) TC is ideal tumor marker in early diagnosis, in patents' follow up and in evaluation of their treatment. TC determinations after ca/pentagastrine stimulation test give us even more accurate results and the procedure is used for biochemical family screening. MTC occurs as a sporadic tumor or in hereditary settings MEN 2A, MEN 2B and FMCT. Germ/line point mutations in RET proto/onkogene are responsible for tumor arise and inheritance of settings. Genetic screening provides information of these RET mutations in family members even before pathologic changes occur. These individuals with MEN 2A, 2B and FMCT characteristic RET mutations are almost certain to acquire MTC (95% penetrance) in their lives and are candidates for preventive total thyroidectomy (TT), with or without central neck dissection (CND). Surgery is still the treatment of choice for MTC and only C-cell hyperplasia and early stage of MTC can be cured. Prophylactic thyroid surgery eliminates the possibility of MTC but doesn't influence appearance of other diseases (PHEO, HPTH) of MEN 2 syndromes.