中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞与急性冠状动脉综合征及其预后的关系

目的探讨中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞(NLR)与急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)及其预后的关系。方法入选我院经冠状动脉造影检查的160例可疑冠心病患者,其中不稳定型心绞痛组(UA组)50例,急性心肌梗死(AMI)组60例,正常对照组50例,对照组为冠状动脉造影阴性的非冠心病患者。检测各组的白细胞计数(WBCC)、中性粒细胞计数(NC)、淋巴细胞计数(LC)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP),并计算NLR。比较各组之间各项指标水平的差异,并进行Logistic回归分析。另对行PCI术的48例AMI患者按NLR大小均分为两组,分别进行为期一年的随访,记录或计算各组的死亡率、死亡原因、再住院率及左心室重构率。结果 (1)随着病情严重程度的升高WBCC、NC、hs-CRP、NLR水平逐渐升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),AMI组的LC水平较对照组明显升高[(1.7±0.7)×109/Lvs.(1.2±0.4)×109/L,P<0.05]。(2)多因素Logistic回归分析WBCC(OR5.960,95%CI5.278～6.729,P<0.01),hs-CRP(OR10.827,95%CI7.498～15.632,P<0.001)、NLR(OR9.915,95%CI7.958～12.351,P<0.001)均为ACS的独立危险因素,NLR与hs-CRP预测ACS的价值相当。(3)随访结果:NLR较高组的PCI术患者一年全因死亡率(25.0%vs.4.2%,P<0.05)、左心室重构率(37.5%vs.12.5%,P<0.05)较低NLR组明显偏高。结论 NLR是ACS的独立危险因素,其预测价值较WBCC高,与hs-CRP相当。NLR与PCI术患者术后一年全因死亡率、左心室重构率密切相关。     

Acute myocardial infarction in the prehospital setting

Despite research and public education, myocardial disease, infarction, and death from cardiac arrest continue to be one of the top public health issues. Many patients experiencing AMIs access health care and receive initial treatment from EMS personnel in the prehospital setting. Prompt identification and diagnosis of these patients, relief of chest pain, and shortening delays to definitive care can decrease morbidity and mortality. Prehospital diagnosis of AMI is enhanced with the use of 12-lead electrocardiograms, which can shorten time to thrombolysis or angiography. Prehospital use of thrombolytic agents has not gained widespread use in this country; it is, however, commonplace in Europe, where research suggests improved outcomes when thrombolysis is initiated prior to hospital arrival. Resuscitation of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients is difficult, resulting in dismal survival rates. Factors that appear to be associated with enhanced survival are witnessed arrest, bystander CPR, and short response times to defibrillation.     

Multislice computed tomography coronary angiography in patients admitted with a suspected acute coronary syndrome

Objectives The aim of this prospective clinical study was to assess the accuracy and clinical relevance of multislice computed tomography coronary angiography (MSCTCA) in patients presenting with acute chest pain. Background Multislice computed tomography coronary angiography has shown ability to detect accurately coronary artery disease (CAD) in selected elective patient groups. Methods One hundred and twenty patients presenting with acute chest pain (<24 h) underwent MSCTCA (Siemens Sensation 16) before a scheduled inpatient conventional coronary angiogram (CCA). Exclusion criteria included patients with STEMI, non-sinus rhythm, contraindication to β blockers and renal impairment. Blinded visual assessment of MSCTCA to detect CAD was performed on an 11-segment model. The accuracy of MSCTCA was compared to CCA to detect significant stenoses (≥50%). Results One hundred and thirteen patients underwent both investigations. The prevalence of significant CAD was 74%. 1,243 native segments were assessed by MSCTCA. The overall ability of MSCTCA to detect the presence of ≥1 significant stenosis in all native segments had a sensitivity of 92% (95%CI 83–97%), specificity of 55% (95%CI 35–74%), positive predictive value of 86% (95%CI 76–93%) and negative predictive value of 70% (95%CI 47–87%). 22% of all segments (mostly distal) were non-analyzable. Coronary calcification was a major cause of false positivity. Conclusion In a prospective study of unselected patients presenting with acute chest pain, the diagnostic accuracy of 16-slice CT coronary angiography was moderate and less than reported from studies in elective patients. The clinical relevance of this technology to screen patients with acute chest pain is limited.

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Condensed Abstract Multislice CT coronary angiography (MSCTCA) and conventional coronary angiography (CCA) were used to assess 120 patients presenting with acute chest pain. MSCTCA was compared to CCA to detect significant stenoses (≥50%). In 113 directly comparable patients MSCTCA had a sensitivity of 92% (95%CI 83–97%) and specificity of 55% (95%CI 35–74%) to detect the presence of ≥1 significant stenosis in all native segments. In this patient cohort with a high prevalence of coronary disease and coronary calcification, the accuracy and clinical relevance of 16 slice MSCTCA to screen and risk stratify patients with acute chest pain is limited.

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Albumin cobalt binding ability in assessment of myocardial ischemia in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Verification of the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) is based mostly on instrumental diagnostic techniques. Presently, there are no laboratory tests officially recommended for the diagnostics of myocardial ischemia (MI). Biochemical methods that would be able to verify MI in patients with suspected CAD have been under development since the 1990s. Ischemically modified albumin--IMA (Albumin Cobalt Binding test), glycogen phosphorylase BB, and free fatty acid-binding protein have been proposed as laboratory markers of MI. The article discusses advantages and disadvantages of IMA for diagnostics of MI in patients with acute coronary syndrome.     

Silent myocardial ischemia in long-term ECG with various mani festations of coronary heart disease

Silent myocardial ischaemia seems to be of prognostic value in coronary artery disease. We examined 47 patients with coronary artery disease: 1. 20 patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI), 2. 15 patients with chronic stable angina pectoris without a history of myocardial infarction (sAP), and 3. twelve patients with unstable angina with or without a history of myocardial infarction (uAP). Horizontal and downsloping ST-segment-depressions greater than or equal to 1 min and greater than or equal to 0.1 mV were defined as significant. There were 132 ST-segment-depressions, the relation between symptomatic and asymptomatic being 1:7.3, in MI 1:6.2, in sAP 1:5.3, in uAP 1:14. Heart rate increased before beginning of ST-segment-depression in 74% in MI, in 86% in sAP, but only in 38% in uAP. In sAP ST-segment-depressions were smaller (14% greater than 0.2 mV, none greater than 0.3 mV) than in patients with MI (42% greater than 0.2 mV, 12% greater than 0.3 mV) and uAP (25% greater than 0.2 mV, 9% greater than 0.3 mV). Mean duration of ST-segment-depression was 15.3 +/- 11.7 min in sAP (2 to 49 min), 28.5 +/- 35.6 min in MI (2 to 168 min), and 41.2 +/- 40 min in iAP (2 to 140 min). ST-segment-depressions in MI and sAP showed a circadian rhythm with a peak at midday and in the early evening and a small amount of ST-segment-depressions at night. In uAP ST-segment-depressions did not show that circadian variation. The number of ST-segment-depressions was higher in uAP than in MI and sAP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

冠状动脉CTA在疑诊急性冠脉综合征中的临床应用进展

因急性胸痛就诊的患者多被疑诊为急性冠脉综合征（ACS）,为明确诊断或排除ACS而采取的各种检查手段可致医疗费用增加。无创心脏影像技术发展迅速,诊断急性胸痛及疑诊ACS更准确和全面。恰当地应用冠状动脉CTA（CCTA）,必要时联合CT心肌灌注成像是对传统策略的有效补充,更有利于诊断及评估预后。本文对CCTA在疑诊ACS中的临床应用进展进行综述。     

Platelet aspirin resistance in ED patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome

Background

Platelet aspirin resistance is reported to be as high as 45%. The prevalence of emergency department (ED) platelet aspirin resistance in suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is not described. Our purpose was to determine the prevalence of platelet aspirin resistance.

Methods

We determined platelet aspirin resistance in a convenience sample of ED suspected ACS patients. Eligible patients had longer than 10 minutes of chest pain or an ischemic equivalent. Two hours after receiving 325 mg of aspirin, blood was assessed for platelet function (Accumetrics, San Diego, CA). Definitions are as follows: aspirin resistance, at least 550 aspirin reaction units; positive troponin T, greater than 0.1 ng/mL; significant coronary lesion, at least 70% stenosis. The composite end point was prospectively defined as a 30-day revisit, positive cardiac catheterization, or hospital length of stay (LOS) longer than 3 days.

Results

Of 200 patients, 50.5% were male, 50.0% were black, troponin T was positive in 7.5%, cardiac catheterization was done in 10.5%, and 33.3% had a significant stenosis. Final diagnoses were noncardiac in 83.4%, stable angina in 8.0%, and unstable angina in 8.5%. Overall, 6.5% were resistant to aspirin; and high-risk patients trended to more aspirin resistance than non–high-risk patients (23.1% [3] vs 9.1% [17]; P value 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.0929 to 0.373). One-month follow-up found ED revisits in 12.5% of aspirin-resistant vs 4.9% of non–aspirin-resistant patients (95% CI, −0.114 to 0.182) and rehospitalization in 12.5% of resistant patients vs 4.3% of nonresistant patients (P value 95% CI, −0.108 to 0.187). Although LOS was similar at index admission, if rehospitalized, LOS was 6.5 for aspirin-resistant patients vs 3.2 days in nonresistant patients (P < .0001).

Conclusion

This first report of platelet aspirin resistance in patients presenting to the ED with suggested ACS finds that it is present in 6.5% of patients.     

老年冠心病无症状性心肌缺血的发作规律及预后

1993－1996年我们用24小时动态心电图（DCG）,监测101例老年冠心病无症状性心肌缺血（SMI）者,以探讨老年冠心病SMI的发作规律,现报告如下。1资料与方法1．1一般资料101例中男62例,女39例;年龄60－79（67±69）岁。冠心病的诊断均符合世界卫生组织1979年制定的标准,其中心肌梗死型24例,心绞痛型3O例,心力衰竭型24例,心肌硬化型47例。1．2方法采用美国IMC－llolter11型DCG便携式记录仪,监测24小时后输出打印。确定缺血型ST段的标准为：①ST段呈水平或低垂下移3ofmV;②ST段水平或下斜型下移持续时间＞1］n;③两次缺血发…     

Prognostic implications of myocardial necrosis triad markers' concentration measured at admission in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome

The aim of the study was to analyze the prognostic implications of 3 myocardial necrosis markers measured at admission in short-term observation of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. The study group consisted of 336 consecutive patients whose concentration of cardiac troponin I, creatine kinase-MB fraction, and myoglobin were measured at admission. All patients referred due to chest pain and suspected acute coronary syndrome and were followed up for 30 days. The patients who died had statistically higher concentration of cardiac troponin I (8.7 +/- 17.2 vs 0.9 +/- 3.2 ng/mL; P = .0006), myoglobin (215.2 +/- 181.5 vs 109.7 +/- 151.5 ng/mL; P = .003), and creatine kinase-MB (21.9 +/- 30.7 vs 8.8 +/- 25.9 ng/mL; P = .005), compared to patients who stayed alive. There was statistically significant increase in 30-day all-cause mortality with increasing numbers of positive markers-0.6% for patients with nonpositive marker, 3.4% for patients with 1 positive marker, and 11.5% for patients with at least 2 positive markers (P = .001 for trend).     

Diagnostic value of ischemia-modified albumin in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome

Introduction

Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) has been proposed as a useful rule-out marker for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the emergency department. This study evaluated the ability of IMA to predict the acute myocardial infarction (AMI) diagnosis in a population of chest pain patients.

Methods

The study population comprised 107 subjects (men, 62%; women, 38%) admitted with suspected ACS. None of the patients had ST-segment elevations that qualified for immediate revascularization. Ischemia-modified albumin was determined from serum with albumin cobalt binding test (Inverness Medical Innovations Inc, Stirling, UK). Furthermore, cardiac troponin T, creatinine kinase MB mass, myoglobin, and heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) were determined on arrival, after 6 to 9 hours, and after 12 to 24 hours. All patients had at least 2 blood samples taken to exclude/verify the AMI. AMI was defined by a cardiac troponin T level greater than 0.03 μg/L.

Results

Thirty-three percent of the patients (n = 35) had a final diagnosis of AMI. The sensitivity of admission IMA for a final diagnosis of ACS was 0.86 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.69-0.95). Specificity was 0.49 (95% CI, 0.36-0.60). Negative predictive value was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.72-0.95). The optimal cutoff threshold derived from the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (ROC analysis) was determined as 91 U/mL. The area under the ROC curve was 0.73. Ischemia-modified albumin did not, at any time, provide superior sensitivity or specificity compared with other biomarkers.We do not find the data supportive of IMA as a standard marker in the emergency department.     

高敏感性肌钙蛋白T检测在急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死早期诊断中的意义

目的:探索高敏感性肌钙蛋白T(hs-cTnT)对急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)的早期诊断价值。方法:入选88例发病在6h以内的高度怀疑非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征的患者,入院即刻抽取静脉血检测hs-cTnT,并与肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)及肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)检测结果进行比较,诊断性能用ROC曲线及AUC表示,并根据hs-cTnT、cTnI和CK-MB的阳性率,得出对NSTEMI诊断的灵敏度、特异度等。结果:(1)NSTEMI患者hs-cTnT、cTnI及CK-MB明显高于不稳定型心绞痛患者(P<0.001)。(2)根据ROC曲线分析,hs-cTnT、cTnI和CK-MB的AUC分别为0.908、0.851、0.789,95%可信区间分别为0.832～0.985、0.763～0.939、0.695～0.883。(3)hs-cTnT以14pg/mL为诊断临界点时,灵敏度为77.8%,特异度为96.7%,阳性预测值为91.3%,阴性预测值为96.8%。而cTnI诊断临界点为0.08ng/mL时,灵敏度为37.0%,特异度为96.7%,阳性预测值为83.3%,阴性预测值为77.6%。CK-MB以4ng/mL为诊断临界点时,灵敏度为25.9%,特异度为93.4%,阳性预测值为63.6%,阴性预测值为79.2%。结论:hs-cTnT对NSTEMI的早期诊断性能优于cTnI和CK-MB,有利于早期筛选NSTEMI患者并及时对其进行治疗。     

90岁以上急性冠脉综合征支架治疗的长期观察

目的 探讨90岁以上急性冠脉综合征患者经皮冠状动脉支架治疗的疗效和预后.方法 回顾性分析17例90岁以上急性冠脉综合征患者(16.7%为ST段抬高心肌梗死,24.4%为非ST段抬高心肌梗死,47.8%为不稳定心绞痛)经皮冠状动脉支架治疗的临床和造影特点、住院期间和长期疗效.结果 在17例患者中,4例应用金属裸支架(bare metal stent,BMS),13例应用药物洗脱支架(drug eluting stent,DES).3支病变和2支病变各6例,单支病变5例.B2型和C型病变达88.2%.94.1%为不完全血运重建,82.3%植入1个支架,手术成功率为88.2%,术前与术后TIMI-3级血流比例分别为70.6%和88.2%.手术相关并发症为17.6%,均为冠脉夹层.住院期间主要心血管不良事件(major adverse cardiac event,MACE)为11.8%,其中1例心源性死亡(DES组)和1例心肌梗死(BMS组). DES组出现2例严重出血.生存的16例患者随访1年时无MACE、脑卒中和严重出血.生存的16例患者中12例随访18个月,总的MACE为8.3%,3例脑卒中,无严重出血.生存的16例患者中10例随访2年,总的MACE为20.0%,有3例脑卒中,无严重出血.结论 尽管采取不完全血运重建策略,90岁以上高危急性冠脉综合征患者可以从经皮冠状动脉支架治疗获益,住院期间和长期的MACE事件发生率较低.     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者心电图和相应病变血管的关系分析

目的 确定十二导联心电图上相应ST段压低与急性左主干病变的关系。方法 选取2003-06—2006-06因左主干或左前降支病变进行PCI手术的79例患者，18例是由于急性左主干闭塞或高度狭窄引起的急性冠状动脉综合征，61例是由于左前降支冠状动脉病变引起的急性冠状动脉综合征，分析病变血管和相应心电图变化的关系。结果 急性左主干闭塞或高度狭窄患者在aVF、v2、v3、v4、v5和v6导联上相应ST段压低的发生率明显高于左前降支冠状动脉病变患者。多元线性分析表明，在aVF、V2和v4导联上ST段压低可能区分左前降支病变与左主干病变。结论 在十二导联心电图上V2、V4、aVF导联ST段压低，对急性左主干闭塞或高度狭窄是重要的预测指标。     

Novel predictors of acute coronary syndrome outcomes

Morbidity and mortality rates among patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remain high, and it is difficult to determine which patients will progress satisfactorily and which patients will have poor outcomes. Research has indicated that the inflammatory process is involved in coronary disease. There is great interest within the research community in determining if inflammatory markers could be used to determine the severity of the disease process and therefore serve as a prognostic tool for clinicians. This article describes the inflammatory process in ACS and provides a review of the current diagnostic studies of endothelial inflammatory markers (EIMs) in heart disease. Although research results of EIMs have not all been significant in determining outcomes, there is some evidence that they may be more specific than other generalized inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein. Future research of EIMs in patients with ACS might provide evidence of easy-to-measure and economically feasible markers that are sound prognosticators.     

CT angiography in the setting of suspected acute mesenteric ischemia: prevalence of ischemic and alternative diagnoses

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of ischemic and alternative diagnoses and the diagnostic accuracy of CT angiography (CTA) in the setting of suspected acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI).

Material and methods

We included 959 patients undergoing CTA for the evaluation of suspected AMI. The final clinical diagnosis was used to determine the prevalence of ischemic and alternative diagnoses and to calculate the diagnostic accuracy of CTA. Prevalence of diagnoses by age, sex, and admission status was compared using Cochran–Armitage and χ ² tests.

Results

Prevalence was 18.8% (180/959) for AMI and 61.2% (587/959) for specific alternative diagnoses. In the remaining 20.0% (192/959), no clear clinical diagnosis was established. The most frequent alternative diagnoses were small-bowel obstruction (10.4%; 61/587), infectious colitis (8.7%; 51/587), pneumonia (6.5%; 38/587), cholecystitis (6.1%; 36/587), and diverticulitis (5.6%; 33/587). Prevalence of specific alternative diagnoses varied significantly according to both age (p < .013) and admissions status (p < 0.001). CTA had a sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing AMI of 89.4%/99.5% and for alternative diagnoses of 86.7%/96.9%, respectively.

Conclusion

In the setting of suspected AMI, the prevalence of ischemic and alternative diagnoses varies significantly by age, sex, and admission status. CTA provides for rapid and non-invasive assessment of ischemic and alternative diagnoses with high diagnostic accuracy.

     

急性冠脉综合征患者血红蛋白水平与临床预后关系的探讨

目的：观察不同血红蛋白水平对急性冠脉综合征患者预后的影响。方法：回顾性分析294例急性冠脉综合征患者的临床情况，根据入院血红蛋白水平分成6组，分别统计住院30d内心脏事件发生情况，进行多变量分析各临床参数，估计贫血与心脏事件之间的关系。结果：A、B、C、F组心性死亡发生率为15.62％，9.52％，5．88％，5．26％，高于D、E组（1．85％．1．72％），有统计学差异（P〈0.01）。A、B、C、F组心力衰竭的发生率高于D、E组（12．5％，7．14％，7．84％，5．26％vs1．85％，1.72％），有统计学差异（P〈0．01）。A，B，C，F组心绞痛恶化发生率分别为15．62％，14．28％，7．84％，5.26％，与D、E组（3．70％，3.44％）比较，有统计学差异（P〈0．01）。多因素分析结果提示贫血是急性冠脉综合征独立的预测因素。结论：贫血是急性冠脉综合征患者心脏事件独立的预测因素。     

Management and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome with minimal myocardial necrosis: analysis of a large prospective registry from a non-interventional centre

The aim of this study was to assess the clinical risk of minimal myonecrosis below the cut-off for acute myocardial infarction (MI) in comparison with other grades of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). One-thousand four hundred and sixty seven consecutive patients with ACS admitted between May 2001 and April 2002 were studied in a non-interventional centre. Patients were divided into unstable angina (UA) (cTnT < 0.01 microg/l), non-ST elevation ACS with minimal myonecrosis (0.01 or= 0.1 microg/L) and ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). UA (n = 638) was associated with the fewest events at 6 months (2% cardiac death or MI). Patients with any myonecrosis (n = 829) had worse outcomes (6-month cardiac death or MI 18.3-23.3%). Compared with ACS patients with minimal myonecrosis, UA patients were at significantly lower risk (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.12-0.45, p < 0.001), NSTEMI patients were at similar risk (OR 1.45, 95% CI 0.89-2.35, p = 0.13), and STEMI patients were at higher risk (OR 2.12 95% CI 1.26-3.85, p = 0.008) in adjusted analyses. Nearly 85% of cardiac deaths occurred within 6 months. The risk of adverse events was higher among patients managed by non-cardiologists (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1-2.75, p = 0.049). Patients with non-ST elevation ACS and minimal myonecrosis are a high-risk group more comparable with NSTEMI and clearly distinguishable from patients with UA.